Final Exam Flashcards
What is a genetic behavior problem in herding dogs?
bite at ankles
What is a genetic behavior problem in hunting dogs?
kill animals, dog holes, run amock
What is a genetic behavior problem in sled dogs?
run
What is a genetic behavior problem in cats?
destroy, kill things for food, run away
What are the 4 choices to deal with behavioral problems?
manage
retrain
live with it
rehome
How do we deter from ulterior motivations?
manage
redirect
counter condition
behavioral adjustment training BAT
treat incompatible behaviors
What is causing extinction? What is a common trend with extinction bursts?
ending a behavior by removing reinforcement (not a punishment)
increased bad behavior before extinction
What are the 4 phases of extinction?
initial behavior
extinction burst
extinction occurs
spontaneous recovery
What is management of problem behaviors?
manage environment so cannot practice bad behavior
train alternate behavior first before managing
What are the 4 types of management tools?
leash
baby gates
crate
medication
What is reactivity?
dog acting out
more likely to bite or chase
What is barrier frustration?
leash, fence, etc
the dog is restricted from stimulus
enhances behavior, should redirect instead
What is redirection?
change dogs focus from undesirable behavior to desirable
What are the different behavior thresholds of dogs? Explain each.
under –> no fear or anxiety is shown
at threshold –>breaking point between no fear to some attention
over –> apparent sign of fear or anxiety
Where is the sweet spot for training in regard to behavior thresholds?
at the reactivity threshold
What are the 3 aspects of behavior triggers?
intensity
duration
distance
Are alpha dogs myths? Why or why not?
they are
wild wolves do NOT have an alpha, only in captive zoo wolves
What are some signs of aggression?
growl –> lung or bite
freeze
hard stare
look way
Why should we not punish growling?
growling is a warning system for pushing the behavior threshold
no growl = injuries
What is a good example of negative reinforcement in regard to behavior?
if they bark at something and it is removed, barking = thing going away
How do you handle resource guarding?
separate dog
trade with a high value treat/object
tether dog away from resource and reward
What are some key rules for cat litter?
avoid corners for box
avoid high traffic
avoid noisy area
not near food/water
plain, unscented litter
1 box then an additional for each cat (1 cat = 2 boxes, 2 cats = 3 boxes)
What are the 3 planes for directionality?
median/sagittal (left and right)
dorsal (top and bottom)
transverse (front and back)
How many joints are in the carpus? What are they?
3
radiocarpal
intercarpal
metacarpal
What issue is most common in large and giant breeds? How is it caused and what are some symptoms?
hip dysplasia
combination of genetics, exercise, and nutrition
decreased activity
difficulty jumping/climbing
hind end lameness
loss of muscle behind
gain of muscle in front
pain and/or stifness
What is OFA?
orthopedic foundation for animals
How do you manage hip dysplasia?
weight management
pain management
surgical interventions
What issue is common in pets and sport dogs? What animals/symptoms are at risk? How many $ are spent on treating this?
CCL or ACL tears
labs, rottweilers, mastiffs, andobese animals
1.32 billion
What are mesocephalic dogs?
dogs with equal length cranium and nasal cavity
What are brachyocephalic dogs?
short muzzled dogs
What are dolichocephalic dogs?
long muzzled dogs
How many teeth do a dog have?
42 total
20 upper
22 lower
What are the types of dog bites?
scissor bite –> incisors slightly overlap lower teeth
level bite –> teeth meet surface to surface
undershot –> lower jaw is longer
What are the types of dog ears?
pricked –> set high
semi-erect –> part of ear tips fold
button ears –> more than half or ear is folded
rose –> ears set on back of head
What are the types of dog coats?
double
feathered
rough
broken
smooth
corded
waterproof
wool
What are the 4 parts of a dogs coat?
mane –> long hair on chest
plume –> long fringe on tail
flag –> feathering on the tail
ruff –> long hair on face
What are 3 unique features of a dog based on breed?
haw –> red pouch with droopy eyelid
scowl –> skin over top of head with wrinkles
dewlap –> loose skin around throat area
What are some differences between cats and dogs?
tongue
ear position
claws
reproductive system
What are vibrissae?
whiskers
How many teeth do cats have?
