final exam

Question 1

What are the factors that allow bacterial infection of the respiratory system to take place?

Answer 1

-impaired clearance (chronic airway disease- RAO/asthma)
-overwhelming inocula of pathogens (aspiration)
-Immune status/ nutritional status/stress

Question 2

What organisms are urease producing?

Answer 2

Staphyloccoccus
Proteus spp
Enterbacter spp
Corynebacterium renale

Question 3

How should you treat prostitis?

Answer 3

Few options because of acidic pH of prostatic acini, use only lipophilic/weak bases
-Enrofloxacin
-Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
-Clindamycin (only for staph/strep)
-Chloramphenicol (if highly suceptible)

Question 4

What is true about complicated UTI in dogs

Answer 4

Complicated UTI are more common than uncomplicated UTI than dogs

Question 5

What Leptospira serovar is most concerning for cattle?

Answer 5

Hardjo

Question 6

How does leptospirosis pathogenesis occur?

Answer 6

organisms replicate in the blood, cause vasculitis in a variety of organs, ultimately reach the kidneys and cause interstitial nephritis with mixed inflammatory cells

Question 7

Can you culture Leptospirosis?

Answer 7

NO

Question 8

What should you order for culturing cytstitis

Answer 8

aerobic culture

Question 9

What is a common cause of Poll evil and fistulous withers?

Answer 9

Brucella abortus

Question 10

Can Chlamydia cause polyarthritis and conjunctivitis in lambs

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

What are reservoirs for contagious mastitis pathogens

Answer 11

Bedding, gloves, milk parlor, towels

Question 12

Etiological agent of greasy pig disease

Answer 12

Staphylococcus hyicus

Question 13

What species does Staphylococcus pseudointermedius primarily impact?

Answer 13

Primarily opportunistic of dogs

Question 14

What causes Strawberry footrot

Answer 14

Treponema species

Question 15

What is associated with contagious footrot in sheep?

Answer 15

Dichelobacter species

Question 16

What is associated with noncontagious footrot in sheep?

Answer 16

Fusobacterium/ T. pyogenes

Question 17

What agents are associated with causing bovine footrot

Answer 17

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Prevotella spp.
Bacterioides spp
Trueperella pyogenes

Question 18

What are characteristics of all prokaryotic cells?

Answer 18

1) No membrane organelles
2) 70S ribosomes,
3) DNAp resent as a single circular chromosome
4) Replication through binary fission

Question 19

What are bacteria cell wall made of

Answer 19

layer of cross-linked chains on N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid monomers
crosslinked by transpeptides and transglycosides

Question 20

Does sporulation result in death of parent cell

Answer 20

YEs

Question 21

Is sporulation more common in gram negative or gram positive bacteria?

Answer 21

Gram positive

Question 22

Can you stain Mycoplasma?

Answer 22

NO

Question 23

What is used for the phylogenic classification of bacteria?

Answer 23

16s rDNA sequence

Question 24

What is true about MacConkey’s agar?

Answer 24

It is selective and differential

Question 25

What are the targets of beta-lactams?

Answer 25

penicillin-binding proteins

Question 26

What toxins produce a pharmacologically specific effect?

Answer 26

Exotoxins

Question 27

Is endotoxin or exotoxin more heat stable

Answer 27

endotoxin

Question 28

Chloramphenicol has action in what quadrants

Answer 28

gram negative and gram positive with activity against facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and obligate anaerobes

Question 29

Four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 29

1) Inactivation of drugs through bacterial enzymes (ex: betalactamases, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, etc.) 2) Mutations of drug targets 3) Efflux pumps (transmembrane proteins that actively export drug) 4) Preventing access to the cell (ex: porin mutations of transmembrane protein)

Question 30

The minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 30

the lowest concentration of drug in a two-fold dilution series in which there is no visible growth of bacteria

Question 31

Is E. coli an important cause of diarrhea in horses?

Answer 31

NO

Question 32

What is the pilli most often associated with ETEC causing disease in calves

Answer 32

K99 (F5)

Question 33

What species is associated with F4 (K88) of ETEC

Answer 33

Swine

Question 34

Edema disease of swine is caused by infection with

Answer 34

STEC

Question 35

how does STEC impact cattle?

Answer 35

They show no clinical signs

Question 36

What serotype of Salmonella enterica subsepcies enterica is host-restricted to human beings and NHPs

Answer 36

Typhi

Question 37

Salmonella enterocolitis pathogenesis

Answer 37

suppurative (neutrophilic) infiltrate and associated prostaglandin release

Question 38

Salmonella laboratory isolation timing and media

Answer 38

Multistep process using selective and differential media that takes at least 2 days.

