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Human Geography > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

religion

A

relatively structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe

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2
Q

proselytic

A

seek converts, christiantiy, islam, buddhism are the 3 largest

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3
Q

ethnic religion

A

particular ethnic or tribal group, do not seek converts, Judaism, Hinduism

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4
Q

monotheistic

A

believe in one god

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5
Q

polytheistic

A

believe in multiple gods/deities

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6
Q

syncretic

A

elements of 2 or more different belief systems (forms of buddhism, mayan mix of Christianity and indigenous faiths)

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7
Q

orthodox

A

emphasize purity of faith

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8
Q

indus-ganges religious hearth

A

hinduism, buddhism

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9
Q

east asian religious hearth

A

china: cinfucianism and taoism, japan shinto

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10
Q

semitic religious hearth

A

judaism, Christianity, islam, middle east

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11
Q

primary sector

A

extracting natural resources from the earth, both renewable and nonrenewable

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12
Q

secondary sector

A

processing stage (manufacturing)

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13
Q

tertiary sector

A

services (transportation/communication, producer services, consumer services)

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14
Q

quaternary sector

A

intellectual and informational activities

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15
Q

renewable resources

A

those primary sector products that can be replenished naturally at a rate sufficient to balance their depletion by human use

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16
Q

nonrenewable resources

A

primary sector products that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed

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17
Q

manufacturing history

A

industrial revolution in england 1700s, technology diffused to continental europe, US rapid adoption of tech around 1850, 1900s japan first major nonwestern nation to undergo full industrialization

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18
Q

NICs

A

newly industrializing, moved away from an agriculture-based economy and into a more industrialized, urban economy countries first emerged in the 1970s and 1980s included Taiwan, south korea, singapore, hong kong

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19
Q

postindustrial phase

A

service sectors 3 and 4 achieve dominance, US, Canada, Japan, most of Europe

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20
Q

relationship between transportation and development

A

industrial revolution both encouraged and was furthered by development of new forms of transportation, colonial legacies

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21
Q

the world’s urban population exceeded rural population in…

A

2008

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22
Q

highly urbanized as percentage of the country’s population that lives in urban areas

A

Europe, North America, Latin America, Caribbean

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23
Q

Less urbanized

A

africa, asia

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24
Q

% of total world population living in cities

A

asia: 53%, europe 14%, latin america/caribbean 13%

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25
Q

2 key elements that led to rise of the earliest cities

A

agricultural surplus, socioeconomic stratification

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26
Q

urban hearth areas

A

mesopotamia, nile river valley, indus river valley (pakistan), huang ho/yellow river (china), andean highlands/coastal areas of peru, mesoamerica (mexico/central america)

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27
Q

false urbanization

A

when urban growth is related to population being pushed from rural rather then people choosing to leave the city

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28
Q

megacities

A

cities with populations over 10 million

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29
Q

primate city

A

largest city in a nation (over 2x as large as 2nd biggest city), dominant power within a country. Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Manila, paris, london

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30
Q

global city

A

a control center of the global economy, coined by saskia sassen who developed idea in 1991, only3 cities identified New York, London, Tokyo

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31
Q

urban risk divide

A

disparity in vulnerability to disaster

32
Q

relationship between cities and natural disasters

A

as world’s population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities, disasters and disaster risk become an urban phenomenon

33
Q

gentrification

A

displacement of lower-income residents and activities, frequently associated with a restoration of buildings in deteriorated ares of the city

34
Q

defensive architecture

A

when things are designed specifically to keep undesirable populations aka homeless from loitering or sitting comfortably or inhabiting the space

35
Q

gated communities

A

highly secure residential areas normally surrounded by a fence/gate, often form in cities where wealthy try to shut out have-nots

36
Q

how many slums are there today?

A

in 2001 there were 921 million slum-dwellers, 2 billion by 2030-2040, estimation today is 1.2 billion

37
Q

2 sources of urban growth

A

migration of people from rural areas to cities, higher natural birth rates of recent migrants

38
Q

development

A

process of both economic and social transformation and provided a way of categorizing different regions of the world

39
Q

Rostow’s historical stage theory

A

stages of economic growth (like a ski slope), first stage is traditional and each following stage has more technology and industrialization. Final stage is age of mass consumption. some countries are more developed bc they are further along the path.

40
Q

age of mass consumption

A

final stage of rostow’s theory, industrialization has such momentum that goods and services are widely available, people have enough wealth that they don’t have to worry about basic needs

41
Q

criticisms of historical stage theory

A

assumes countries develop. in isolation from one another, develop without obsticles from other countries, end goal of consuming lots of goods might not be the best goal (political freedom, decent working conditions might be better)

42
Q

dependence theory of development

A

there are countries on there periphery vs those on the core, primary sources flow from poor periphery to rich core countries, core countries exploit periphery countries to get cheap goods/labor, core countries keep periphery countries underdeveloped to feed their own economies

43
Q

World systems theory of development

A

adds another stage called semi-periphery, countries can move in and out of the three stages based on large scale shifts of economic and political power,

44
Q

neoliberalism

A

emphasizes value of free market, privatization of the public sphere, deregulation of corporate sector (protects companies not workers) cut in government spending, reduction of tarrifs/promotion of free trade, labor flexibilization

45
Q

where/when neoliberalism

A

1970s/1980s 1st in chile (under pinochet regime), economics trained by Friedman at U Chicago

46
Q

structural adjustment policies

A

loans that the IMF gave to countries that experienced economic crisis in 70s and 80s, used to restructure these countries economies that pushed for neoliberalism

