Final Exam

Question 1

Male gonad of the stallion

Answer 1

Testis

Question 2

The muscle responsible for keeping the penis retracted unless the stallion needs to urinate or breed

Answer 2

Retractor penis muscle

Question 3

The structures in the stallion responsible for gel fraction, pH buffering, and energy for sperm cells

Answer 3

Vesicular glands

Question 4

The structure thought to help flush the urethra before ejaculation

Answer 4

Bulbourethral gland

Question 5

The penis can be divided into 3 sections called:

Answer 5

Root, body, glans penis

Question 6

The muscle that contracts in a wave like way to expel semen and urine

Answer 6

Bulbospongiosum

Question 7

The epididymis can be divided into three parts:

Answer 7

Caput, corpus, cauda

Question 8

The structure that helps regulate the temperature of blood entering the male gonad

Answer 8

Pampiniform plexus

Question 9

Three layers of meninges

Answer 9

Piameter, arachnoid, duramater

Question 10

The vagina can be divided into

Answer 10

Vestibule, vaginal vault

Question 11

What are the layers of the ovary?

Answer 11

Tunica albuginea, medulla, cortex

Question 12

What percentage of the horse’s blood is RBCs?

Answer 12

35%

Question 13

What is tidal volume and why is it important?

Answer 13

Amount of air a horse inhales and exhales in a single breath. Important for how much oxygen is available to the horse.

Question 14

Crypts of Liberkuhn

Answer 14

Located in the small intestine and regenerate the lining of the wall

Question 15

Brunner’s Glands

Answer 15

Located only in the duodenum and provide protection from stomach acid

Question 16

Peyer’s Patches

Answer 16

located throughout the small intestine and provide immunity by releasing WBCs

Question 17

What 2 complex carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the horse?

Answer 17

cellulose and hemicellulose

Question 18

What is chyme?

Answer 18

Resulting food material leaving the stomach via the pyloric sphincter

Question 19

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 19

Dumps enzymes into the duodenum to assist with the breakdown of lipids

Question 20

What are the VFAs?

Answer 20

Acetate, propionate, butyrate

Question 21

Action of supraspinatus muscle

Answer 21

Extension of shoulder joint

Question 22

The structure at the end of the soft palate, where the oral and nasal cavities meet

Answer 22

Pharynx

Question 23

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 23

The alveoli

Question 24

The cardiovascular system is comprised of:

Answer 24

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 25

Primary functions of cardiovascular system

Answer 25

Carry gasses, hormones, nutrients, waste products and heat around the body

Question 26

3 layers of the heart wall

Answer 26

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 27

Arteries

Answer 27

Carry blood away from the heart. When cut these SPURT

Question 28

Veins

Answer 28

Carry blood from tissues back to heart. When cut these trickle

Question 29

Capillaries

Answer 29

Form a network of thread-like vessels found all over the body

Question 30

What is wind sucking?

Answer 30

When a mare sucks air in through her vulva

Question 31

Cervix

Answer 31

Muscular constriction between uterus and vagina

Question 32

Serous membrane of uterus

Answer 32

Broad ligament attachment

Question 33

Myometirum layer of uterus

Answer 33

Muscular layer - muscles contract during labor to push foal out

Question 34

Endometrium layer of uterus

Answer 34

Connects to foal, placenta attachment

Question 35

Isthmus

Answer 35

Sperm storage

Question 36

Ampulla

Answer 36

Site of fertilization

Question 37

Infundibulum

Answer 37

Catches egg from ovary and sends to ampulla

Question 38

Estrous cycle

Answer 38

21 day cycle in mares, divided into estrus and diestrus

Question 39

Anestrous

Answer 39

Mare in not cycling, “rest period” for hormones

Question 40

Estrus

Answer 40

Sexual receptivity, about 4-7 days long

Question 41

Diestrus

Answer 41

Does not want to be bred, agitated and not receptive to stallion

Question 42

FSH

Answer 42

Causes follicles to grow on the ovary, releases from the Anterior Pituitary gland

Question 43

LH

Answer 43

Causes follicles to ovulate, released from anterior pituitary gland

Question 44

Graafian Follicle

Answer 44

Most dominant follicle, active during follicular phase, eventually the egg sent to ampulla

Question 45

Progesterone

Answer 45

Maintains pregnancy, released by the CL

Question 46

PGF2a

Answer 46

Releases from the uterus toward the end of diestrus if mare is not pregnant, causes complete regression of the CL and starts estrous cycle over

Question 47

Melatonin

Answer 47

Helps regulate reproductive cycle year round, released from pineal gland, will stop the mare’s reproductive cycle

Question 48

Cremaster muscle

Answer 48

Pulls and holds testes up to abdomen

Question 49

Vas deferens

Answer 49

How sperm leaves testis

Question 50

Cryptochid

Answer 50

One or both testis do not descend from a colt’s body cavity, sperm production decreases, makes castration very difficult

Question 51

Testicular parenchyma

Answer 51

Sertoli cells and leydig cells

Question 52

Forebrain

Answer 52

Deals with memory and consciousness

Question 53

Midbrain

Answer 53

Visual, auditory, and some olfactory

Question 54

Hindbrain

Answer 54

Coordinates and regulates motor activities

Question 55

Afferent nerves

Answer 55

Sensory nerves, take in information and send to central nervous system

Question 56

Efferent nerves

Answer 56

Motor nerves, act on information received by afferent nerves

Question 57

Sympathetic

Answer 57

Fight vs. flight response

Question 58

Parasympathetic

Answer 58

Involuntary actions

Question 59

Wobblers

Answer 59

Compression of the spinal cord