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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

phases of adolescent growth and sex differences in timing of growth spurt and motor development (girl)

A

growth spurt at 10 years old, hips broaden, gain fat, slow gradual motor development

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2
Q

phases of adolescent growth and sex differences in timing of growth spurt and motor development (boy)

A

growth spurt at 12.5, shoulders broaden, gain muscle, lungs/heart increase, dramatic growth in strength/speed

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3
Q

growth spurt initiated by

A

release of HGH and thryoxine

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4
Q

menarche

A

age 12.5, first menstration toward end of puberty

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5
Q

spermatozoa

A

age 13.5, testes penis, first ejaculation

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6
Q

nocturnal emissions

A

wet dreams, involuntary

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7
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

reproductive organs, puberty, spermache/menache

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8
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical maturation, sweat glands, pubic and armpit hair (girls: breasts, boys: facial hair and voice)

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9
Q

timing of puberty

A

11-14: rapid changes
14-16: puberty nearly complete
16-18: adults appearances

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10
Q

timing of puberty affected by

A

heredity, nutrition, SES, ethnicity, exercise

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11
Q

changes in oxytocin sensitivity

A

makes one self-conscious and sensitive to others opinions (mainly girls)

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12
Q

amygdala

A

increases in volume around 12-14

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13
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

myelination and synaptic genesis, effective executive function

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14
Q

limbic

A

outpaces prefrontal cognitive control network; develops before PFC

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15
Q

consequences for timing of puberty for girls and boys (early)

A

girls: unpopular, low confidence, deviant behavior, dating violence
boys: popular, psychological distress, problem behaviors

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16
Q

consequences for timing of puberty for girls and boys (late)

A

girls: popular, social, positive body image
boys: unpopular, difficulties

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17
Q

sleep (delayed sleep preference)

A

biological preference to go to bed; triggered by melatonin

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18
Q

eating disorders

A

anorexia: starve themselves
bulimia: binge eating then purging
binge eating: too much food, most common

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19
Q

how are adolescents being injured? major cause of death?

A

firearms; previously vehicle accidents

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20
Q

sexual activity: effect on culture

A

early puberty, little religion, increased sexual activity

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21
Q

how to talk to kids about sex

A

convos reduce sexual risk taking!
-warm parent communication
-more likely to use birth control
-mothers have more success

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22
Q

condom usage among teens

A

18% don’t use contraceptives, rarely for oral sex
adolescents use has gone up in recent years
-teen pregnancy, SES outcomes, school dropouts
-increase STI rates in 18-24 year olds (HPV most common)
-arkansas has highest rate

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23
Q

adolescent substance abuse

A

-minimal experience typically psychologically healthy
-minority of teens move from use to abuse (genetic factors, who starts earlier)
-how do we prevent? effective parenting, resisting peer pressure

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24
Q

Piaget: formal operations

A

at 11 years old, develop capacity for abstract, logical, and systematic reasoning

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25
hypotheico-deductive reasoning
happens gradually, task specific, context specific, motivation 1. hypothesis 2. deduce logical, testable inferences 3. systematically investigate variables
26
propositional thought
school-age children fail to grasp logical necessity of reasoning (ex: all bachelors are unmarried) -abstract thought requires extensive guidance
27
universality of the stage
culturally transmitted by society, taught in schools
28
scientific reasoning
coordinating theories with evidence -improves with greater working memory capacity (increase central executive), exposure to increase complex problems, metacognition understanding; develops gradually
29
cognitive changes result what consequences?
mutual perspective taking, self-conscious and self-focusing idealism and criticism, decision making (leads to egocentrism)
30
sex differences
verbal: girls score higher on math: boys advance becomes abstract and spatial
31
how is language developed?
vocab/grammar, adding abstract words, grasp figurative language, pragmatics
32
school transition
grades decline with each transition (higher academic standards, less supportive teaching), worse with poor stage-environment fit, self-esteem drops
33
perspective taking
1. social: ability to follow path from egocentrism to perspective taking 2. mutual: see others POV 3. societal: recognize one's social environment influences beliefs
34
imaginary audience and personal fable
self-conscious, all eyes on them; believe they are unique and special
35
how can we improve school achievement?
authoritative, joint parent-child decision making, parent involvement in education models academic engagement
36
multi-taskting and the media
fragment attention reduces learning, implicit memory use not explicit, frequent media multi-tasking report difficulties
37
drop-out prevention
counseling offers personalized attention; high quality vocational teaching, efforts to address potential causes for dropout as early as elementary school *unemployment rate 2x of college grads
38
phases of vocational development
1. fantasy: gain insight into career options 2. tentative: look at options 3. realistic: explore followed by characterization, late teens early 20s
39
outlook for drop-outs and non-college bound
recent acute stressors, behavior issues, low SES/substance abuse, lack parental involvement, bullying - personality (moderate connection), family (aspirations), teachers, gender stereotypes
40
kohlberg's stages of moral development
personality (flexible, open-minded) child-rearing (authoritative) schooling (remains in school) peer interaction (with people with different viewpoints) culture (industrial nations more quicker through stages) *issues: everyday morality
41
influences on moral reasoning and behavior
define: degree to which morality is central to self concept -parenting: inductive discipline, clear moral expectations -other influences: just educate environment, opposite for civic engagement
42
BONUS QUESTION
security
43
Erikson's stage: identity
major personality attainment -due to introspection, affected by others -crucial step toward becoming an adult -who you are, what you are
44
Erikson's stage: role confusion
weak sense of trust, lack of ideals -little initiative -may appear shallow -little exploration
45
self-concept vs self-esteem
self-concept: unify separate traits expressed in social situations, source of ideal self (adjustment) self-esteem: differentiates, rises from mid to late adolescents, components are romance friends and jobs
46
Marcia's Identity Statuses (4)
1. identity achievement: committed and explored (healthy) 2. identity foreclosed: committed, no exploration (rigid) 3. identity moratorium: not committed, exploration (open but anxious) 4. identity diffusion: not committed or exploration (apathetic)
47
effects of culture
biological identity: formed by exploring and adapting values from both subculture and dominant culture
48
acculturate stress
psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and culture
49
ethnic stress
sense of ethnic group
50
gender typing/identification
young adolescents become sensitive to stereotypes (go away from this) - autonomy: sense of oneself as separate, self-gov, indiv. -emotional: rely on oneself -behavioral: makes decision, by weighing one's own judgement
51
gender intensification hypothesis
adolescents become increasingly sensitive to gender stereotypes, so behavior adheres to rigid gender roles
52
parent/child relationships
authoritative is most beneficial; co-regulation -teens over-idealize parents--> conflict -monitor but allow autonomy and trust
53
friendships
4-6 close friends, closeness more common in girls personal exploration, foundation of romance - girls: communual concerns -boys: achievement/status
54
internet friends
call, text, social media helps -linked to unsatisfactory social experiences
55
cliques and crowds
cliques: 5-8 members, similar background and interests crowds: large group of several cliques, reputation and stereotypes grants identity
56
dating
drug use, deliquency, poor academics
57
peer pressure and conformity
peer pressure: pressure to conform to surface traits, authoritative parents are antidote conformity: pressure to conform to dress or participate, increases in reward seeking
58
depression and suicide
most common psychological issue, girls 2x more likely to report
59
delinquency
minor crime, early-mid adolescents; seek peer approval
60
improving resilience
balance between family connection and separation; parental monitoring, close friends, religion, culture
61
PYD
seeks to discover positive qualities that contribute to adolescents ability to adapt and engage in interactions with changing contexts

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