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Brain and Behavior > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System consists of …

A

Nerves

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2
Q

Central Nervous System consists of ….

A

Brain (Cerebrum and Brainstem) and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Innate Behavior

A

Behavior that is hereditary

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4
Q

Learned Behavior

A

requires brain “plasticity”/ to be able to learn from repeated sequences

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5
Q

Anterior/Rostral

A

Front of body (face on human)

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6
Q

Posterior/ Caudal

A

Back of body (butt on human)

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7
Q

dorsal/ superior

A

top of body (head on human)

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8
Q

ventral/inferior

A

bottom of body (feet on human)

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9
Q

medial

A

center of body (belly button on human)

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10
Q

lateral

A

side of body (arms on human)

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11
Q

meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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12
Q

Coronal plane

A

plane that cuts from ear to ear (separates front and back)

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13
Q

horizontal plane

A

cuts off top of brain

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14
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates left and right side of brain

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe function

A

motor/executive functions

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

tactile functions

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17
Q

temporal lobe function

A

visual and auditory processing

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18
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

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19
Q

sulci

A

furrow on the brain surface

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20
Q

gyri

A

ridge on surface of brain

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21
Q

White matter

A

myelin

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22
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies

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23
Q

the corpus callosum is a …

A

branch of white matter that connects hemispheres

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24
Q

Hindbrain contains the…

A

Cerebellum

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25
Q

Cerebellum size

A

sloths have smaller cerebellums therefore they move slower

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26
Q

Midbrain consists of….

A

consists of tectum (superior colliculus and inferior colliculus)

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27
Q

superior colliculus

A

part of tectum in midbrain, function is to help orientation of visual info

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28
Q

inferior colliculus

A

part of tectum in midbrain, function is to process auditory info

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29
Q

diencephalon

A

consists of thalamus
function: integrates sensory information coming from cortex

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30
Q

Forebrain

A

consists of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia

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31
Q

cerebral cortex

A

consists of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes and is responsible for higher level function like language, memory, and thoughts

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32
Q

hippocampus function

A

function: learning and memory

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33
Q

basal ganglia function

A

function: motor control/ executive functions
consists of substructures: caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

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34
Q

Right side of brain receives sensory info from the …. side and sends motor info to the … side

A

Recieves sensory info from left and sends motor info to left

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35
Q

Left side of brain receives sensory info from the … side and sends motor info to the … side

A

Receives sensory info from right and sends motor info to right

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36
Q

dendrite

A

part of neuron that receives info

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37
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron (head of neuron)
function: location for internal cell mechanism

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38
Q

axon

A

long chain of neuron
function: carry info from soma to terminal buttons, insulated by myelin which speeds up transmission

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39
Q

thalamus function

A

function: to organize all sensory info, main relay center in brain, important for motor processing

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40
Q

terminal buttons

A

small knobs at the end of the neuron that release neurotransmitters

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41
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • star shaped
  • provides structural support/ nutrients, provides structure for blood brain barrier
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42
Q

Microglia

A
  • main immune cells in the CNS
  • removes debris throughout brain
  • (microglia sounds like bacteria)
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43
Q

myelinating glia

A
  • insulates axons and speeds up transmission
  • comprised of oligodendrocytes and shwann cells
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44
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate in CNS, many neurons at once

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45
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate in PNS, only one neuron at once

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46
Q

Nucleus

A

function: contains genetic info

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47
Q

Mitochondria

A

function: powerhouse of cell, creates ATP

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48
Q

Transcription

A

DNA –> mRNA

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49
Q

Translation

A

mRNA –> protein

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50
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup that gives instructions for physical and behavioral traints

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51
Q

phenotype

A

physical and behavioral traits

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52
Q

Chromosomes

A

23 pairs, 46 total

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53
Q

autosomal chromosomes

A

genes for phenotype (22 pairs)

54
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determines biological sex (23rd pair)

55
Q

sodium

A

Na+ positively charged

56
Q

Potassium

A

K+ positively charged

57
Q

Chloride

A

Cl- negatively charged

58
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of ions down their concentration gradient

59
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration

60
Q

voltage gradient

A

difference in charges

61
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

occurs when concentration and electrical gradients are equal in strength and opposite in direction

