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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

phases of adolescent growth and sex differences in timing of growth spurt and motor development (girl)

A

growth spurt at 10 years old, hips broaden, gain fat, slow gradual motor development

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2
Q

phases of adolescent growth and sex differences in timing of growth spurt and motor development (boy)

A

growth spurt at 12.5, shoulders broaden, gain muscle, lungs/heart increase, dramatic growth in strength/speed

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3
Q

growth spurt initiated by

A

release of HGH and thryoxine

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4
Q

menarche

A

age 12.5, first menstration toward end of puberty

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5
Q

spermatozoa

A

age 13.5, testes penis, first ejaculation

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6
Q

nocturnal emissions

A

wet dreams, involuntary

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7
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

reproductive organs, puberty, spermache/menache

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8
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical maturation, sweat glands, pubic and armpit hair (girls: breasts, boys: facial hair and voice)

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9
Q

timing of puberty

A

11-14: rapid changes
14-16: puberty nearly complete
16-18: adults appearances

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10
Q

timing of puberty affected by

A

heredity, nutrition, SES, ethnicity, exercise

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11
Q

changes in oxytocin sensitivity

A

makes one self-conscious and sensitive to others opinions (mainly girls)

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12
Q

amygdala

A

increases in volume around 12-14

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13
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

myelination and synaptic genesis, effective executive function

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14
Q

limbic

A

outpaces prefrontal cognitive control network; develops before PFC

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15
Q

consequences for timing of puberty for girls and boys (early)

A

girls: unpopular, low confidence, deviant behavior, dating violence
boys: popular, psychological distress, problem behaviors

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16
Q

consequences for timing of puberty for girls and boys (late)

A

girls: popular, social, positive body image
boys: unpopular, difficulties

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17
Q

sleep (delayed sleep preference)

A

biological preference to go to bed; triggered by melatonin

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18
Q

eating disorders

A

anorexia: starve themselves
bulimia: binge eating then purging
binge eating: too much food, most common

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19
Q

how are adolescents being injured? major cause of death?

A

firearms; previously vehicle accidents

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20
Q

sexual activity: effect on culture

A

early puberty, little religion, increased sexual activity

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21
Q

how to talk to kids about sex

A

convos reduce sexual risk taking!
-warm parent communication
-more likely to use birth control
-mothers have more success

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22
Q

condom usage among teens

A

18% don’t use contraceptives, rarely for oral sex
adolescents use has gone up in recent years
-teen pregnancy, SES outcomes, school dropouts
-increase STI rates in 18-24 year olds (HPV most common)
-arkansas has highest rate

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23
Q

adolescent substance abuse

A

-minimal experience typically psychologically healthy
-minority of teens move from use to abuse (genetic factors, who starts earlier)
-how do we prevent? effective parenting, resisting peer pressure

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24
Q

Piaget: formal operations

A

at 11 years old, develop capacity for abstract, logical, and systematic reasoning

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25
Q

hypotheico-deductive reasoning

A

happens gradually, task specific, context specific, motivation
1. hypothesis
2. deduce logical, testable inferences
3. systematically investigate variables

26
Q

propositional thought

A

school-age children fail to grasp logical necessity of reasoning (ex: all bachelors are unmarried)
-abstract thought requires extensive guidance

27
Q

universality of the stage

A

culturally transmitted by society, taught in schools

28
Q

scientific reasoning

A

coordinating theories with evidence
-improves with greater working memory capacity (increase central executive), exposure to increase complex problems, metacognition understanding; develops gradually

29
Q

cognitive changes result what consequences?

A

mutual perspective taking, self-conscious and self-focusing idealism and criticism, decision making (leads to egocentrism)

30
Q

sex differences

A

verbal: girls score higher on
math: boys advance becomes abstract and spatial

31
Q

how is language developed?

A

vocab/grammar, adding abstract words, grasp figurative language, pragmatics

32
Q

school transition

A

grades decline with each transition (higher academic standards, less supportive teaching), worse with poor stage-environment fit, self-esteem drops

33
Q

perspective taking

A
  1. social: ability to follow path from egocentrism to perspective taking
  2. mutual: see others POV
  3. societal: recognize one’s social environment influences beliefs
34
Q

imaginary audience and personal fable

A

self-conscious, all eyes on them; believe they are unique and special

35
Q

how can we improve school achievement?

