Final Exam Flashcards
Sir Francis Galton
The idea of hereditary genius, and coined the expression “nature vs nurture” (1869)
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Created tests to identify students in need of assistance, the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, and the concept of mental age (1905)
Lewis Terman
Created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and concept of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), which is MA/CA x 100 (1969)
David Weschler
Created the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, which is less dependent on verbal abilities, and discarded IQ score in favour of deviation IQ (1955)
Charles Spearman
Inventor of factor analysis, found mental abilities to be profoundly correlated, labelled general mental ability “g)”, and specific mental abilities “s”.
LL Thurstone
Described seven primary mental abilities, with too much emphasis on general mental abilities
Mild intellectual disability
IQ of 55-70, Grade 6 education by late teens, special education is helpful (some graduate high school). Can be capable of self-support in safe and stable environment.
Moderate intellectual disability
IQ of 40-55, Grade 2-4 education by late teens, special education necessary. Can be semi-independent in a sheltered environment. Help needed with mild stress.
Severe intellectual disability
IQ of 25-40, limited speech, toilet habits, and so forth, with systematic training. Can contribute to self-support under limited supervision.
Profound intellectual disability
IQ of under 25. Little or no speech, no toilet training, total care required.
Three-ring concept of giftedness
Exceptional intelligence or ability in a specific domain, exceptional creativity, exceptional commitment
Determinants of intelligence
Heredity (family studies, twin studies, heritability estimates), environment (Flynn effect, adoption studies, cumulative deprivation hypothesis), interaction (concept of reaction range)
Flynn effect
Increase in IQ test scores (Proposed to because of increased education access)
Socioeconomic IQ test disadvantage
Cultural bias on IQ tests
Drive theories
The human body seeks to maintain homeostasis- therefore, lack of calories and hunger motivates eating.
Incentive theories
Humans are motivated by success, friendship- environmental factors, external to the body.
Situational determinants of achievement behaviour
Strength of motivation, estimation of probability of success, fear of failure
Parental Investment Theory
Males make smaller investment, compete for mating opportunities. Females make larger investment, more
discriminating of partners.
Elements of Emotional Experience
Physiological (autonomic arousal), cognitive (conscious experience), behavioural (non-verbal expressive)
Environmental factors in the experience of hunger
Learned preferences, habits, exposure, stress, food-related cues
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotional response is simultaneous to autonomic arousal
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion depends on two
factors: autonomic arousal and
cognitive interpretation.
Happiness
Little correlation to income, age, parenthood, intelligence, attractiveness. Modest correlation to physical health, good social relationships, faith, culture. Strong correlation to work satisfaction, personality, love, and marriage.
Levels of conscious awareness
Unconscious, conscious, preconscious
Repression
Burial of thoughts and feelings in unconscious
Sublimation
Reaction formation
Behaving in a way opposite of one’s true feelings
Regression
Reversion to immature patterns of behaviour
Displacement
Diverting feelings toward one person onto a substitute target
Identification
Fostering an alliance with a real or imagined group to bolster self-esteem
Projection
Projecting thoughts or feelings or motives onto something else
