final exam Flashcards
What is social stratification?
Refers to the heretical arrangement of individuals based upon wealth, power, and prestige
What is an ascribed status?
Characteristics assigned at birth (race, sex, parents’ socioeconomic status)
what is an achieved status?
features developed throughout life as a result of effort and achievement (educational qualifications, promotions)
Meritocracy?
A system based upon achievement rather than ascribe status
Open vs. Closed systems of stratification
Open: some level of social mobility (up or down) is possible in Canada.
Closed: social mobility is not possible (endogamy, marry within one’s own group)
Theories of inequality (conflict theory)
Karl Marx: inequality is a byproduct of capitalism, division of society into two distinctive class.
Max Weber: go beyond a class analysis; prestige, property, and power
Theories of inequality (structural functionalism)
Davis-Moore Thesis: inequality is necessary and good for society. Members of society need to be persuaded to take some positions. Jobs that require a lot of effort should receive the largest reward
Theories on inequality (symbolic interactionism)
How inequality is interpreted and represented in society.
Thorstein Veblen: the main activity of leisure class is the displaying of wealth. Purchasing of expensive goods and services primarily for the purpose of putting wealth on display
Theories of inequality (feminist)
Breadwinner ideology, feminization of poverty, double ghetto.
Understanding poverty (3)
Classism: bias, prejudice, and discrimination on the basis of social class
Blaming the victim: individuals are entirely responsible for their situations in life-both economic and other
Blaming the system: recognizes the systemic barriers that exist in society, increased cost of living, technology, increased tuition costs
Gender and social organization (nature and structural functionalism)
Gender traits arise naturally from biology. Men and women naturally play roles they are best suited for due to their biological traits. Clear division of suitable gender roles.
Gender and social conflict
Gender traits are learned and arise from socialization, Masculinity and femininity are not rewarded equally. Men have used sex and gender to ensure men get a greater share of society’s rewards
Structural functionalist vs. conflict theory
Structural: treats inequality as a justifiable outcome. Protects the already wealthy and powerful.
Conflict: Begins from priority, reveals where and how change is necessary. Leads to change and social movements and cultural shifts
Two approaches to social change
- Regulate: pass laws and create policies prohibiting gender discrimination and encouraging gender equality.
- Educate: through family, media and schools, change attitudes about rigid gender codes.
The meritocracy
Individual merit is justly and fairly rewarded: men and women get what they deserve both as individuals and groups
Challenges to the meritocracy (3)
- the game is rigged (the competition is not fair)
- barriers prevent some individuals and groups from getting fair and just rewards
- Barriers include discriminatory laws and practices, exclusionary policies, psychological socialization that disadvantage people based on race, ethnicity, social class, disability, etc.
How is identity determined?
social constructionism, identity is determined by language and environment
Historicizing sexualities (3 event/person)
- Alfred Kinsey rejected biological determinism, reveals that homosexuality was more widespread than originally thought.
- lavender scare, fear that homosexuals could be blackmailed to reveal state secrets
- fruit machine, used by RCMP to ‘out’ gay men
Theorizing sexualities
Jacqui Alexander - heteropatriarchy
Queer theory - identity versus desire
Disability vs. impairment
Impairment as a physical limitation (hearing, wheelchair) it is not necessarily permanent
Disability is a social construct of how the world sees you
Description of medical model of disability
Biological differences between people in society are the bases of inequality
Description of social perspective of disability
Interactions of impaired people with others in society. This encompasses the attitudes abled-body people have towards the impaired
Feminist perspective and disability
Feminist analysis of body objectification, temporary loss of physical ability can be due to i.e. pregnancy. Women are viewed as having unique ability of juggling mother hood, work, and other social obligations. Like ppl. with disabilities, normal everyday tasks have been viewed as extraordinary. They also face difficulties entering the workforce
Universal design (7)
- create spaces usable by diverse group of ppl
- design objects and spaces to be flexible
- simplicity in use
- use multiple ways to convey information
- build in tolerance for error
- create access without much physical effort
- create large physical space for ease of access
Legislation and disability
Qc. act to secure handicapped persons in the exercise of their right with a view to achieving social, school and workplace integration.
Equity and inclusion in post-secondary education works to promote accessibility in post-secondary institutions
Employment and disability
Many sectors have a shortage of employees, people with disabilities can fill that gap.
People with disabilities are part of a larger network, and hiring them you are gaining access to that network.
How is voice produced?
Respiration - the process of breath
Phonation - the vibration of the vocal folds
Articulation - the process of producing clearly differentiated speech sounds
Why would we speak or sing?
To maintain bonds of trust. To cooperate in tasks necessary to survival. To establish individual and group identity. To express emotion, relieve stress, and create empathy.
Voices as self-expression
The voice becomes the vehicle through which we express meaning. It is the means through which we express our true selves. We articulate and identify through voice in order to achieve freedom.
Indigenous languages on turtle island
There is a genuine reason for concern and for the reallocation of language-teaching resources as well as language-learning opportunities. Violence can impact the voice, reclaiming and expressing can be important for healing ourselves.
Listening and silence
Voice does not need to exist in a vacuum; space for violence must be created through silence and listening.
Dialogic voice
Dialogue is central for identity formation and social change. the ways in which we participate in dialogue are culturally determined.
Narrative voice (2)
Narrative point of view
the way in which the story is conveyed
Authorial voice
It penetrates the work; it is the voice behind the characters, or implied author we perceive (style, tone, diction)
Performing social change
Disrupting structure, dominant narratives and dominant discourses. Representing issues in public spaces through the use of aesthetic forms of representations