30 total
What is the difference between dog and cat paw pads?
dogs are 1 lobed
cats are 3 lobed
What part of the body is unique to rabbits?
saddle –> area of the back
What feathers on a bird do we trim to prevent flight?
secondaries
What type of “color blindness” do dogs have?
red/green
not really color blind, just have different sensitivities
What is the field of vision for a cat? Dog?
200 degrees
240 degrees
Active at dawn and dusk…
crepuscular
What is the reflective layer of tissue behind the retina?
tapetum
What is CAER?
companion animal eye record
How many smell receptors do cats have/ Dogs? Who can smell things better?
200 million
149-300 million
cats due to scent separation
How many taste buds do dogs have? Cats? What is unique about cat taste buds?
1700
470
cats cannot taste sweet –> fruit no good for carnivore
How many muscles are used in a cat to move their ears? Dogs? How many Hz can each hear?
32 muscles and 100,000 Hz
18 muscles and 45,000 Hz
What disease is caused by Lyssavirus rhabdoviridae? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
rabies
saliva contaminated bites
-> contaminated mucous membranes make contact with an open wound
inflammation (encephalitis) and nearly always death
inability to swallow
What is the incubation period of rabies in dogs? Cats? What are the 2 types of rabies and what they are?
21-80 days
15-25 days
furious–> irrational aggression, excessive drooling
paralytic-> dumb, inability to swallow with salivation
Where is rabies primarily located? Is it zoonotic?
africa and asia
yes, can transmit to humans
What disease is caused by Morbillivirus paramyxoviridae? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine distemper (virus)
aerosal or bodily fluidcontact or fomites
fever, redenned eyes, discharge from nose/eyes, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalites, and different neurologic symptoms
similar to measles and cause hard pad
What disease is caused by Canine adenovirus (CAV-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine infectious hepatitis
oronasal exposure of virus in environment
inflammation of the liver
What disease is caused by Morbillivirus paramyxoviridae? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine distemper (virus)
aerosol or bodily fluid contact or fomites
fever, reddened eyes, discharge from nose/eyes, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalitis, and different neurologic symptoms
similar to measles and cause hard pad
What disease is caused by Canine adenovirus (CAV-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine infectious hepatitis
oronasal exposure of virus in the environment
inflammation of the liver
What disease causes blue-eye? What is blue-eye?
canine infectious hepatitis
antibody-antigen deposition causing inflammation of the cornea
caused by complications with the vaccine
What disease is caused by Parvovirus (CPV-2)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine parvo
oronasal exposure to virus in the environment
destruction of rapidly dividing cells
->epithelium of the intestine
->white blood cells
mostly seen in puppies under 6 months
What disease is caused by Leptospira interrogans? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine leptosirosis
exposure to infected urine, indirect exposure to water contaminated with urine
mild infection OR failure of organs (liver/kidney)
zoonotic
How does one diagnose leptospirosis?
CBC->increased white blood cells
serum biochemistry for high liver/kidney values
urinalysis -> dilute urine to see presence of proteins
MAT -> micro-agglutination test for presence of antibodies
What disease is caused by coronavirus? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine coronavirus
infected feces, lives for about 6-9 days
damage to intestinal wall
->appetite loss
->vomiting
->diarrhea
mild or asymptomatic
What disease is caused by influenze, parainfluenza, adenovirus-2, or bordetella brochiseptica? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine kennel cough OR canine infectious tracheobronchitis
aerosal exposure to organisms
bronchitis or pneumonia
vaccination just provides relief
What disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
canine lyme disease
infected tick bite
fever, arthiritis, kidney failure
tick needs to be attached for 36-48 hours
zoonotic
black legged ticks
What disease is caused by herpes virus (FHV-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
feline herpes
direct contact with ocular, oral, and nasal secretions
sneezing, coughing, ocular ulcers, conjunctivitis
infected cats will becomes carriers
What disease is caused by calcivirus? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
feline calci
direct contact with ocular, oral, and nasal secretions
sneezing, coughing, oral ulcers
infected cats can become carriers
can be infected through indirect contact
What disease is caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FP-1)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
panleukopenia OR feline parvo
direct and indirect contact with urine, feces, and/or nasal secretions
subclinical
->destruction of intestinal cells and white blood cells
0>fever, depression, anorexia
What disease is caused by feline leuemia virus (FeLV)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
feline leukemia
infected saliva
immunosuppression and bone marrow suppression
most common cause of feline cancer
can hide in bone marrow, causing negative tests
cycle between illness and health
What disease is caused by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
FIV
infected saliva in an open wound
->not happy cats
immunosuppression and bone marrow suppression
vaccine is not recommended to prevent positive tests
What disease is caused by feline enteric coronavirus? How is it transmitted? What does it cause?
feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
asymptomatic
mild diarrhea
respiratory issues
10% of cats virus invades white blood cells
inflammation of rain, abdomen, and kidney
WILL BE FATAL IF INVASION HAPPENS
Something the body recognizes as harmful…
antigen
bacteria
viruses
parasites
chemicals
cells
Immunity acquired from someone else…
passive
MDA->maternally derived antibodies
plasma transfusions
Immunity learned from exposure…
active
What is the flow of immunity?
active
->innate
->adaptive
—>natural
——>passive (maternal)
——>active (infection)
—>artifical
——>passive (antibody transfer)
——>active (immunization)
What is the general system of immunity called? What are its components?
innate
responds before active
physical barriers
inflammation
macrophages
What is the targeted attack system of immunity called? What are its components?
adaptive/acquired
memory of specific pathogen
lymphocytes
->T cells or killer cells
->B cells or memory cells
Antibodies to specific pathogens…
humoral
based on B cell lymphocytes
No antibodies needed, they just recognize things don’t belong…
cell-mediated
T cells, macrophages, cytokines
What are the 5 types of vaccines?
modified live
killed
recombinant
DNA/RNA
toxoid
Use live viruses of the actual pathogen or closely related viruses…
What does it activate?
modified live vaccine
attenuated
long-lasting protection
activates cellular and humoral immunity
Harmless or less virulent…
attenuated
Use proteins from the pathogen that stimulate protective antibody production…
killed vaccine
adjuvant
short term protection
needs boosters
protects against disease, not infection
Substance used to increase immune response…
What are some common examples?
adjuvant
less antigen
less dangerous
aluminum salts
paraffin oil
Insert genetic material into a non-pathologic carrier virus…
recombinant vaccine
directed against surface antigens
benefits of ML with safety of killed and no adjuvant
Creates immunity to the toxin, not the organism…
toxoid vaccine
What are the core vaccines for canines? When should they receive them?
rabies
distemper
hepatitis
parvo
parainfluenza
initial 4 months
core every 3 years or titer (not recommended to titer)
What are the non-core vaccines for canines?
bordetella
influenza
leptospirosis
lyme
*giardia
*rattlesnake
*not recommended
What is the canine vaccine schedule?
8 weeks -> distemper, hepatitis, parvo
12 weeks -> DHP, lepto, lyme, influenza
16 weeks -> DHP, rabies, lepto, lyme, influenza
if an adult and unknown vaccine history, one and done
Puppies with poor MDA need vaccines at_____
Puppies with great MDA need vaccines at ______
8 weeks
12 weeks
Whata re the core vaccines for felines?
rabies
panleukopenia
calci
herpes
FeLV
What are the feline non-core vaccines?
leukemia
feline immunodeficiency
What is the feline vaccine schedule?
