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Psych 240 Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three properties of categories?

A

Very unspecific
Help to recognize objects
Allow for inferences

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2
Q

What are the three approaches for categorization?

A

Definitional approach
Prototype approach
Exemplar approach

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3
Q

Exemplar Approach

A

Comparing to multiple examples but there is no average or standard member. Explains the typicality effect, and is able to handle atypical members well, however not very good at large categories

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4
Q

Prototype Approach

A

Comparing to a typical category member that is representative of the average of the category. Fast verification and good for large categories, shows strong priming effect

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5
Q

Definitional Approach

A

we determine an object’s category based on its definition, by definitions can be vague and so can categories

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6
Q

Collins and Quillian Hierarchical Semantic Networks Model

A

Concepts are organized in a hierarchy, which have tiers that are connected and nodes that are linked. Has the cognitive economy which explains spreading activation and semantic priming

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7
Q

Rosch levels of Categories

A

Superordinate/global, basic, and subordinate/specific. Basic is a balance of specificity and information

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8
Q

Evidence against C&Q model

A

Pig Animal is faster than pig mammal even though it is a further node away
No evidence for cognitive economy
Typicality because objects equal nodes away should be the same time by typical items are faster

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9
Q

Connectionist movement

A

knowledge built through trial and error which makes a connection to the proper response. The error signal is generated when the response and correct activity have discrepancies. This adjusts connection weights

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10
Q

Sensory Functional Theory

A

Our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depend on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes function. Patients with category specific impairments were able to ID animals and not objects or vice versa

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11
Q

Semantic Category Theory

A

There are specific neural circuits for specific categories in the brain. Specific brain areas respond to specific stimuli like faces or places

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12
Q

Multifactor/Property Cluster Theory

A

Concepts are differentiated from each other in terms of various kinds of properties. Crowding in animals supports this because many animals have similar traits while objects have less

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13
Q

Hoffman and Lambon Ralph Study

A

Animals are more associated with colors and motion while artifacts were more associated with performed actions. Supports Multifactor and Sensory Functional theory

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14
Q

Embodied Theory

A

Our knowledge of concepts is based on the reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object. Supported by how mirror neurons fire when monkeys grasped food off of a tray or when they watched the researcher take food off of the tray. And semantic somatotopy found that action words related to a specific part of the body activate the brain region associated with the actual movements

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15
Q

Hub and Spoke Theory

A

Areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the ATL which serves as the hub that integrates information from these areas. Supported by how dementia patients tend to be equally deficient in IDing living things and artifacts

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16
Q

Imagery Debate

A

Whether imagery is depictive(spatial) or propositional

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17
Q

Spatial (depictive) Imagery

A

Imagery represented in the mind as images

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18
Q

Propositional Imagery

A

Imagery represented in the mind by abstract symbols/language

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19
Q

Phylyshyn’s View of Imagery

A

Believes imagery is propositional, criticized Kossilyns experiments because they used tacit unconscious knowledge which is why it takes longer for the mind to travel distances

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20
Q

Finke and Pinker’s Dot Display

A

4 dots with arrows pointing in the direction of some dot. Can’t use tacit knowledge but supports that RT is greater when traveling larger distances as the arrow moves further away from where the dot was

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21
Q

Behrmann 1994

A

visual perception involves bottom-up processing and imagery involves top-down processing

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22
Q

Insight

A

Supported by Gestalt approach, and is the sudden realization of the answer

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23
Q

Metcalf and Wiebe

A

Insight is a sudden realization so you should be able to tell when you are getting closer to the answer. Analysis problems like algebra you can

24
Q

Means End Analysis

A

Using subgoals and difference reduction from the initial state and the end goal by using operators

25
Q

Mental Set

A

The preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on prior experiences with similar problems. Like Luchins water jug problem

26
Q

Simon and Newell

A

Information processing approach that consisted of the initial and goal state and used means-end analysis to transform to the goal state.

27
Q

Analogical reasoning

A

transferring strategies from one source problem to target problem

28
Q

Gick and Holyoak

A

The steps for successful analogical transfer are:
Noticing the similarity between source and target
Mapping correspondence
Applying mapping

29
Q

Surface vs Structural Similarity

A

Greater surface or structural similarity improved the target solution but focusing on surface similarity is an obstacle to analogical transfer

30
Q

Experts

A

Posses more knowledge about the field and analyzes with greater structural features. They spend more time analyzing structural features making them solve problems faster. Their views are more rigid

31
Q

Creative Problem solving

A

Creativity focuses on divergent thinking, but to be practically used it needs an analogical transfer. Previous experience may interfere with creativity

32
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

the process of creating multiple, unique ideas or solutions to a problem that you are trying to solve

33
Q

Latent Inhibition

A

a startlingly simple effect in which preexposure to a stimulus without consequence retards subsequent responses to a stimulus–consequence relation. Something previously learned can interfere with new responses.

34
Q

Finke(1990)

A

created a technique that trained people to be creative

35
Q

Carson 2011

A

relationship between creativity and mental illness is actually due to reduced latent inhibition

36
Q

Global workspace Theory

A

Consciousness occurs when information enters the GW where all information is held. And information must be long lasting and widespread

37
Q

P3B

A

Is a signal that is released when the subject is conscious of a new stimulus. Is event related potential (ERP) measured with EEG. Is long-lasting and widespread, occurring in frontal parietal area suggesting a neural correlate of consciousness

38
Q

HOT Theory

A

mental content becomes conscious when we have a second higher-level thought about it. It is intuitive to think about and is providing a mechanism for awareness, but we can experience things without knowing or thinking about them.

39
Q

IIT Theory

A

Consciousness is measure by differentiation of difference mental states and integration of these states. Uses phi as an objective measure of consciousness. Supported by panpsychism because it shows that all things can be conscious even if they have only a small phi value. But maybe phi measures intelligence and not consciousness because by this measure computers have a high phi

40
Q

Tripartite Theory

A

2 kinds of consciousness, but with three states. Unconscious, 1st order phenomenal awareness, and second-order reflective awareness. This allows for the study of animals who have only phenomenal awareness, because this theory allows for the study of two forms of consciousness.

41
Q

Syllogisms

A

valid if the conclusion flows logically from two valid premises. People often form mental models to find validity in syllogisms.

42
Q

Falsification Principle

A

most people fail to use the falsification principle unless there are concrete problems

43
Q

System 1

A

fast thinking

44
Q

System 2

A

slow thinking

45
Q

Tversky 1981

A

gains leads people to risk aversion, framed in loses is risk taking behavior

46
Q

Opting Procedure

A

having a procedure to opt in/out affects decision making

47
Q

Context of Decision Maker

A

affects decision making ie college admissions

48
Q

Predicting emotions

A

people bad at predicting emotions, gambling people predicted high emotions for loss and under estimated emotions for gains

49
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

our tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future. like how people think they are more likely to die from a tornado than asthma

50
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities by assessing how similar it is to an existing mental prototype (Stereotypes).

51
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

when we see an association between two variables (events, actions, ideas, etc.) when they aren’t actually associated. Like a lucky jersey or socks. Is an example of an availibility heuristic

52
Q

Base Rates

A

the naturally occurring frequency of a phenomenon in a population.

53
Q

Conjunction Rule

A

the probability of two joint events cannot exceed the probability of the events seperately

54
Q

Confirmation bias

A

favoring information that supports your beliefs

55
Q

Myside bias

A

tendency to generate or evaluate evidence in a way that is biased toward your views

Psych 240 Final (1 decks)

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