Final Exam Flashcards
Historians and archaeologist believe that humans began to understand agriculture around the year
8000BC
Mesopotamian civilization began to develop around
3000BC
A majority of Mesopotamia was located in modern day
Iraq
Which two rivers were the lifeline of Mesopotamia
Tigris and Euphrates
Who was at the top of Mesopotamian social class structure
Kings
Mesopotamians are credited with a variety of technological advancements including
Sails, use of bronze, numerical system based on 60
Mesopotamians built massive mud-brick structures with a temple atop them called
Ziggurats
According to Mesopotamian mythology, humans were created by the gods from
Clay
The Mesopotamians used a writing system consisting of many wedge shaped combinations called
Cuneiform
________ civilization used a base 60 counting system and developed ideas that still affect us today (360 degrees in a circle, 60 seconds in a minute)
Mesopotamian
Which was the lifeline of civilization in ancient India
Indus
Ancient Indian civilization began to develop in the Indus River Valley around
2500BC
Most of the information learned about ancient Indian civilizations was found at which archaeological site
Harappa
The Indus River Valley is located in which two modern day countries?
India and China
Civilization began to develop in China around
2000BC
Which two rivers made civilization in China possible
Yellow and Yangtze
Longest river in world
Nile
Narrow fertile of land on either side of Nile River
floodplain
The desert that surrounds ancient Egypt on the east, west, and south
Sahara
At the top of the Egyptian social class system
Pharaoh
Egyptian god of afterlife
Osiris
Egyptian half-human half-jackal god of mummification
Anubis
Egyptian patron god of Pharaohs
Horus
The technological achievement the Indus River Valley is most known for
Advanced city planning
Government ruled by an individual who claims divine authority
Theocracy
Theories for what caused the end of the Indus River Valley civilization
flooding, earthquakes, invasion
In ancient Egypt, and in other ancient civilizations, marriages are
Arranged by parents
__________ was the staple of the peasants class’s diet in ancient Egypt
Grains
Egyptians believed that by wearing ______, they could ward off evil spirits and prevent injury
Jewelry
In ancient Egypt, peasant girls married around the age of
13
Historians believe that most of the pharaohs of the New Kingdom were buried
in underground tombs in the Valley of the Kings
What archaeologist found that made the translation of Egyptian Hieroglyphs possible
Rosetta Stone
In contrast to many ancient civilizations, the ______ of Egypt and Mesopotamia had a significant social and economic rights
Women
Where can the stele containing Hammurabi’s code be found?
The Louvre in Paris
Most unusual thing about Nile River
Flows north to south
Religion that believes in one god
monotheism
Can be used in historical writing in place of BC
BCE
In the Mesopotamian world, they functioned as an independent country
City-state
When independent nations are brought together under a single ruler, this is formed
Empire
Trading of ideas
Cultural diffusion
A series of rulers from a same family
Dynasty
Can be used in historical writing in place of AD
CE
A religion that believes in two or more gods
Polytheism
Silt blown from the deserts surrounding China
Loess
Chinese justification for their right to rule
Mandate of Heaven
Government ruled by a king who claims divine authority
Theocracy
Seasonal winds that made farming possible in India
Monsoons
Egyptian god-kings
Pharaoh
The rise and fall of ruling families
Dynastic cycle
Egyptian pictograph style of writing
Hieroglyphics
What is culture
The way of life in a certain part of the world, what they believe in, the language/languages spoken, and the clothing worn
5 aspects of a culture
1) Clothing 2) Religion 3) Geography 4) Food and Drinks 5) Education
What development made civilization possible
Agriculture
Why gods were so complex in ancient religions
way to explain natural phenomenon’s
This religion’s followers were called by God to move to an area called Canaan
Judaism
The followers of _____ wear gauze masks to prevent harm to insects
Jainism
First monotheistic religion in the ancient world
Judaism
Holy books of _____are Vedas and Upanishads
Hinduism
The holy book of _____ is the Torah
Judaism
The creator of _______ was Siddhartha Gautama, who was raised as a royal prince
Buddhism
The _____ were a nomadic group, most likely from the steppes region of Eastern Europe, that created the basis for languages such as English, Spanish, and Hindi
Indo-Europeans
Most historians believed the Indo-European groups migrated from ____ to various places throughout the ancient world
Southwestern Russia
Abrahamic religions
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
_____ taught Four Noble Truths in teachings
Buddah
Religions that originated in India
Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism
____ believe in strict caste system which is designed to create social order and cohesion
Hindus
Holy city for Christians, Muslims, and Jews
Jerusalem
Religions that support vegetarianism
Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism
Indo-European group that helped usher the Iron Age with their skills in iron workings
Hittites
Formed the Vedas
Hinduism
Believed in karma
Jainism
Goal is to reach Nirvana
Buddhism
Founded by Mahavira
Jainism
Does not worship a deity (god)
Buddhism
The basis of this faith is that all living things have a soul, and none should be harmed
Jainism
The ultimate goal of this faith is to reach moksha, a state of perfect understanding of all things
Hinduism
Follows the 10 commandments
Judaism
Father of these people was Abraham
Judaism
Live their lives according to the Eightfold Path, with helps remove worldly desires
Buddhism
The ancient Persian Empire originated in what modern day country?
