Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

final ns 203 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

non-communicable disease

A

A medical condition/ disease that is not caused by infectious agents.
Can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly.
Can be present at birth
Are usually degenerative, chronic, and disabling
Can be caused by environmental factors (pollution)
(ex: CVD, diabetes, tobacco use/cancer, binge drinking/CVD, cancer, accidents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

morbidity

A

Suffering from a disease/ condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mortality

A

death (from a disease condition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the NCD’s is the #1 killer of adults everywhere except Africa?

A

Cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percent of global
deaths are attributed to this NCD?

A

33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are risk factors associated with cvD?

A

smoking, high blood pressure, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol, other diseases / conditions (diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is excessive drinking considered a non-communicable disease?

A

Excessive drinking is associated with increasing numerous health risk factors, especially having a heart attack or stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is excessive drinking a risk factor for?

A

High blood pressure, weight gain, liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What examples were discussed in class about excessive drinking, specifically in regards to WI?

A

A higher percentage of Wisconsin adults binge drink and there is a higher bar-to-supermarket ratio within Wisconsin. (12 of the 20 drunkest cities are in WI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What population-level approaches were used during the case study in Poland?

A

Multiple approaches led to a huge decline in the number of smokers by 1998. Media has a huge role in public campaigns to disseminate information and emphasize the link between smoking and cancer. The government approved legislation that restricted advertising and increased taxes on smoking products. Sales to minors were restricted, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was the outcome of the case study in Poland?

A

From 14 million to 10 million smokers, consumption decreased by 10% between 1990 - 1998

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ecosystem services

A

benefits people obtain from the natural environment and functioning ecosystems (ex: bees and pollination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ecosystem

A

ecological system that consists of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as the non-living, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the case study in Poland.

A

In 1970, the probability of a polish boy reaching his 60th birthday was lower than in China or India. People on average smoked 3500 cigarettes/year and 75% of males smoked daily. At this point in time, Poland had the highest rate of lung cancer in the entire world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the desertification of the Sahel?

A

Because of dryland agriculture and overgazing, combined with replacing natural shrubs with unsustainable farming land, the Sahel lost huge portions of topsoil as well as the ability to support human communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How has climate change impacted Himalayan glaciers?

A

-Melting: seasonal melting is an important source of water (almost every major river in South Asia)
-Instances of too much water, then not enough for the rest of the year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How has climate change impacted Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic?

A
  • Drought/ warmer weather/ fires are drying pine trees. Trees cant protect themselves from beetles and the beetles benefit from the warmth.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How has climate change impacted sea surface temperature/sea level rising?

A

Rising temperatures impacts marine life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How has climate change impacted the Great Barrier Reef?

A

Warmth = bleaching/ acidification
Home to a lot of biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some effects of climate change on species distribution in WI and the Upper Midwest?

A

Birds keep migrating north because it is getting warmer. Life has to move to adapt to changing temperatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the examples discussed in class that support the idea that the climate is warming, specifically in WI.

A

Hares, birds, plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is SDG #14 “Life Below Water” important in terms of human health?

A
  • oceans are key source of well-being (food source and livelihoods)
  • oceans are key to absorbing CO2 produced by global warming
  • plankton and other animals provide us with the oxygen that we need
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the 5 major threats to human health discussed in terms of human health.

A
  • Desertification and land degradation
  • Freshwater decline
  • Biodiversity and ecosystem function
  • Stratospheric ozone depletion
  • Climate change
    (LOOK AT CHART)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary health care according to Chapter 4?

A

primary health care “involves, in addition to the health sector, all related sectors and aspects of national and community development, in particular, agriculture, animal husbandry, food, industry, education, housing, public works, communications, and other sectors; and demands the coordinated efforts of all those sectors.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

bioactive phytonutrients (phytochemicals)

A

nutrients or chemical compounds that come from plants (directly or metabolites) that can influence biological sections in humans, once consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Primary health care

A

refers more to basic care (such as yearly physicals/check-ups, patient education classes, immunizations, diagnosing and treating minor illnesses, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Secondary health care

A

more specialized than primary (things like orthodontists putting on braces, referrals to specialists like a gastrointestinal doctor, or a psychologist, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tertiary health care

A

Tertiary is even more specialized (ex. plastic surgery, neurosurgery, chemotherapy, trauma care, severe burns, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the structure of Thailand’s health care system (lec 1)

A
  • VERY GOOD, High quality
  • universal healthcare system
  • have the right to health in constitution
  • adapted Alma Ata and primary health care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What was the status of Syria AFTER the war?