8 weeks -> herpes, calci, panleukopenia
12 weeks -> FVRCP, leukemia
16 weeks -> FVRCP, rabies, FeLV
if adult, FVRCP, rabies, FeLV
What is the duration of immunity in dogs (hepatitis, parvo, distemper, rabies)?
hepatitis -> lifelong
parvo -> lifelong
distemper -> 7 years
rabies -> 3 years
What is the duration of immunity in cats (panleukopenia, herpes, calci, rabies, FeLV)?
panleukopenia -> lifelong
herpes -> 3 years
calci -> 3 years
rabies -> 3 years
FeLV -> 1 year
What are some short-term adverse events of vaccination? Long-term?
anaphylaxis
hives
itching
fever
sarcomas at injection site
What are the different types of feeding categories?
carnivores - ferrets
omnivore - rat
granivore - bird
frugivore - monkey
herbivore - rabbit
insectivore - hedgehog
Diets should be based on…
anatomy
What is the process of nutrient acquisition?
prehension
mastication
digestion
absorption
elimination
The tools an animal uses to obtain food…
prehension
Process prior to deglutition…
mastication
reduces particle size and adds saliva
What are the purposes of salivation? What are some components?
lubrication with mucin
enzymes - amylase
anti-pathogenic/bacterial -> immunoglobins and lysozyme
How can you remove foreign bodies?
endoscopic
surgery
let it pass
What are the symptoms of foreign bodies?
vomiting, loss of appetite, pain, dehydration, diarrhea, lethargy
What is deglutition?
swallowing
peristaltic action, or two ways
What animals do NOT vomit?
horses, rats, bunnies, guinea pigs, some birds
Reduction of particle size to allow absorption…
digestion
enzymatic
fermentation
mix of both
What are the general parts of the stomach?
cardiac sphincter
fundus
body
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
What stomach is non-compartmentalized? What are the regions?
monogastric
oesophageal
-> bacterial fermentation
cardiac-mucus secretion
-> protection from biles
pyloric and fundic
-> acid and enzymes
What enzymes begin digestion? What does acid secretion do?
proteases
lipases
carbohydrases
hydrolyzes CHO
denatures protein
anti-pathogenic
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
duodenum
jejunem
illeum
What are some important accessory organs?
liver -> bile production
gall bladder -> store and release bile (rats and horses have none)
pancreas -> hormones
The small intestine has the largest amount of _____ tissue.
lymphoid
Where does fiber fermentation occur?
large intestine
What is an issue with prehension in birds?
over grown beak
need chewing substrates
beak trimming
What are some symptoms of teeth problems in exotic small animals?
change in eating habits
drooling
poor coat
less grooming
swelling on face
weight loss
What is a cleft palate?
split in upper lip, hard palate, or oth
common in brachiocephalic reeds
What is megaesophagus? What are some signs?
enlarged esophagus
decreases motility
regurgitation
soughing
lose of weight
trouble breathing
What is bloat? What are some symptoms?
gas build-up due to stomach rotation
distended abdomen
distress
depression
hyper salivation
retching
surgery to treat
big dogs prone -> gastropexy
What are some causes of hairballs in cats?
skin condition
GI issues
allergies to food
What can cause constipation?
dehydration
poor GI motility
pain
obstructions
What are some predisposing factors to gastric ulcers? What are some symptoms?
NSAIDS
tumors
diseases
helicobacter infection
none
vomiting
abdominal discomfort
weight loss
loss of appetite
What are some unique GI traits of ferrets?
highly excitale, secretory, and high motility tract
carbohydrate digestion in distal jejenum
What are some common causes of diarrhea?
eating something you weren’t supposed to
too many treats
a drastic change in diet
foreign body
poison
illness
antibiotics
stress/anxiety
When should you take it to the vet (diarrhea)?
after 1-2 days of continous
immediately if blocked
any other signs of illness
What can you include in the diet to increase fiber intake?
1-4 TBS of pumpkin puree or green beans
What are some causes of hemorrhagic enteritis?
bloody diarrhea
bacterial infection
stress
diet
What are some symptoms of malabsorption?
vomiting
weight loss
diarrhea
What is a good body score for cats? Dogs? What is the range for cats? Dogs?
5 for both
1-9 for both
What are some factors regarding obesity?
risks
-> cancer
-> diabetes
-> chronic inflammation
->neutering/spaying leads to increased food intake
owner income and owner age affects diet, can lead to obesity
What are the two changes to diet to help with obesity?
higher protein
higher fiber
Sensitivity to allergens…
atopic
atopic dermatitis is something that makes skin itchy
atopic-like causes no increase in IgE
antibodies specific to allergens…
IgE
type of white blood cell…
lymphocyte