47
Q

EPZ & maquiladora

A

areas within developing countries that don’t have any barriers to trade to attract foreign investment/exportation, maquiladora are factories in mexico by a foreign company that export those goods back to that country

48
Q

deforestation

A

have always been cutting down wood, industrialization dramatically increased this practice, leading to dramatic loss of forests, eroding these ecosystems, consequences: desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, floods, increased greenhouse gas in atmosphere

49
Q

overfishing

A

85% of worlds fish stocks are compromised by overfishing

50
Q

climate change/enhanced greenhouse effect

A

increased COs levels as a result of burning fossil fuels and deforestation, allows for short wave radiation to reach earths surface and blocks outgoing long wave radiation heating the earth

51
Q

10 warmest years on earth have occurred since

A

1998

52
Q

judaism

A

4000 years old, southwestern asia, monotheistic, ethnic, 15 million today, mainly in north america and israel, europe and LA mostly the rest

53
Q

christianity

A

proselytic faith, 2.3 billion people practice, monotheistic, 2000 years ago, derived from judiasm, roman catholics, protestants, eastern, found almost everywhere, fastest growing in africa and asia

54
Q

islam

A

1.8 billion follwers, largely in desert belt of asia and northern africa, also far east in indonesia and Philippines, monotheists 610 CE in Mecca. Two groups Shi’ite in Iran/Iraq and Sunni (orthodox) larger majority worldwide. southwest asia and northern africa, largest pop found in indonesia, fastest growing in the world

55
Q

hinduism

A

closely tied to india, 1.1 billion, polytheistic. locate the harmonious and eternal truth (dharma), only majority in nepal, india, and mauritius 97% of world pop live in these three countries

56
Q

jainism

A

7 million, 25 centries old, reject hindu scriptures, rituals and priesthood they share belif in ahimsa and reincarnation. follow self-denial and austerity.

57
Q

sikhism

A

arose in 1500s, attempt to unify hinduism and islam. centered in punjab state of northwestern india, 24 million followers, monotheistic.

58
Q

Buddhism

A

hinduism is parent religion, began 25 centries ago as a reform movement, four noble truths, most widespread in south and east asia, in process of spreading fused with many other religions making it difficult to estimate (especially in china), 500 million,

59
Q

taoic religions

A

confucianism (formalism in china) , shinto (japan) , taoism (romanticism in china) , look at Tao force that balances and orders universe, half a billion, also hard to estimate

60
Q

animism

A

ideas that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in nature/animals, do not really form organized groups, most traditions are oral, 240 million, parts of SA, central/southern Africa, northern china, parts of australia and southeast asia

61
Q

environmental issues of urbanization

A

urban heat islands, temperatures are higher, pollution is higher, higher levels of precipitation in cities, larger consumer of water, higher risk of flooding, urban footprint higher levels of consumption

62
Q

cities as form of sustainable growth

A

2/3 of NA cities are urban vegetation which: increases quality/quantity of groundwater, lessens temp extremes, absorbs airbornne particles, lessens noise pollution. half of world pop lives in 3% of world land mass, concentration of people frees up other land

63
Q

Davis: root cause of urbanization and slum expansion

A

neoliberalism, IMF loans that restructured economies that broadened the wealth gap

64
Q

how many slaves in the world today

A

40 million, increasing, generates 150 billion

65
Q

simson argument

A

critiques gap year volunteer projects in “third world” areas, perpetuates simplistic idea of development, (makes high school labor appear as plausible development solution) stereotypes groups and cultures in third world countries and commodifies them, others groups, solutions don’t actually do anything, not social justice orientated (us vs them), false truths about poverty (lucky, poor but happy, caused by culture) imperialistic

66
Q

pilgrimage

A

a journey to a sacred space, enact connections to these places of their faith, sometimes origins of religion, sometimes with a sacred physical feature, example Mecca and ganges river (most pop)

67
Q

Nilson article

A

santiago de compstela spain, pilgrimages are more for personal spirituality rather than a connection to an organized religion, post-secularization means spirtual self fullfilment rather than traditional religious cannon

68
Q

religion and the internet

A

provides increased access and attract adherence to faith solidtary worship erodes place based communities that are the heart of religion

69
Q

nature-culture and religion

A

diffusion of certain crops and animals (diffusion of grape for communion wine to other religion districts), food taboos (kosher, hallal, avoidance of alcohol), correlated existence/non-existence of certain crops or animals in area

70
Q

sacred space

A

natural and/or human-made sites that posses special (religious) meaning, doesn’t have to be religious? churches, cemeteries, pilgrimage sites, can be sources of conflict

71
Q

religious structures

A

traditionally church is focual point of town/village, big churches meant to remind people of the power of god however smaller protestant churches are just places to worhsip, hinduism are visually striking but worship is practiced in individual household, islamic cities have masques of domes/spires which symbolize power of faith in community

72
Q

hagia sophia

A

in istabul turkey, first greek orthodox basilica, then a roman Catholic cathedral, imperial masque, then secularized and turned into a museum, then back into a masque,

73
Q

religious toponyms

A

saint names are in areas that show Catholicism and greek othordox influence and areas with immigrant communities (quebec, california etc.)

74
Q

landscapes of the dead

A

some religions don’t have cemeteries (hinduism cremation), muslim cemeteries are more modest, varies a lot within christianity

75
Q

parsi death towers

A

don’t burry dead, instead left to be eaten by vultures, structures called towers of silence are where bodies are left

Human Geography (2 decks)

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