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ANSI 4523 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genetic behavior problem in herding dogs?

A

bite at ankles

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2
Q

What is a genetic behavior problem in hunting dogs?

A

kill animals, dog holes, run amock

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3
Q

What is a genetic behavior problem in sled dogs?

A

run

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4
Q

What is a genetic behavior problem in cats?

A

destroy, kill things for food, run away

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5
Q

What are the 4 choices to deal with behavioral problems?

A

manage
retrain
live with it
rehome

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6
Q

How do we deter from ulterior motivations?

A

manage
redirect
counter condition
behavioral adjustment training BAT
treat incompatible behaviors

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7
Q

What is causing extinction? What is a common trend with extinction bursts?

A

ending a behavior by removing reinforcement (not a punishment)

increased bad behavior before extinction

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8
Q

What are the 4 phases of extinction?

A

initial behavior
extinction burst
extinction occurs
spontaneous recovery

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9
Q

What is management of problem behaviors?

A

manage environment so cannot practice bad behavior

train alternate behavior first before managing

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of management tools?

A

leash
baby gates
crate
medication

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11
Q

What is reactivity?

A

dog acting out

more likely to bite or chase

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12
Q

What is barrier frustration?

A

leash, fence, etc

the dog is restricted from stimulus

enhances behavior, should redirect instead

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13
Q

What is redirection?

A

change dogs focus from undesirable behavior to desirable

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14
Q

What are the different behavior thresholds of dogs? Explain each.

A

under –> no fear or anxiety is shown
at threshold –>breaking point between no fear to some attention
over –> apparent sign of fear or anxiety

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15
Q

Where is the sweet spot for training in regard to behavior thresholds?

A

at the reactivity threshold

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16
Q

What are the 3 aspects of behavior triggers?

A

intensity
duration
distance

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17
Q

Are alpha dogs myths? Why or why not?

A

they are

wild wolves do NOT have an alpha, only in captive zoo wolves

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18
Q

What are some signs of aggression?

A

growl –> lung or bite
freeze
hard stare
look way

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19
Q

Why should we not punish growling?

A

growling is a warning system for pushing the behavior threshold

no growl = injuries

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20
Q

What is a good example of negative reinforcement in regard to behavior?

A

if they bark at something and it is removed, barking = thing going away

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21
Q

How do you handle resource guarding?

A

separate dog

trade with a high value treat/object

tether dog away from resource and reward

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22
Q

What are some key rules for cat litter?

A

avoid corners for box
avoid high traffic
avoid noisy area
not near food/water
plain, unscented litter
1 box then an additional for each cat (1 cat = 2 boxes, 2 cats = 3 boxes)

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23
Q

What are the 3 planes for directionality?

A

median/sagittal (left and right)
dorsal (top and bottom)
transverse (front and back)

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24
Q

How many joints are in the carpus? What are they?

A

3

radiocarpal
intercarpal
metacarpal

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25
Q

What issue is most common in large and giant breeds? How is it caused and what are some symptoms?

A

hip dysplasia

combination of genetics, exercise, and nutrition

decreased activity
difficulty jumping/climbing
hind end lameness
loss of muscle behind
gain of muscle in front
pain and/or stifness

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26
Q

What is OFA?

A

orthopedic foundation for animals

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27
Q

How do you manage hip dysplasia?

A

weight management
pain management
surgical interventions

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28
Q

What issue is common in pets and sport dogs? What animals/symptoms are at risk? How many $ are spent on treating this?

A

CCL or ACL tears

labs, rottweilers, mastiffs, andobese animals

1.32 billion

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29
Q

What are mesocephalic dogs?

A

dogs with equal length cranium and nasal cavity

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30
Q

What are brachyocephalic dogs?

A

short muzzled dogs

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31
Q

What are dolichocephalic dogs?

A

long muzzled dogs

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32
Q

How many teeth do a dog have?

A

42 total

20 upper
22 lower

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33
Q

What are the types of dog bites?

A

scissor bite –> incisors slightly overlap lower teeth
level bite –> teeth meet surface to surface
undershot –> lower jaw is longer

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34
Q

What are the types of dog ears?

A

pricked –> set high
semi-erect –> part of ear tips fold
button ears –> more than half or ear is folded
rose –> ears set on back of head

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35
Q

What are the types of dog coats?

A

double
feathered
rough
broken
smooth
corded
waterproof
wool

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36
Q

What are the 4 parts of a dogs coat?

A

mane –> long hair on chest
plume –> long fringe on tail
flag –> feathering on the tail
ruff –> long hair on face

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37
Q

What are 3 unique features of a dog based on breed?

