final exam

Question 1

What is social stratification?

Answer 1

Refers to the heretical arrangement of individuals based upon wealth, power, and prestige

Question 2

What is an ascribed status?

Answer 2

Characteristics assigned at birth (race, sex, parents’ socioeconomic status)

Question 3

what is an achieved status?

Answer 3

features developed throughout life as a result of effort and achievement (educational qualifications, promotions)

Question 4

Meritocracy?

Answer 4

A system based upon achievement rather than ascribe status

Question 5

Open vs. Closed systems of stratification

Answer 5

Open: some level of social mobility (up or down) is possible in Canada.
Closed: social mobility is not possible (endogamy, marry within one’s own group)

Question 6

Theories of inequality (conflict theory)

Answer 6

Karl Marx: inequality is a byproduct of capitalism, division of society into two distinctive class.

Max Weber: go beyond a class analysis; prestige, property, and power

Question 7

Theories of inequality (structural functionalism)

Answer 7

Davis-Moore Thesis: inequality is necessary and good for society. Members of society need to be persuaded to take some positions. Jobs that require a lot of effort should receive the largest reward

Question 8

Theories on inequality (symbolic interactionism)

Answer 8

How inequality is interpreted and represented in society.
Thorstein Veblen: the main activity of leisure class is the displaying of wealth. Purchasing of expensive goods and services primarily for the purpose of putting wealth on display

Question 9

Theories of inequality (feminist)

Answer 9

Breadwinner ideology, feminization of poverty, double ghetto.

Question 10

Understanding poverty (3)

Answer 10

Classism: bias, prejudice, and discrimination on the basis of social class
Blaming the victim: individuals are entirely responsible for their situations in life-both economic and other
Blaming the system: recognizes the systemic barriers that exist in society, increased cost of living, technology, increased tuition costs

Question 11

Gender and social organization (nature and structural functionalism)

Answer 11

Gender traits arise naturally from biology. Men and women naturally play roles they are best suited for due to their biological traits. Clear division of suitable gender roles.

Question 12

Gender and social conflict

Answer 12

Gender traits are learned and arise from socialization, Masculinity and femininity are not rewarded equally. Men have used sex and gender to ensure men get a greater share of society’s rewards

Question 13

Structural functionalist vs. conflict theory

Answer 13

Structural: treats inequality as a justifiable outcome. Protects the already wealthy and powerful.
Conflict: Begins from priority, reveals where and how change is necessary. Leads to change and social movements and cultural shifts

Question 14

Two approaches to social change

Answer 14

1. Regulate: pass laws and create policies prohibiting gender discrimination and encouraging gender equality.
2. Educate: through family, media and schools, change attitudes about rigid gender codes.

Question 15

The meritocracy

Answer 15

Individual merit is justly and fairly rewarded: men and women get what they deserve both as individuals and groups

Question 16

Challenges to the meritocracy (3)

Answer 16

1. the game is rigged (the competition is not fair)
2. barriers prevent some individuals and groups from getting fair and just rewards
3. Barriers include discriminatory laws and practices, exclusionary policies, psychological socialization that disadvantage people based on race, ethnicity, social class, disability, etc.

Question 17

How is identity determined?

Answer 17

social constructionism, identity is determined by language and environment

Question 18

Historicizing sexualities (3 event/person)

Answer 18

1. Alfred Kinsey rejected biological determinism, reveals that homosexuality was more widespread than originally thought.
2. lavender scare, fear that homosexuals could be blackmailed to reveal state secrets
3. fruit machine, used by RCMP to ‘out’ gay men

Question 19

Theorizing sexualities

Answer 19

Jacqui Alexander - heteropatriarchy
Queer theory - identity versus desire

Question 20

Disability vs. impairment

Answer 20

Impairment as a physical limitation (hearing, wheelchair) it is not necessarily permanent
Disability is a social construct of how the world sees you

Question 21

Description of medical model of disability

Answer 21

Biological differences between people in society are the bases of inequality

Question 22

Description of social perspective of disability

Answer 22

Interactions of impaired people with others in society. This encompasses the attitudes abled-body people have towards the impaired

Question 23

Feminist perspective and disability

Answer 23

Feminist analysis of body objectification, temporary loss of physical ability can be due to i.e. pregnancy. Women are viewed as having unique ability of juggling mother hood, work, and other social obligations. Like ppl. with disabilities, normal everyday tasks have been viewed as extraordinary. They also face difficulties entering the workforce

Question 24

Universal design (7)

Answer 24

1. create spaces usable by diverse group of ppl
2. design objects and spaces to be flexible
3. simplicity in use
4. use multiple ways to convey information
5. build in tolerance for error
6. create access without much physical effort
7. create large physical space for ease of access

Question 25

Legislation and disability

Answer 25

Qc. act to secure handicapped persons in the exercise of their right with a view to achieving social, school and workplace integration.
Equity and inclusion in post-secondary education works to promote accessibility in post-secondary institutions

Question 26

Employment and disability

Answer 26

Many sectors have a shortage of employees, people with disabilities can fill that gap.
People with disabilities are part of a larger network, and hiring them you are gaining access to that network.

Question 27

How is voice produced?

Answer 27

Respiration - the process of breath
Phonation - the vibration of the vocal folds
Articulation - the process of producing clearly differentiated speech sounds

Question 28

Why would we speak or sing?

Answer 28

To maintain bonds of trust. To cooperate in tasks necessary to survival. To establish individual and group identity. To express emotion, relieve stress, and create empathy.

Question 29

Voices as self-expression

Answer 29

The voice becomes the vehicle through which we express meaning. It is the means through which we express our true selves. We articulate and identify through voice in order to achieve freedom.

Question 30

Indigenous languages on turtle island

Answer 30

There is a genuine reason for concern and for the reallocation of language-teaching resources as well as language-learning opportunities. Violence can impact the voice, reclaiming and expressing can be important for healing ourselves.

Question 31

Listening and silence

Answer 31

Voice does not need to exist in a vacuum; space for violence must be created through silence and listening.

Question 32

Dialogic voice

Answer 32

Dialogue is central for identity formation and social change. the ways in which we participate in dialogue are culturally determined.

Question 33

Narrative voice (2)

Answer 33

Narrative point of view
the way in which the story is conveyed

Question 34

Authorial voice

Answer 34

It penetrates the work; it is the voice behind the characters, or implied author we perceive (style, tone, diction)

Question 35

Performing social change

Answer 35

Disrupting structure, dominant narratives and dominant discourses. Representing issues in public spaces through the use of aesthetic forms of representations