Iran
The first Persian king was ___, who was nicknamed “The Great” because of his compassion towards citizens of conquered territories
Cyrus
Geographical features that had the most influence the culture of Ancient Greeks
Mountains and Seas
Event that took place during the Mycenaean period written in Homer’s Iliad
Trojan War
The _____, descendants of the Indo-Europeans, were the first group of “Greeks” to settle the Greek mainland
Mycenaeans
All took place following Greek Dark Age
Adoption of Phoenician alphabet, development of iron technology, migration away from Greek mainland
Persia planned to enact revenge on Athens in 490 BC when they launched their first invasion of mainland Greece at ______
Marathon
The Greek force that fought against the Persians at Marathon was mostly made up of soldiers from ______
Athens
After the victory over the Persians at Marathon, the Athenians built ____ to honor their god and those who lost their lives
the Parthenon
Elite infantry of Persian Empire that consisted of 10,000 soldiers
The Immortals
General of Greek force at Marathon
Miltiades
Persian king that ordered Persia’s first invasion of Greece
Darius
Spartan king that led Greek forces against Persians at the Battle of Thermopylae
Leonidas
Allowed Persians to win Battle of Thermopylae
Persians found a path that allowed them to surround the Greeks
What happened at Salamis
Greeks tricked Persian navy and destroyed a majority of Persian ships
The age Spartan boys began official military training
7
Peloponnesian War fought between
Athens and Sparta
What we know about the Greco-Persian wars comes from the writings of
Thucydides
Two historians we rely on for information on the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
Herodotus and Thucydides
A influential politician that led Athens during the Golden Age
Pericles
Macedonian king who conquered Greece in 338 BC
Phillip II
Alexander was __ years old when he assumed the Macedonian throne
20
How Alexander the Great died
Fever
Helot
Slave
Caused major difficulties uniting Greeks under single government
size of region, independent nature of the people, geography of region
Why Alexandria, Egypt was important during Hellenistic period
Foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic culture
Alexander the G conquered these regions after Greece
Persian Empire, Egypt, and Indus River Valley
Greek Philosophers
Aristotle, Socrates, Plato
Part of Spartan government
Council of elders, 2 kings, ephors
Government of Sparta
Oligarchy
First known democracy was it
Athens
took place during greek dark age
iron introduced to Greeks, Phoenician alphabet introduced, migration to Mediterranean
Government Athens developed
Democracy
Driven from Greece before golden age of Athens
Persians
Important feature of Athenian democracy under Pericles
Increased number of paid public officials
What led to Spartans victory over Athens in Peloponnesian War
Sparta built a navy that was able to destroy the Athenian navy
Schooling focused on reading, grammar, poetry, history, math and music
Athens
Men entered active duty in the military at age of 20
Sparta
Did not allow citizens to travel
Sparta
Held monthly voting session in which all males of age could cast their votes
Athens
Only allowed those whose bloodline were traced to the founders of the city-state to have political power
Sparta
Ruled over a Persian province
Satraps
Fortified hilltop which usually included the most important buildings in a Greek city-state
Acropolis
Narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds
Epic
A government ruled by a single person
Monarchy
A 1,677 mile road that connected the far ends of the Persian Empire
Royal Road
Marketplace of a Greek city-state
Agora
Greek city-state
Polis
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Oligarchy
A state with political, economic, or military leader with control over other states
Hegemon
One who gains political power by force
Tyrant
Greek shield, made famous by its Argive grip
Hoplon
Greek side sword
Xiphos
Spartan slave class
helot
Greek heavily armed foot soldier
hoplite
culmination of a Spartan boy’s training which required him to survive for one month on his own in the wild
Krypteia
Fighting formation used by all Greek city-states, made them the battle tanks of the ancient world
Phalanx
Greek spear, usually between 6-8 ft in length
Dory
Often a young woman, Greeks visited these to seek guidance for important decisions
Oracle
Primary weapon for Roman soldier was his sword
gladius
Roman Javelin like spear
Pila (pilum)
Pax Romana
Roman Peace