A

haw –> red pouch with droopy eyelid
scowl –> skin over top of head with wrinkles
dewlap –> loose skin around throat area

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38
Q

What are some differences between cats and dogs?

A

tongue
ear position
claws
reproductive system

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39
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

whiskers

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40
Q

How many teeth do cats have?

A

30 total

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41
Q

What is the difference between dog and cat paw pads?

A

dogs are 1 lobed
cats are 3 lobed

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42
Q

What part of the body is unique to rabbits?

A

saddle –> area of the back

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43
Q

What feathers on a bird do we trim to prevent flight?

A

secondaries

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44
Q

What type of “color blindness” do dogs have?

A

red/green

not really color blind, just have different sensitivities

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45
Q

What is the field of vision for a cat? Dog?

A

200 degrees

240 degrees

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46
Q

Active at dawn and dusk…

A

crepuscular

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47
Q

What is the reflective layer of tissue behind the retina?

A

tapetum

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48
Q

What is CAER?

A

companion animal eye record

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49
Q

How many smell receptors do cats have/ Dogs? Who can smell things better?

A

200 million
149-300 million
cats due to scent separation

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50
Q

How many taste buds do dogs have? Cats? What is unique about cat taste buds?

A

1700
470
cats cannot taste sweet –> fruit no good for carnivore

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51
Q

How many muscles are used in a cat to move their ears? Dogs? How many Hz can each hear?

A

32 muscles and 100,000 Hz
18 muscles and 45,000 Hz

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52
Q

What disease is caused by Lyssavirus rhabdoviridae? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

rabies

saliva contaminated bites
-> contaminated mucous membranes make contact with an open wound

inflammation (encephalitis) and nearly always death
inability to swallow

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53
Q

What is the incubation period of rabies in dogs? Cats? What are the 2 types of rabies and what they are?

A

21-80 days
15-25 days

furious–> irrational aggression, excessive drooling
paralytic-> dumb, inability to swallow with salivation

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54
Q

Where is rabies primarily located? Is it zoonotic?

A

africa and asia

yes, can transmit to humans

55
Q

What disease is caused by Morbillivirus paramyxoviridae? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine distemper (virus)

aerosal or bodily fluidcontact or fomites

fever, redenned eyes, discharge from nose/eyes, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalites, and different neurologic symptoms

similar to measles and cause hard pad

56
Q

What disease is caused by Canine adenovirus (CAV-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine infectious hepatitis

oronasal exposure of virus in environment

inflammation of the liver

57
Q

What disease is caused by Morbillivirus paramyxoviridae? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine distemper (virus)

aerosol or bodily fluid contact or fomites

fever, reddened eyes, discharge from nose/eyes, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalitis, and different neurologic symptoms

similar to measles and cause hard pad

58
Q

What disease is caused by Canine adenovirus (CAV-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine infectious hepatitis

oronasal exposure of virus in the environment

inflammation of the liver

59
Q

What disease causes blue-eye? What is blue-eye?

A

canine infectious hepatitis

antibody-antigen deposition causing inflammation of the cornea
caused by complications with the vaccine

60
Q

What disease is caused by Parvovirus (CPV-2)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine parvo

oronasal exposure to virus in the environment

destruction of rapidly dividing cells
->epithelium of the intestine
->white blood cells

mostly seen in puppies under 6 months

61
Q

What disease is caused by Leptospira interrogans? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine leptosirosis

exposure to infected urine, indirect exposure to water contaminated with urine

mild infection OR failure of organs (liver/kidney)

zoonotic

62
Q

How does one diagnose leptospirosis?

A

CBC->increased white blood cells
serum biochemistry for high liver/kidney values
urinalysis -> dilute urine to see presence of proteins
MAT -> micro-agglutination test for presence of antibodies

63
Q

What disease is caused by coronavirus? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine coronavirus

infected feces, lives for about 6-9 days

damage to intestinal wall
->appetite loss
->vomiting
->diarrhea

mild or asymptomatic

64
Q

What disease is caused by influenze, parainfluenza, adenovirus-2, or bordetella brochiseptica? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine kennel cough OR canine infectious tracheobronchitis

aerosal exposure to organisms

bronchitis or pneumonia

vaccination just provides relief

65
Q

What disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

canine lyme disease

infected tick bite

fever, arthiritis, kidney failure

tick needs to be attached for 36-48 hours
zoonotic
black legged ticks

66
Q

What disease is caused by herpes virus (FHV-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

feline herpes

direct contact with ocular, oral, and nasal secretions

sneezing, coughing, ocular ulcers, conjunctivitis

infected cats will becomes carriers

67
Q

What disease is caused by calcivirus? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

feline calci

direct contact with ocular, oral, and nasal secretions

sneezing, coughing, oral ulcers

infected cats can become carriers
can be infected through indirect contact

68
Q

What disease is caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FP-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

panleukopenia OR feline parvo

direct and indirect contact with urine, feces, and/or nasal secretions

subclinical
->destruction of intestinal cells and white blood cells
0>fever, depression, anorexia

