Final exam Flashcards
Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development
Children construct knowledge by manipulating and exploring their world. We create knowledge through adaptation - we create it all ourselves and it has two different prongs which allow it to operate. also assimilation and accommodation.
3 stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations
assimilation
what we already know with the numbers using context clues
accommodation
world is in disequilibrium and you must change yourself, what you know doesn’t fit into new context
Sensorimotor
Preoperational (age 2-7)
- gains in mental representation
- kids can think in symbols, words start having meaning
- object permanence, can ask for things they cant see directly
- idea of fairness or equality doesnt exist yet for you
- conservation
- decentration: multiple aspects of the situation into account for all the parts for it (
- centration:
- irreversibility:
Concrete Operations
- Seriation: ability to put things in order (6-7 years)
- transitive Inference: ability to seriate mentally (7 years)
- Spacial Reasoning: how do we describe where we live
- preschool- landmarks
- 7/8
brazil kids : culture can force kids to learn things faster or different than in school
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Transmission to the next generation of a culture’s values, beliefs
- novices can learn from experts despite the age,
kids can tell their beliefs in god
Ecological Systems Theory
interview or Structred and naturalistic observation. how child is impacted by circles surrounding them in encironement from close to farther connections with them in day to day
Mitosis & Meosis
Mitosis: the process by which DNA duplicates
- Meiosis: sex cells have formed, leading to genetic variability
Down Syndrome
Incomplete injection of the egg cell by the sperm, caused by problem with the x or y chromosomes
Teratogens
any substance that effects development at any point in time, radiation, virus, drugs
possible outcomes:
low birth weight
- miscarriage
- prematurity are all risks
- infant death
- cancer and athsma
Prenatal Devlopment
stress can pass across the placenta, a virus like the flu can alter your DNA, weight gain, treat diabetes and preeclampsia ( high blood pressure)
Labor and Delivery
- High levels of stress hormone
- mom can start making milk before it is delivered and will continue as long as uses
- adrenaline and prolactin are secreted
- Babies have their first breathe from adrenaline, drain the fluid in lungs
- you need at least a 7 on this chart to be okay if you are a 6 or lower you need immediate medical attn.
Breech Birth
most babies turn down physically before birth, breeched, doctors can do it weeks before and is better than an emergency c section
- Anoxia ( oxygen deprivation) - they just need a ventilator and get their oxygen up
- potential for umb cord around neck
Newborn Reflexes
- sucking reflex- legit suck on anything they put in their mouth
- search for nipple when put on skin
- palmar grasp
- Moro reflex- baby tries to catch itself when
- tonic neck- they go captain morgan position
- babinski reflex- curling foot
- babies hold their breathe under water
brain development
lack of prefrontal cortex development in teenagers is why they make decisions as they do
White matter and grey matter in the brain bc of myelination
Romanian Orphanage Study
prove sensitive periods of brain development
- Kids don’t get individual attention and time so they compared kids who were adopted before 6 months old, they had good cognitive catch up
- after 6 months, there was serious issues
lower IQ scores
experience-expectant growth
where the brain is primed to learn
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
reflexes lose by 6 months normally replaced w decisions
8 months learn object permanence by passing the A not B error test
Mental Representation with make believe play, violation of expectation test
attention, memory and categorization improves in infancy to toddlerhood
Vygotsky
3 zones of Proximal Development
- already developed
- already know
- zone of proximal development
- it is appropriate to learn that , w what you know
- cannot learn too hard
Speech Implications
- Wernickes sounds normal but it doesn’t make aany sense
- Broca’s damage means you cant get a smooth flow of words out
Collective Monologues
- children speak to eachother by each taking turns telling their own stories. don’t respond to eachother
- children will only speak barely well to make sense, you have to be there to understand what they are talking about
underextension/overextension:
underextension: they will use the word dog for only their own dog
overextension: giving their dogs name to every dog
attentive parents
the world is somewhere that i can trust
first apparent emotions
- anger/sadness- 4/6 months baby will look angry at disrupted caregiver session
- happiness- 6/8 months old first social smile (mirror neurons)
- laugh at 3/4 months old - smile you cant contain
- fear- 12 months stranger danger
- have to interact w other adults at daycare and preschool
Self concious emotions
- appear between 1 1/2 and 3 year s
- understanding how other people may interpret your behaviors you must udnerstand this
emotional regulation
hard.
adjusting your own state of emotions with effortful control
Temperament
- by the time the kid is 4 or 5 we talk about personality
- temperment is what you can see before they develop a personality
Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment
- The secure baby: very distressed when mom leaves the room
- stranger danger - no adult is mom
- resistant baby: baby doesn’t leave moms leg when she leaves the room, psychos
- mom comes back and htey are mad
- avoidant babies: leave mom go off and dont care when mom comes back
- don’t care
- any adult is cool
if the baby is outside exploring the world on their own they will be better at surviving than if they were like attached to the hip w the mom for the first year of life
Disorganized: will literally go to strangers for comfort, scared sad and confused
Secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized
Brain Plasticity
brains ability to rewire because of the specialization of neurons as you learn more.
- also have fewer neurons
Brain localization
- different clusters of cells for specific tasks
- Broca’s and Wernicke’s develop based on exposure to the environment & language
- lateralization
preoperational thought
- ego centric thought: can take multiple people’s perspective but can only do one at a time
- cannot compare two perspectives
- animistic thought: can think animals
- Autistic thought: can only see it from your own point of view, cannot see someone else’s point of view
- Logical thought: conservation is evident on simplified tasks
Private egocentric speech
have to talk to yourself like editing your paper trying to understand what you were meaning the first time
preschool play
roleplay what their parents have done for them
- play with someone who likes the same toys
- parents control a lot
- cooperation cant happen between people with who have different power differentials
Gender Identity - according to the social learning theory
biologically male or female according to chromosomes
Gender Identity -according to the cog development theory
who are you attracted to and what toys do you like becomes a model going forward
Gender Identity -according to the gender scematic/aschematic theory
- scematic; do you see as a gendered activity
- aschematic: do you see it genderless and look and decide if you want it
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian are rules with no reason
- authoritative ; high control high support
- willing to adapt
Child Maltreatment
- kids don’t report because they are not in power against someone that is mistreating them
- abuse causes trust mistrust issues
Autism
- born with it, or with the ability for it to develop
- wide range of how people act no two are alike
- sensory issues
- prefer non verbal communication
- wont play with a toy based on its meaning.
- playing with the tires of a toy car, rather than racing it around
- more anxious than peers
- physically can see and in EEG can see
Causes:
- genetic
- germ line mutations
- single nucleotide variants
advanced maternal and paternal age
men more at risk than women because they don’t have a backup x chromosome
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages- MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
- dustry vs Inferiority
- Industry
- sense of competence
- Inferiority
- need help?
- Industry
- Changes in thinking about self
- place yourself relative to other
- I’m smarter than this person but not as smart as another
- place yourself relative to other
- was the test easy or hard - not me it was the test (stupid)
- learned helplessness
Understanding Individual Rights - - lying and deception, challenging authority
Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
- more self conscious emotions
- more experiences we have in life the more empathize with others
Peer Groups in Middle Childhood
- organize on similarity
- lots of same gender
- common sense of exclusion
- peer culture
- common vocabulary
- relational aggression emerges- mean girls -
- Friendships in middle childhood
Sociometric Status
- Popular prosocial
- popular and positive
- Popular Antisocial
- popular negative
- Rejected Aggressive
- Rejected Withdrawn
Primary/ Secondary Sex Characteristics
Primary sexual characteristics are present at birth and comprise the external and internal genitalia (e.g., the penis and testes in males and the vagina and ovaries in females). Secondary sexual characteristics are those that emerge during the prepubescent through postpubescent phases (e.g., breasts in females…
Perspectives on Moral development
- is it something you get from society
- psychoanalytic
- socialization and social learning
- you are taught, learn by example
- something you come up with on your own
- cognitive development & piaget
Domains of Thought
- Moral Domain
- rights
- fairness
- justice
- social conventional
- conventions
- norms
- rules we agree to
- conventions are changeable
- As long as everyone agrees it doesn’t matter which side it is
- norms are good because they
- conventions are changeable
- Personal
- whats important to you
- part of your identity
Erikson- Identity versus role confusion
- you find out who you are
- role confusion- someone who cant rly find their role
- Self Concept
- you have more of a view of who you are, you understand your’e not hot or cold -
- Self Esteem
- rises in adolesence and dips at school changes,
- changes in demands in your skills
Arnett’s Stages of Emerging Adulthood
- Emerging adulthood is defined by 5 features
- feeling in between
- identity exploration
- self focused
- instability
- possibilities
Epistemic Cognition (Piaget)
- dualistic: either A or B no middle ground
- relativistic: could both be right
- Relativistic w commitment
- aware but still have an opinion
