Final Exam Flashcards
What are the three properties of categories?
Very unspecific
Help to recognize objects
Allow for inferences
What are the three approaches for categorization?
Definitional approach
Prototype approach
Exemplar approach
Exemplar Approach
Comparing to multiple examples but there is no average or standard member. Explains the typicality effect, and is able to handle atypical members well, however not very good at large categories
Prototype Approach
Comparing to a typical category member that is representative of the average of the category. Fast verification and good for large categories, shows strong priming effect
Definitional Approach
we determine an object’s category based on its definition, by definitions can be vague and so can categories
Collins and Quillian Hierarchical Semantic Networks Model
Concepts are organized in a hierarchy, which have tiers that are connected and nodes that are linked. Has the cognitive economy which explains spreading activation and semantic priming
Rosch levels of Categories
Superordinate/global, basic, and subordinate/specific. Basic is a balance of specificity and information
Evidence against C&Q model
Pig Animal is faster than pig mammal even though it is a further node away
No evidence for cognitive economy
Typicality because objects equal nodes away should be the same time by typical items are faster
Connectionist movement
knowledge built through trial and error which makes a connection to the proper response. The error signal is generated when the response and correct activity have discrepancies. This adjusts connection weights
Sensory Functional Theory
Our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depend on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes function. Patients with category specific impairments were able to ID animals and not objects or vice versa
Semantic Category Theory
There are specific neural circuits for specific categories in the brain. Specific brain areas respond to specific stimuli like faces or places
Multifactor/Property Cluster Theory
Concepts are differentiated from each other in terms of various kinds of properties. Crowding in animals supports this because many animals have similar traits while objects have less
Hoffman and Lambon Ralph Study
Animals are more associated with colors and motion while artifacts were more associated with performed actions. Supports Multifactor and Sensory Functional theory
Embodied Theory
Our knowledge of concepts is based on the reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object. Supported by how mirror neurons fire when monkeys grasped food off of a tray or when they watched the researcher take food off of the tray. And semantic somatotopy found that action words related to a specific part of the body activate the brain region associated with the actual movements
Hub and Spoke Theory
Areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the ATL which serves as the hub that integrates information from these areas. Supported by how dementia patients tend to be equally deficient in IDing living things and artifacts
Imagery Debate
Whether imagery is depictive(spatial) or propositional
Spatial (depictive) Imagery
Imagery represented in the mind as images
Propositional Imagery
Imagery represented in the mind by abstract symbols/language
Phylyshyn’s View of Imagery
Believes imagery is propositional, criticized Kossilyns experiments because they used tacit unconscious knowledge which is why it takes longer for the mind to travel distances
Finke and Pinker’s Dot Display
4 dots with arrows pointing in the direction of some dot. Can’t use tacit knowledge but supports that RT is greater when traveling larger distances as the arrow moves further away from where the dot was
Behrmann 1994
visual perception involves bottom-up processing and imagery involves top-down processing
Insight
Supported by Gestalt approach, and is the sudden realization of the answer
Metcalf and Wiebe
Insight is a sudden realization so you should be able to tell when you are getting closer to the answer. Analysis problems like algebra you can
Means End Analysis
Using subgoals and difference reduction from the initial state and the end goal by using operators
Mental Set
The preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on prior experiences with similar problems. Like Luchins water jug problem
Simon and Newell
Information processing approach that consisted of the initial and goal state and used means-end analysis to transform to the goal state.
Analogical reasoning
transferring strategies from one source problem to target problem
Gick and Holyoak
The steps for successful analogical transfer are:
Noticing the similarity between source and target
Mapping correspondence
Applying mapping
Surface vs Structural Similarity
Greater surface or structural similarity improved the target solution but focusing on surface similarity is an obstacle to analogical transfer
Experts
Posses more knowledge about the field and analyzes with greater structural features. They spend more time analyzing structural features making them solve problems faster. Their views are more rigid
Creative Problem solving
Creativity focuses on divergent thinking, but to be practically used it needs an analogical transfer. Previous experience may interfere with creativity
Divergent Thinking
the process of creating multiple, unique ideas or solutions to a problem that you are trying to solve
Latent Inhibition
a startlingly simple effect in which preexposure to a stimulus without consequence retards subsequent responses to a stimulus–consequence relation. Something previously learned can interfere with new responses.
Finke(1990)
created a technique that trained people to be creative
Carson 2011
relationship between creativity and mental illness is actually due to reduced latent inhibition
Global workspace Theory
Consciousness occurs when information enters the GW where all information is held. And information must be long lasting and widespread
P3B
Is a signal that is released when the subject is conscious of a new stimulus. Is event related potential (ERP) measured with EEG. Is long-lasting and widespread, occurring in frontal parietal area suggesting a neural correlate of consciousness
HOT Theory
mental content becomes conscious when we have a second higher-level thought about it. It is intuitive to think about and is providing a mechanism for awareness, but we can experience things without knowing or thinking about them.
IIT Theory
Consciousness is measure by differentiation of difference mental states and integration of these states. Uses phi as an objective measure of consciousness. Supported by panpsychism because it shows that all things can be conscious even if they have only a small phi value. But maybe phi measures intelligence and not consciousness because by this measure computers have a high phi
Tripartite Theory
2 kinds of consciousness, but with three states. Unconscious, 1st order phenomenal awareness, and second-order reflective awareness. This allows for the study of animals who have only phenomenal awareness, because this theory allows for the study of two forms of consciousness.
Syllogisms
valid if the conclusion flows logically from two valid premises. People often form mental models to find validity in syllogisms.
Falsification Principle
most people fail to use the falsification principle unless there are concrete problems
System 1
fast thinking
System 2
slow thinking
Tversky 1981
gains leads people to risk aversion, framed in loses is risk taking behavior
Opting Procedure
having a procedure to opt in/out affects decision making
Context of Decision Maker
affects decision making ie college admissions
Predicting emotions
people bad at predicting emotions, gambling people predicted high emotions for loss and under estimated emotions for gains
Availability Heuristic
our tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future. like how people think they are more likely to die from a tornado than asthma
Representative Heuristic
a mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities by assessing how similar it is to an existing mental prototype (Stereotypes).
Illusory Correlation
when we see an association between two variables (events, actions, ideas, etc.) when they aren’t actually associated. Like a lucky jersey or socks. Is an example of an availibility heuristic
Base Rates
the naturally occurring frequency of a phenomenon in a population.
Conjunction Rule
the probability of two joint events cannot exceed the probability of the events seperately
Confirmation bias
favoring information that supports your beliefs
Myside bias
tendency to generate or evaluate evidence in a way that is biased toward your views