69
Q

What disease is caused by feline leuemia virus (FeLV)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

feline leukemia

infected saliva

immunosuppression and bone marrow suppression

most common cause of feline cancer
can hide in bone marrow, causing negative tests
cycle between illness and health

70
Q

What disease is caused by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

FIV

infected saliva in an open wound
->not happy cats

immunosuppression and bone marrow suppression

vaccine is not recommended to prevent positive tests

71
Q

What disease is caused by feline enteric coronavirus? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?

A

feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

asymptomatic
mild diarrhea
respiratory issues

10% of cats virus invades white blood cells
inflammation of rain, abdomen, and kidney
WILL BE FATAL IF INVASION HAPPENS

72
Q

Something the body recognizes as harmful…

A

antigen

bacteria
viruses
parasites
chemicals
cells

73
Q

Immunity acquired from someone else…

A

passive

MDA->maternally derived antibodies
plasma transfusions

74
Q

Immunity learned from exposure…

A

active

75
Q

What is the flow of immunity?

A

active
->innate
->adaptive
—>natural
——>passive (maternal)
——>active (infection)
—>artifical
——>passive (antibody transfer)
——>active (immunization)

76
Q

What is the general system of immunity called? What are its components?

A

innate

responds before active
physical barriers
inflammation
macrophages

77
Q

What is the targeted attack system of immunity called? What are its components?

A

adaptive/acquired

memory of specific pathogen
lymphocytes
->T cells or killer cells
->B cells or memory cells

78
Q

Antibodies to specific pathogens…

A

humoral

based on B cell lymphocytes

79
Q

No antibodies needed, they just recognize things don’t belong…

A

cell-mediated

T cells, macrophages, cytokines

80
Q

What are the 5 types of vaccines?

A

modified live
killed
recombinant
DNA/RNA
toxoid

81
Q

Use live viruses of the actual pathogen or closely related viruses…

What does it activate?

A

modified live vaccine

attenuated
long-lasting protection

activates cellular and humoral immunity

82
Q

Harmless or less virulent…

A

attenuated

83
Q

Use proteins from the pathogen that stimulate protective antibody production…

A

killed vaccine

adjuvant
short term protection
needs boosters
protects against disease, not infection

84
Q

Substance used to increase immune response…

What are some common examples?

A

adjuvant

less antigen
less dangerous

aluminum salts
paraffin oil

85
Q

Insert genetic material into a non-pathologic carrier virus…

A

recombinant vaccine

directed against surface antigens
benefits of ML with safety of killed and no adjuvant

86
Q

Creates immunity to the toxin, not the organism…

A

toxoid vaccine

87
Q

What are the core vaccines for canines? When should they receive them?

A

rabies
distemper
hepatitis
parvo
parainfluenza

initial 4 months
core every 3 years or titer (not recommended to titer)

88
Q

What are the non-core vaccines for canines?

A

bordetella
influenza
leptospirosis
lyme
*giardia
*rattlesnake

*not recommended

89
Q

What is the canine vaccine schedule?

A

8 weeks -> distemper, hepatitis, parvo

12 weeks -> DHP, lepto, lyme, influenza

16 weeks -> DHP, rabies, lepto, lyme, influenza

if an adult and unknown vaccine history, one and done

90
Q

Puppies with poor MDA need vaccines at_____

Puppies with great MDA need vaccines at ______

A

8 weeks

12 weeks

91
Q

Whata re the core vaccines for felines?

A

rabies
panleukopenia
calci
herpes
FeLV

92
Q

What are the feline non-core vaccines?

A

leukemia
feline immunodeficiency

93
Q

What is the feline vaccine schedule?

A

8 weeks -> herpes, calci, panleukopenia

12 weeks -> FVRCP, leukemia

16 weeks -> FVRCP, rabies, FeLV

if adult, FVRCP, rabies, FeLV

94
Q

What is the duration of immunity in dogs (hepatitis, parvo, distemper, rabies)?

A

hepatitis -> lifelong
parvo -> lifelong
distemper -> 7 years
rabies -> 3 years

95
Q

What is the duration of immunity in cats (panleukopenia, herpes, calci, rabies, FeLV)?

A

panleukopenia -> lifelong
herpes -> 3 years
calci -> 3 years
rabies -> 3 years
FeLV -> 1 year

96
Q

What are some short-term adverse events of vaccination? Long-term?

A

anaphylaxis
hives
itching
fever

sarcomas at injection site

97
Q

What are the different types of feeding categories?

A

carnivores - ferrets
omnivore - rat
granivore - bird
frugivore - monkey
herbivore - rabbit
insectivore - hedgehog

98
Q

Diets should be based on…

A

anatomy

99
Q

What is the process of nutrient acquisition?

A

prehension
mastication
digestion
absorption
elimination

100
Q

The tools an animal uses to obtain food…

A

prehension

101
Q

Process prior to deglutition…

A

mastication

reduces particle size and adds saliva

102
Q

What are the purposes of salivation? What are some components?

A

lubrication with mucin

enzymes - amylase
anti-pathogenic/bacterial -> immunoglobins and lysozyme

103
Q

How can you remove foreign bodies?

A

endoscopic
surgery
let it pass

104
Q

What are the symptoms of foreign bodies?

A

vomiting, loss of appetite, pain, dehydration, diarrhea, lethargy

105
Q

What is deglutition?

A

swallowing

peristaltic action, or two ways

106
Q

What animals do NOT vomit?

A

horses, rats, bunnies, guinea pigs, some birds

107
Q

Reduction of particle size to allow absorption…

A

digestion

enzymatic
fermentation
mix of both

108
Q

What are the general parts of the stomach?

A

cardiac sphincter
fundus
body
pylorus
pyloric sphincter

109
Q

What stomach is non-compartmentalized? What are the regions?

A

monogastric

oesophageal
-> bacterial fermentation
cardiac-mucus secretion
-> protection from biles
pyloric and fundic
-> acid and enzymes

110
Q

What enzymes begin digestion? What does acid secretion do?

A

proteases
lipases
carbohydrases

hydrolyzes CHO
denatures protein
anti-pathogenic

111
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunem
illeum

112
Q

What are some important accessory organs?

A

liver -> bile production
gall bladder -> store and release bile (rats and horses have none)
pancreas -> hormones

113
Q

The small intestine has the largest amount of _____ tissue.

A

lymphoid

114
Q

Where does fiber fermentation occur?

A

large intestine

115
Q

What is an issue with prehension in birds?

A

over grown beak

need chewing substrates
beak trimming

116
Q

What are some symptoms of teeth problems in exotic small animals?

A

change in eating habits
drooling
poor coat
less grooming
swelling on face
weight loss

117
Q

What is a cleft palate?

A

split in upper lip, hard palate, or oth

common in brachiocephalic reeds

118
Q

What is megaesophagus? What are some signs?

A

enlarged esophagus

decreases motility

regurgitation
soughing
lose of weight
trouble breathing

119
Q

What is bloat? What are some symptoms?

A

gas build-up due to stomach rotation

distended abdomen
distress
depression
hyper salivation
retching

surgery to treat
big dogs prone -> gastropexy

120
Q

What are some causes of hairballs in cats?

A

skin condition
GI issues
allergies to food

121
Q

What can cause constipation?

A

dehydration
poor GI motility
pain
obstructions

122
Q

What are some predisposing factors to gastric ulcers? What are some symptoms?

A

NSAIDS
tumors
diseases
helicobacter infection

none
vomiting
abdominal discomfort
weight loss
loss of appetite

123
Q

What are some unique GI traits of ferrets?

A

highly excitale, secretory, and high motility tract
carbohydrate digestion in distal jejenum

124
Q

What are some common causes of diarrhea?

A

eating something you weren’t supposed to
too many treats
a drastic change in diet
foreign body
poison
illness
antibiotics
stress/anxiety

125
Q

When should you take it to the vet (diarrhea)?

A

after 1-2 days of continous
immediately if blocked
any other signs of illness

126
Q

What can you include in the diet to increase fiber intake?

A

1-4 TBS of pumpkin puree or green beans

127
Q

What are some causes of hemorrhagic enteritis?

A

bloody diarrhea
bacterial infection
stress
diet

128
Q

What are some symptoms of malabsorption?

A

vomiting
weight loss
diarrhea

129
Q

What is a good body score for cats? Dogs? What is the range for cats? Dogs?

A

5 for both
1-9 for both

130
Q

What are some factors regarding obesity?

A

risks
-> cancer
-> diabetes
-> chronic inflammation
->neutering/spaying leads to increased food intake

owner income and owner age affects diet, can lead to obesity

131
Q

What are the two changes to diet to help with obesity?

A

higher protein
higher fiber

132
Q

Sensitivity to allergens…

A

atopic

atopic dermatitis is something that makes skin itchy
atopic-like causes no increase in IgE

133
Q

antibodies specific to allergens…

A

IgE

134
Q

type of white blood cell…

A

lymphocyte

ANSI 4523 (3 decks)

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