Final exam

Question 1

NGOs Areas of Operation

Answer 1

• governing body
• Secretariat & headquarters
• State reps make decisions
  -Has some reps that are not government reps

Question 2

NGOs affect on politics

Answer 2

-Changing global agendas
-Pressure groups on public opinion
-Influencing government responses
-Strategic change or changes at the margin

Question 3

Product Cycle

Answer 3

1) Research and Development (R&D)
2) Production
3) Marketing
4) Management & reinvestment

Question 4

Types of economies: Alternative economy

Answer 4

-soviet style communism
-central planning: officials set prices, decide on product quotas, use long-term plan

Question 5

Types of economies: Mixed economy

Answer 5

-western industrialized states have some government control, some private ownership

Question 6

Types of economies: Free market

Answer 6

-letting economic forces set prices; eliminate trade barriers
-move from public ownership to private

Question 7

Types of economies: Crucial industries

Answer 7

state-owned (airline, oil)

Question 8

Types of Globalization

Answer 8

Globalization of Consumption=
-the nation in which a product was made becomes independent of the nationality of the consumer

Globalization of Production/ownership=
-owner & controller of asset is independent from where those products are held

Question 9

Barriers to Economic Cooperation

Answer 9

1) Autonomy
2) Dependency
3) Terms of Trade
4) Domestic Pressure

Question 10

Incentives for Economic Cooperation

Answer 10

1) Comparative advantage
2) Mutual Gains
3) Transparency
4) Exit Costs
5) Spill Over
6) “Commercial Peace”

Question 11

Regional trade agreements & examples

Answer 11

Free trade initiatives:
- European Union (EU)
- USMCA (replaced NAFTA in 2018)
- APEC (1989): 21 members
- Mercosur (1991) [Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, etc.]

Question 12

Factors Contributing towards wealth of nations

Answer 12

1) Global & history
- Landlocked, natural resources, colonies, tropical
2) Government Policies
- infrastructure, rule of law, poor policy
3) International Factors
- Terms of trade, advantage in institutions

Question 13

Economic Development Models

Answer 13

1) ISI= Import Substituting Industrialization
- Policies encourage domestic industry to replace imports
2) EOI= Expert Oriented Industrialization
- Policies to encourage exports
3) Washington Consensus
- Policies to encourage Capital inflows

Question 14

UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Answer 14

Two Binding Agreements:
- International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (ICCPR)
- western style economic and political liberties
ex: right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and religion

• International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural rights (ICESCR)
• ideology of the socialist block during Cold War
  ex: right to living wage, right to education

Question 15

Water Issues

Answer 15

Changes in water use:
1) Demography 2) Food Consumption 3) Speeding up hydrologic cycle

Fixes:
-“virtual water” (Tony Allen)
: trade patterns can help save water
-Changing Incentives
: changing water prices to reflect access to water
-Information flows
:how much water to produce goods known
- water governance
: retuning water to the water cycle

Question 16

US Nuclear Policy

Answer 16

-Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)
-Control the spread and use
-often to scare population by politicians
-Other issues:
-Missile defense
-Reliable replacement warhead program
-Complex transformation
-Nuclear bunker buster

Question 17

Detterence

Answer 17

1) Show capabilities
2) Create Resolve