A

authoritative, joint parent-child decision making, parent involvement in education models academic engagement

36
Q

multi-taskting and the media

A

fragment attention reduces learning, implicit memory use not explicit, frequent media multi-tasking report difficulties

37
Q

drop-out prevention

A

counseling offers personalized attention; high quality vocational teaching, efforts to address potential causes for dropout as early as elementary school
*unemployment rate 2x of college grads

38
Q

phases of vocational development

A
  1. fantasy: gain insight into career options
  2. tentative: look at options
  3. realistic: explore followed by characterization, late teens early 20s
39
Q

outlook for drop-outs and non-college bound

A

recent acute stressors, behavior issues, low SES/substance abuse, lack parental involvement, bullying
- personality (moderate connection), family (aspirations), teachers, gender stereotypes

40
Q

kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

personality (flexible, open-minded)
child-rearing (authoritative)
schooling (remains in school)
peer interaction (with people with different viewpoints)
culture (industrial nations more quicker through stages)
*issues: everyday morality

41
Q

influences on moral reasoning and behavior

A

define: degree to which morality is central to self concept
-parenting: inductive discipline, clear moral expectations
-other influences: just educate environment, opposite for civic engagement

42
Q

BONUS QUESTION

A

security

43
Q

Erikson’s stage: identity

A

major personality attainment
-due to introspection, affected by others
-crucial step toward becoming an adult
-who you are, what you are

44
Q

Erikson’s stage: role confusion

A

weak sense of trust, lack of ideals
-little initiative
-may appear shallow
-little exploration

45
Q

self-concept vs self-esteem

A

self-concept: unify separate traits expressed in social situations, source of ideal self (adjustment)
self-esteem: differentiates, rises from mid to late adolescents, components are romance friends and jobs

46
Q

Marcia’s Identity Statuses (4)

A
  1. identity achievement: committed and explored (healthy)
  2. identity foreclosed: committed, no exploration (rigid)
  3. identity moratorium: not committed, exploration (open but anxious)
  4. identity diffusion: not committed or exploration (apathetic)
47
Q

effects of culture

A

biological identity: formed by exploring and adapting values from both subculture and dominant culture

48
Q

acculturate stress

A

psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and culture

49
Q

ethnic stress

A

sense of ethnic group

50
Q

gender typing/identification

A

young adolescents become sensitive to stereotypes (go away from this)
- autonomy: sense of oneself as separate, self-gov, indiv.
-emotional: rely on oneself
-behavioral: makes decision, by weighing one’s own judgement

51
Q

gender intensification hypothesis

A

adolescents become increasingly sensitive to gender stereotypes, so behavior adheres to rigid gender roles

52
Q

parent/child relationships

A

authoritative is most beneficial; co-regulation
-teens over-idealize parents–> conflict
-monitor but allow autonomy and trust

53
Q

friendships

A

4-6 close friends, closeness more common in girls
personal exploration, foundation of romance
- girls: communual concerns
-boys: achievement/status

54
Q

internet friends

A

call, text, social media helps
-linked to unsatisfactory social experiences

55
Q

cliques and crowds

A

cliques: 5-8 members, similar background and interests
crowds: large group of several cliques, reputation and stereotypes grants identity

56
Q

dating

A

drug use, deliquency, poor academics

57
Q

peer pressure and conformity

A

peer pressure: pressure to conform to surface traits, authoritative parents are antidote
conformity: pressure to conform to dress or participate, increases in reward seeking

58
Q

depression and suicide

A

most common psychological issue, girls 2x more likely to report

59
Q

delinquency

A

minor crime, early-mid adolescents; seek peer approval

60
Q

improving resilience

A

balance between family connection and separation; parental monitoring, close friends, religion, culture

61
Q

PYD

A

seeks to discover positive qualities that contribute to adolescents ability to adapt and engage in interactions with changing contexts

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