62
Q

resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

-70 mv

63
Q

K+
low conc outside
high conc inside

A

concentration gradient is outside, voltage gradient is inside

64
Q

Cl-
high conc outside
low conc inside

A

concentration gradient is inside, voltage gradient is outside

65
Q

Na+
Low conc outside
High conc inside

A

concentration gradient is inside, voltage gradient is inside
*sodium wants to go inside the cell but it cannot because sodium channels are not open at rest

66
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and brings 2K+ ions inside the cell
*net negative effect

67
Q

depolarization

A

EPSP (more positive)

68
Q

hyperpolarization

A

IPSP (more negative)

69
Q

Na+ Channels

A

IPSP - flowing out of cell

70
Q

K+ Channels

A

IPSP - flowing out of cell

71
Q

Cl- Channels

A

IPSP - flowing into cell

72
Q

threshold of excitation

A

-50 mV

73
Q

what triggers action potential?

A

voltage gated sodium channels open when excitation threshold is met

74
Q

during depolarization…

A

Na+ flows in and becomes more positive

75
Q

hyperpolatization

A

K+ flows out, neurons become negative

76
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumps node to node down the axon

77
Q

communication within a neuron is …

A

electrical

78
Q

communication between neurons is …

A

chemical

79
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

end of one neuron
stores and then releases neurotransmitters

80
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between pre and post where they travel to get from one to another

81
Q

post synaptic membrane

A

beginning of next neuron
contains receptors that NT attach to, picks up message from presynaptic membrane

82
Q

axodentritic synapse

A

presynaptic terminal button connects to postsynaptic dendrites

83
Q

axosomatic

A

presynaptic terminal button connects to postsynaptic soma

84
Q

axoaxonic

A

presynaptic terminal button connects to postsynaptic axon

85
Q

Steps of neural transmission

A

Synthesis: NT synthesized/mode in neuron from precursor molecules (occurs in presynaptic membrane)

Packaging: NT are packaged into vesicles and move to terminal buttons and wait for action potential
(occurs in presynaptic membrane)

Neurotransmitter release: calcium is released when AP is reached, triggers vesicles to bind to fuse to presynaptic membrane
(occurs in presynaptic membrane)

Binding: NT travel across synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on post synaptic membrane

Inactivation: diffusion, degradation, or reuptake

86
Q

kinds of inactivation

A

a) diffusion: NT diffuse/float away
b) degradation: broken down by enzymes
c) reuptake: taken back up by presynaptic neurons

87
Q

types of binding receptors

A

iontropic: receptors with ion channels that open directly by binding (one step)
metatropic: open an ion channel indirectly by using G-proteins and secondary messenger (multiple steps)

88
Q

acetylcholine (precursor, main function, receptors, inactivation)

A

precursor: choline + acetate
function: waking behavior, attention, memory, muscle activation
receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic
inactivation: AchE

89
Q

Dopamine (precursor, main function, receptors, inactivation)

A

precursor: tyrosine –> L dopa –> dopamine
function: motor behavior and addictive/ repetitive behaviors
receptors: dopamine receptors 1-5 (all metatropic)
inactivation: reuptake by dopamine transporters, degraded by MAO

90
Q

Glutamate (precursor, main function, receptors, inactivation)

A

precursor: glutamine –> glutamate
function: main excitatory NT in the brain
receptors: AMPA and NMDA
inactivation: reuptake by excitatory amino acid transporters

91
Q

GABA

A

precursor: glutamine –> glutamate –> GABA
function: main inhibitory NT in brain
receptors: GABAa and GABAb
inactivation: reuptake by GABA receptors

92
Q

oral drug administration

A

by mouth and absorbed in digestive tract

93
Q

inhalation drug administration

A

inhaled and absorbed by lungs

94
Q

topical drug administration

A

absorbed through skin

95
Q

injections

A

injected in blood (IV) or muscle (IM)

96
Q

brain drug administration

A

small enough to pass through the blood brain barrier

97
Q

Drugs mimicking precursor molecules

A

synthesis

98
Q

drugs causing less NT to be packaged into vesicles

A

packaging

99
Q

drugs blocking calcium from entering the cell

A

NT release

100
Q

drugs binding and activating a NT receptor

A

receptors/ binding (fourth step)

