final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

define collective dose

A

the risk for the population as a whole

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2
Q

who discovered mutagenesis

A

Herman mueller

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3
Q

what is mutagenesis

A

that ionizing radiation produces mutations

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4
Q

what animal was used in the discovery of mutagenesis

A

fruit flies

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5
Q

what is the measure of the ionization of air

A

air kerma

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6
Q

what is the energy that is absorbed in matter

A

gray

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7
Q

what is the unit for occupational exposure / dose equivalent

A

sievert

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8
Q

what is the most commonly used unit for occupational workers

A

mSv

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9
Q

Radiographers: whole body dose

A

50mSv / 5 rem yearly

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10
Q

radiographers: lens of eye dose

A

150mSv / yr

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11
Q

radiographers: whole body skin dose

A

500 mSv / 50 rem / year

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12
Q

radiographers: extremities dose

A

500 mSv/ 50 rem / yr / each extremity

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13
Q

dose for embryo / fetus / pregnancy

A

.5 mSv / .05 rem / month

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14
Q

annual dose for radiographers

A

50 mSv

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15
Q

what is the main source of radiation to the US population

A

radon

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16
Q

what does the NCRP do

A

collects, analyze, develop and disseminate radiation protection measurements, quantities and units

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17
Q

where does the NCRP get their information from

A

BEIR and NSC

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18
Q

when is occupational radiation monitoring required

A

when the person has a chance to receive more than 1/10th of the recommended dose limit

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19
Q

what are the two main groups for radiation protection

A
  1. radiation workers (occupationally exposed & occasionally exposed)
  2. general public
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20
Q

what is the dose limit doe general public

A

1/10th of rad workers (5mSv / .5 rem)

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21
Q

six ways to ensure the patient is protected as much as possible

A
  1. avoid errors by verifying requisition and verify pt ID
  2. avoid repeats
  3. maintain minimum 40 sid
  4. shield
  5. collimate
  6. use highest kvp and lowest mas possible
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22
Q

what does a geiger mueller do

A

detects the presence of alpha and beta radiation

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23
Q

what does a cutie pie do

A

measures the exposure rate for xray gamma alpha and beta

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24
Q

what do occupational radiation monitors detect

A

quantity of radiation

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25
Q

what are the three types of occupational radiation monitors

A

OSL: optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters
TLD: thermoluminescent dosimeters
film badge

26
Q

what 5 things does a dosimetry report have

A
  1. participant ID
  2. type of dosimeter
  3. radiation quality
  4. exposure in mrem
  5. location on the body of exposure
27
Q

what is a dosimetry report

A

documents the personnel’s radiation dose equivalent for a specific month

28
Q

what is an individual assigned to develop and implement the radiation safety program

A

RSO

29
Q

what is primary radiation

A

the useful beam, it is image forming

30
Q

what is secondary radiation

A

leakage and scatter
leakage: from tube housing
scatter: spreads isotropically from the beam after interaction with matter

31
Q

every xray tube housing must have protective housing enclosed by ____ Pb

A

1/16th inch

32
Q

leakage radiation must be less than ____ mGy/hr at a distance of ___ from the housing

A

100 mGy
1 m / 3ft

33
Q

how long is the exposure switch

A

6ft

34
Q

what is the controlled or control area

A

the area occupied by radiology personnel. occupancy of 1

35
Q

what is an uncontrolled area

A

area occupied by the public

36
Q

thickness for glass window

A

1.5mm pb equiv.

37
Q

where is the primary barrier wall

A

perpendicular to beam travel

38
Q

what is the height and lead thickness for primary wall

A

7ft tall, 1/16th in pb

39
Q

what is the secondary barrier wall

A

wall parallel to beam travel and control booth

40
Q

what is the pb thickness for secondary wall

A

1/32pb

41
Q

how many times do xrays scatter before reaching control booth

A

2x

42
Q

The secondary wall is exposed to what types of radiation

A

scatter and leakage

43
Q

what are the three factors that determine barrier thickness

A

time of occupancy
workload
use

44
Q

what does an aluminum filter do

A

absorb low energy photons
improve beam quality
decreases pt absorbed dose

45
Q

what is the determining factor for the total filtration required

A

kvp

46
Q

what is the minimum filtration for operating above 70 kvp

A

2.5 mm al eq

47
Q

what is HVL

A

the thickness of material that will reduce the xray intensity to half its original value

48
Q

HVL measures beam _____

A

quality

49
Q

what are some beam limiting devices

A

aperture diaphragm
cones
collimators

50
Q

what utilizes a direct capture system, with a solid state detector plate

A

digital radiography

51
Q

what is placed between the patient and IR to absorb scatter

A

grids

52
Q

lowest grid radio = (lower/higher) pt dose

A

lower

53
Q

the principal factors that affect the amount of scatter produced are

A

kilovoltage and the irradiated material

54
Q

as volume of the irradiated tissue increases, scatter …

A

increases

55
Q

volume ___ as field size increases

A

increases

56
Q

volume increases as patient size ____

A

increases

57
Q

larger field size means more or less chance of scatter

A

more

58
Q

large body parts mean more or less scatter

A

more

59
Q

long scale contrast is more (b&w/gray)

A

gray

60
Q

long scale high or low kvp

A

high