A
  • limited access to healthcare due to destruction
  • shortage of medicine
  • health care became target
  • loss of care personnel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What was the status of Syria BEFORE the war?

A
  • Making good progress
  • Childhood / adult mortality rates had declined
  • Increase in NCD
  • Improved antenatal care
  • Lower fertility rates
  • SOME adverse child health issues, but overall 80% coverage rate for childhood immunizations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What were the consequences of the case study in Syria?

A
  • lack of health care
  • re-emergent infectious diseases
  • food crisis
  • difficultly managing chronic disease
  • migration
  • loss of health care personnel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Example of a institute

A

Hospitals, universities, dentist’s office, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Example of a resource

A

Medicine, care, supplies, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Example of an actor

A

Nurses, doctors, pharmacists, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the three parts of a health system?

A

Actors, resources, and institutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the four core components of a health system?

A

Availability, accessibility, acceptance, and quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the goals/ values of a health system?

A
  • Improve population health
    -respond to expectations of the general public
  • protect against cost (affordability)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some examples of people/institutions that could be considered part of a health care system?

A

nurses, insurance agencies, hospitals nursing schools, non- profit health centers, pharmaceutical centers, pharmacists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the Alma Ata?

A

Tried to develop primary health care in the sense that it should be a general human right. After this was presented, the millennium development goals were created.

41
Q

Examples of communicable diseases discussed in class

A

Malaria, Tuberculosis, and HIV

42
Q

Communicable disease

A

Infectious disease transmissible (from person to person) by direct contact with an infected individual

43
Q

Infectious disease

A

Disorders caused by organisms, such as viruses, fungi, or parasites. Some can be passed from person to person

44
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states and events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

45
Q

Incidence of an infectious disease (INPUT/ NEW)

A

number of new cases in a given time period expressed as a percent of the population infected per amount of time (frequency of development of illness over a period of time)

46
Q

Prevalence of an infectious disease (POOL)

A

number of cases at a given time expressed as a number or a percent (current number suffering from an illness in a given year/ sum of new and old cases)

47
Q

What is the Epidemiologic triangle?

A

Traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.

48
Q

Agent

A

Microbe/ microorganism that causes the disease
(Ex: bacteria, virus, parasite, etc)

49
Q

Environment

A

Outside factors that include anything that affects the spread of a disease but is not directly a part of the agent or host (Ex: temperature, water contamination, sanitation, etc)

50
Q

Reservoir Infector

A

asymptomatic, unaffected, host that passes disease on through a vector. Vectors are usually flies or mosquitos.

51
Q

Host

A

Person or animal that affords subsistence or lodgement to an infectious organism under natural conditions (ex: human)

52
Q

What are the three parts of the Epidemiologic triangle?

A

Host, Agent, and Environment

53
Q

Describe the global burden of disease (DALYs by cause and Mortality by cause) of the world vs Sub Saharan Africa

A
  • Majority of DALYs and overall death is due to communicable diseases whereas the rest of the world is due to non-communicable diseases.
54
Q

What populations are most at risk for Malaria?

A

infants, young women, and pregnant women, (anyone with a susceptible immune system)

55
Q

Describe the burden of the disease malaria

A
  • about 219 million cases a year, 0.4 -0.6 million deaths per year
  • 90% of deaths are due to malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • beyond the first year, malaria is the biggest killer of children <5 years old
56
Q

What are the three ways that malaria kills children?

A

infection in pregnancy (low birth weight / pre-term delivery), acute illness (can lead to cerebral malaria, coma, and seizures), and chronic repeated infection (can lead to acute anemia)

57
Q

What are the three tools available now used to reduce the prevalence and incidence of malaria?

A
  • Anti-mosquito bednets (insecticide-treated nets = ITN)
  • Treatment and prevention through drug therapies
  • Anti-mosquito insecticide residual sprays (IRS)
58
Q

What is Mosquirix?