101
Q

drugs blocking transporters that cause reuptake

A

inactivation

102
Q

agonist drugs

A

enhance the effect of a NT

103
Q

antagonist drugs

A

decrease effect of a NT

104
Q

acetylcholine

A

nicotine: activates ach receptor (agonist)
botulinum: causes paralysis/ prevents release of ach (antagonist)
black widow venom: causes paralysis/ promotes release of ach (agonist)

105
Q

Dopamine

A

cocaine/ritalin: blocks DA transporters, DA remaines in synapse (agonist)
amphetamine/ meth: causes DA transporters to run in reverse, more DA in synapse (agonist)

106
Q

Seratonin

A

MDMA: activates 5HT receptors (agonist)
LSD: blocks 5HT receptors (agonist)

107
Q

glutamate

A

PCP: blocks NMDA receptors (antagonist)
Ketamine: mech unknown (antagonist)

108
Q

Morris Water Maze (measuring behavior)

A

measures spacial learning and memory

109
Q

Freezing (measuring behavior)

A

measures anxiety: how long rodents stay in one place

110
Q

Anhedonia

A

reduced ability to feel pleasure (when a rodent doesn’t drink enough sugar water)

111
Q

Single cell recordings (electrical activity)

A

measure electric activity for one neuron using an electrode

112
Q

electro-encephalogram (EEG) (electrical activity)

A

measures electric activity for many neurons

113
Q

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

it measures oxygenated blood flow to the brain, indicates what region of the brain is active

114
Q

PET (positon emission tomography)

A

detects change in blood-flow in the brain
uses radioactive markers

115
Q

DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)

A

measures movement of water molecules, shows neural tracks (myelination)

116
Q

Surgical (lesions)

A

can remove part of the brain (permanent)

117
Q

High Intensity focused ultrasound (lesions)

A

points beams through the head which heats and destroys tissue at beam intersections (permanent)

118
Q

Reversible (lesions)

A

GABA agonist
- causes IPSPs
- temporarily inhibits a brain region
(reversible/ not permanent)

119
Q

Knock in (transgenetics)

A

add in a gene to genome

120
Q

knock out (transgenetics)

A

makes a gene defective of missing, prevents the production of a protein

121
Q

channelrhodopsin-2 (optogenetics: what color activates it, does it depolarize/activate or hyperpolarize/inhibit a neuron)

A
  • activated by blue light
  • depolarizes/ activates a neuron
  • causes neuron to fire
122
Q

Halorhodopsin (optogenetics: what color activates it, does it depolarize/activate or hyperpolarize/inhibit a neuron)

A
  • activated by yellow light
  • hyperpolarizes/inhibits the neuron
  • prevents neuron from firing
123
Q

Visual System

A

1) signal from environment: light
2) detected by sensory receptors: receptors convert physical stimulus into electrical signal (transduction)
3) relayed to the brain: visual receptor –> thalamus –> cerebral cortex

124
Q

Structures of the eye

A

pupil: hole in iris that lets in light
iris: colored muscle that controls how much light enters the eye
retina: contains photoreceptors that detect light
optic nerve: carries info from retina into brain

125
Q

structures of retina

A

photoreceptors: site of transduction (rods and cones)
fovea: detects light from center of visual field (cones)
optic disc/blind spot: spot where optic nerve leaves
retinal ganglion cells: receive info from bipolar cells, axons from optic nerve send info back into the brain

126
Q

optic chiasm

A
  • partial crossover of axons
  • after the chaism all of the left visual field info is in the right hemisphere and all of the right visual field info is in the left hemisphere
  • each hemisphere receives info from both eyes and one side of the visual field
127
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

detects pixels, donut shaped receptive field consisting of the “center” and “surround”

128
Q

on center retinal ganglion cells

A

fire a lot when light hits center, inhibits firing when light hits the surround of the receptive area

129
Q

off center retinal ganglion cells

A

fire a lot when light hits surround, inhibits firing when light hits the center of the receptive area

130
Q

V1, primary visual cortex

A

detects lines and movement

131
Q

Dorsal (v1) pathway

A

“how” pathway: identifies how to interact with an object
occipital lobe –> parietal

132
Q

Ventral (v1) pathway

A

“what” pathway: Identifies what something is
occipital lobe –> temporal lobe

Brain and Behavior (2 decks)

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