Question 39

Campylobacter bug basics

Answer 39

Gram negative, curved rod, nonspore forming, microaerohpile, and darting motility

Question 40

What carrier state is associated with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Dublin

Answer 40

Cattle

Question 41

All Brachyspiras are__________

Answer 41

Obligately anaerobic, gram negative spirochetes

Question 42

What is a risk factor for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infections?

Answer 42

The level of fermentable carbohydrates in the pig ration is a risk factor

Question 43

Lawsonia intracellularis is

Answer 43

gram negative obligately intracellular organims whose diagnostics are approached using PCR of intestinal scrapings

Question 44

What species has the invasion of M cells as an aspect of pathogenesis

Answer 44

Salmonella enterica

Question 45

Yersinia enterocolitica bug basic

Answer 45

gram negative facultative anaerobe

Question 46

What is a potential consequence of STEC infection in humans?

Answer 46

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Question 47

What pathogen can you diagnose using a urease test on fresh tissue?

Answer 47

Helicobacter species

Question 48

Clostridium perfringens Type C infections

Answer 48

-Enterotoxemia -Rapid acute progression -Associated with dietary change to more grain and protein -causes severe disease in neonatal calves, foals, lamb, and piglets -Can cause disease in humans -Trypsin inhibition of colostrum is a risk factor

Question 49

What toxinotype is associated with Pulpy Kidney disease?

Answer 49

Type D

Question 50

What would make a convincing diagnosis of C. perfringens?

Answer 50

Compatabile histopathological lesions plus isolation of the organism in culture

Question 51

What is the causative agent of Tyzzer's disease

Answer 51

Clostridium piliforme

Question 52

What is the causative agent of Braxy (necrotizing abomasitis) in lambs

Answer 52

Clostridium septicum and Clostridium sordelli

Question 53

How does Clostridium botulinum toxin (BoNT) cause deficits?

Answer 53

by blocking ACh release at the NMJ

Question 54

What causes Blackleg?

Answer 54

Clostridium chauvoei

Question 55

What causes Clostridium chavoei spores to germinate

Answer 55

when muscle tissues become anoxic

Question 56

How would you manage tetanus in the dog?

Answer 56

-administer antimicrobial agents with gram positive, anaerobic spectrum -Tube feeding -Administration of tetanus antiserum

Question 57

How is the definitive diagnosis of blackleg achieved?

Answer 57

Fluorescent antibody staining of the impacted tissues

Question 58

How do you diagnose Campylobacter diarrhea in a dog?

Answer 58

Fecal culture and incubate under micoaerophilic with special campylobacter selective media to inhibit other GI flora

Question 59

Saprophyte

Answer 59

a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Question 60

Would a 1st generation or a 3rd generation cephalosporin have better activity against E. Coli?

Answer 60

A third generation cephalosporin (like cefpodoxime) would have better activity against E. Coli because it is a gram negative

Question 61

What organisms form sulfur granules in lesion?

Answer 61

Actinobacillus lignieresii Actinomyces species

Question 62

Kerion

Answer 62

fungal abscess

Question 63

Pathogenesis of Dermatophilus congolensis

Answer 63

Proteases that breakdown keratin leading to rain rot in horses

Question 64

What is the causative agent of Glanders?

Answer 64

Burkholderia mallei

Question 65

What organism do you use a Mallein test to diagnose for?

Answer 65

Burkholderia mallei

Question 66

Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)

Answer 66

causes hemorrhagic enteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans

Question 67

How do you treat ETEC?

Answer 67

Fluid therapy, bottle feeding +/- antibiotics prevent with colostrum, cow nutrition, hygiene, husbandry

Question 68

What is the most common cause of E coli diarrhea in farm animals?

Answer 68

ETEC

Question 69

Entertoxins of ETEC

Answer 69

work to cause fluid loss without inflammation LT (heat-labile) and STa cause active sec of Cl-, impaired absorption of Na+ water (secretory diarrhea) Stb (hear stabile toxin) works indirectly though enterendocrine cells to promote secretion of serotnin, vasoactive intestinal peptide

Question 70

STEC/EHEC virulence factors

Answer 70

LEE: locus of enterocyte effacement (attaches to host epithelial cells) through gene cluster and type III secretion system Shigatoxin (inhibit protein synthesis and induce apoptosis) Hemolysin (aids survival of STEC in intestine Acid Resistance- enhance in stomach

Question 71

Acute mycoplasma haemofelis

Answer 71

fever, pale mucous membranes, lethargy, splenomegalu, icterus regenerative anemia, hyperbilirubiemia, neutrophilia, moncytosis, lymphoctusos, +/- Coombs postive