A

First vaccine for malaria to pass clinical trials. 30% effective but only in severe cases. Requires 4 doses.

59
Q

Active TB disease

A
  • TB is active and grows in the body
  • makes a person feel sick and have symptoms
  • can spread from person to person
  • can cause death if not treated
60
Q

What is latent tuberculosis?

A

-TB lives but doesnt grow in the body
- doesn’t make a person feel sick or have symptoms
- cant spread from person to person
- can advance to TB disease

61
Q

What is the transmission path of tuberculosis?

A

human to human by inhalation of bacilli (bacterium)

62
Q

What is the key characteristic that makes this form the primary pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system

A

The bacteria is aerobic and needs oxygen which the human respiratory system can provide it with.

63
Q

What is the type of bacteria that causes the most cases of TB in the US?

A

M. Tuberculosis

64
Q

What factors increase the likelihood of progression to active TB?

A

Anything that weakens the immune system (Infection with HIV, substance abuse, prolonged therapy, organ transplant, older age, diabetes, low body weight, certain types of cancer, etc)

65
Q

What are some problems associated with treatment for TB?

A

Very long duration, large number of drugs, expensive, resistant strains, resources are limited in some countries.

66
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human Immunosuppressive Virus that is spread through blood and sexual contact in humans

67
Q

What are the two ways that having HIV/TB could increase the likelihood of becoming infected with TB/HIV?

A

More likely for the latent form of TB to become active. If an individual already has HIV, it is more likely that the TB will start as active.

68
Q

What co-factors INCREASE the probability of HIV transmission (2 of them)?

A
  • Higher risk of HIV transmission when the infected partner has a higher viral load
  • higher risk of HIV transmission when either partner has an ulcerative sexually transmitted infection (open wound)
69
Q

What co-factors DECREASE the probability of HIV transmission? (2 of them)

A
  • Genetics
  • Male circumcision
70
Q

What is a sanatorium? When and how were they used in regards to TB ‘treatment’?

A

Before antibiotics, patients with TB were sent to a sanatorium. It was a place where patients stay and follow a strict regime of bed rest, open air, and sunshine.

71
Q

What are examples of Neglected Tropical Diseases?

A
  • HAT
  • Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantiasis, hydrocoele)
  • Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (hookworm/ascariasis/trichuriasis)
72
Q

What are the most prevalent NTD’s?

A

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (usually grouped together) which are ascariasis, trichuriasis (whipworms), and hookworm

73
Q

What are co-endemic NTDs?

A

co-endemic = occuring in the same place
Multiple NTDs can infect a person simultaneously

74
Q

What are some examples of co-endemic NTDs?

A

STHs, Onchocerciasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, Schistosomiasis

75
Q

Tipping Point

A

the instance when an ecosystem is altered to the point that there is no going back, and the degradation of human well-being occurs.

76
Q

What are soil-transmitted helminth infections?

A

Parasitic worms that are transmitted to people by eggs present in feces. Feces can get into contact with people’s skin or ingested

77
Q

What impact does soil-transmitted helminth infections have on children?

A

Children exposed to these suffer cognitive development issues

78
Q

Describe the success of controlling Onchocerciasis in West Africa (Zambia)?

A

Deworming program via mass drug administration at schools. This led to large-scale success and proved to be one approach to reducing the burden of the three diseases.
Treatment was also very cheap (~2 cents/kid/dose)

79
Q

Onchocerciasis

A

River blindness

80
Q

Describe the success of reducing lymphatic filariasis in China.

A

Tried medicated salts as an approach to reduce the burden of LF. A lot of people are now no longer at risk to be infected with specific parasites. The salt tactic is similar to that of iodizing salt in the US –> many people eat salt, cheap way to provide broad access

81
Q

Rapid Impact Package

A
  • Program that provides prevention/treatment of NTDs
  • Contains multiple drugs that allow for simultaneous treatment of multiple conditions
  • Treats STH, LF, Oncho, Schist, Trachoma
82
Q

Examples of emerging infectious diseases

A
  • Dengue (Hemorrhagic) Fever
  • West Nile Virus
  • Zika
  • E. Coli
  • Respiratory viral infections (Flu, COVID, SARS, MERS)
83
Q

How did World War II impact Dengue prevalence in Asia?

A
  • Massive migration and exposed/non-immune refugees
  • Human-mosquito-human cycle
  • high rates of circulating dengue
  • refugees/troops movement from place to place allowed viral serotypes to reach new geographic locations
  • craters made were filled with rain and then attracted mosquitos
84
Q

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

A

-When pre-existing antibodies from the first infection are present in the body, they then bind to the disease particle during the second infection (but with different serotypes)
- Antibodies from primary cannot neutralize different serotypes and end up helping the virus infect more cells more efficiently

85
Q

Outcomes of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

A

Increased rate of infection of 2nd strain
Increased number of infected cells
Increased production of viruses per cell
Host response changed –> leaky vasculature = Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

86
Q

What is the importance of the Asian tiger mosquito and the yellow fever mosquito? How did they get to the US?

A

They are both vectors for Dengue and Zika. They were introduced to the US by an imported case. An infected person is able to infect local mosquitos –> spread disease. Key: they did not start in the US, but were introduced at some point

87
Q

How did E. coli become dangerous?

A

The virus transferred a toxin gene from Shigella (diarrhea-causing bacteria) into E. coli. These toxins and the fast reproduction cycle lead to the dangerous impacts of E. coli. (e. coli isn’t necessarily dangerous)

88
Q

What was the importance of mentioning airport malaria and monkeypox?

A

Airport malaria was an example of the global transport of mosquitos carrying this human pathogen on airplanes and the subsequent infection of people living near airports. Monkeypox was an example of the transport and importation of infected rodents for the pet trade. Both were examples to show that there are multiple ways diseases could be/have been transported, and how it is hard to keep track of and/ or limit the spread

89
Q

What are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase important for?

A

They are involved in invasion and exit from the host cells and they are useful biomarkers of different forms of influenza and are often abbreviated as HxNx, where the x refers to the specific type of protein in a specific strand (ie H1N1, H3N1)

90
Q

What are the two important proteins found on the exterior of influenza virus particles?

A

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

91
Q

Describe Zika, which was recently introduced into the western hemisphere, and how it spread from its place of origin

A

Zika is an EID spread by Asian tiger and Yellow fever mosquitos. Severe birth defects were seen in Brazil which resulted in the WHO declaring a global health emergency. Zika is spread by mosquitos as well as sexually, which resulted in the spread.

92
Q

What are the two main factors that influence the evolution of new forms of known organisms?

A

Drug resistance and genetic shifts

93
Q

What are examples of pathogens that have evolved due to drug resistance and genetic shifts?

A

Malaria, C. diff, and staphylococcus aureus

94
Q

Describe the cycle of how the body regulated glucose in a healthy individual and describe what happens when someone has T1D or T2D.

A

When you consume food, blood glucose increases and signals the beta cells that the body needs to produce insulin. Insulin then acts as a key to open up cells and let sugar go in. Cells can either store the sugar as glycogen or use it for energy.
Once your blood glucose drops too low, and three no glycogen stores, then the alpha cells get signaled to start releasing glucagon which limits sugar from leaving.
When you have T1D, you have an autoimmune destruction of beta cells so there is no insulin production which keeps blood glucose levels very high which causes damage and limits the cells ability to get glucose.
When an individual has T2D, the cells become immune to letting insulin stimulate or bind to the receptor. Cells are not listening anymore.

95
Q

What is the diabetes epidemic? What are some reasons for the epidemic?

A

Major global health problem, steadily increasing in all countries across the globe. Some reasons are population growth, aging, increased survival rate, and the dietary, social, and culture changes that are occuring.

96
Q

What are the consequences of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Amputations, long-term damage that correlates with organ failure, increases risk for other diseases, and economic burden (lost productivity, higher medical costs, premature death)

97
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Prevention: know your risks (genetics and familial history.
Treatment: Synthetic insulin (shots and pumps)

98
Q

What is the prevention and treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

Prevention: reduce bad habits, be aware, maintain healthy habits
Treatment: stop/change/quit bad habits is necessary. more emphasis on change

99
Q

What should a Type 2 Diabetic specifically monitor within their diet?

A

Carbohydrates and overall blood glucose

final ns 203 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions