Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
There is no gold standard for
A
ROS
2
Q
Red flags:
A
indicate symptoms that are worrisome for serious illness
ex. CP
3
Q
LOC due to
A
-dysfunction of the heart, NS
-psychogenic attacks
-orthostatic hypotension
-seizures
4
Q
CP due to
A
-M.I.
-GERD
-musculoskeletal injury/inflammation
-nerve related problems
5
Q
SOB due to
A
-asthma
-COPD
-infection
-pneumothorax
-HF
-pericardial tamponade
-hypotension
-blood clots
6
Q
Hematemesis causes
A
-peptic ulcers
-gastric cancer
-esophageal cancer
-upper GI bleed
7
Q
Blood in stool causes
A
-rectal cancer
-colon cancer
-dysentery
-hemorrhoids
-anal fissure
8
Q
Hematuria causes
A
kidney stones, infection, bladder cancer
9
Q
Hemoptysis causes
A
-lung cancer
-pulmonary edema
-TB
-pneumonia
-lung trauma
10
Q
Unintentional weight loss
A
-hyperthyroidism
-diabetes
-food intolerances
-malabsorption
-cancer
-HF
-infections
-dental problems
-medications
11
Q
Thunderclap headache
A
**severe and sudden headache which peaks in one minute due to lifethreatening conditions **
-may be associated w/ nausea, vomiting or LOC
-brain bleed
-ruptured artery
-meningitis
blood clot
-HTN
12
Q
Epidermis
A
outermost layer of the skin protecting you from outside environment
-provides warmth
-new skin cells
-contains melanin
13
Q
Dermis
A
thick middle layer forming “true skin”
-capillaries + nerves
-sweat glands
-hair follicles
14
Q
Hypodermis
A
bottom skinlayer composed of fat
15
Q
Primary lesion
A
develop as a direct result of disease process /onset
16
Q
Primary lesion types
A
-macule
-papule
-patch
-plaque
-nodule
17
Q
Primary lesion types
A
-macule
-papule
-patch
-plaque
-nodule
18
Q
Secondary lesion
A
irritated or exacerbated by patient
19
Q
Secondary lesion examples
A
-erosion
-fissure
-ulceration
20
Q
Distribution of skin lesions
A
-localized or generalized
-symmetric?
-discrete/ grouped
-confluent (small into large)
-cleavage plane (along skin tension lines)
21
Q
Macule
A
non palpable w/ distinct borders less than 1cm
ex. freckle
22
Q
Patch
A
nonpalpable w/ distinct borders >1cm
ex. vitiligo
23
Q
Papule
A
palpable solid lesion less than 1cm/10mm
ex. wart
24
Q
Plaque
A
palpable solid lesion >1cm/10mm
ex. psoriasis
25
Nodule
palpable solid lesion >1cm + taller than it is wide
| ex. dermatofibroma
26
Tumor (mass)
solid firm lesion >2cm/20mm
| ex. metastatic carcinoma
27
Wheal
edematous papules/plaques caused by swelling in dermis (allergic rxn)
| ex. urticaria, PPD
28
Vesicle
small/superificial fluid filled blister less than 1cm
| ex. blister
29
Pustule
pus filled vesicle
| ex. acne
30
Bulla
large/raised fluid filled lesion >10mm
| ex. large blister
31
Excoriation
superficial excavations of epidermis that result from scratching
32
Erosion
skin defect where there has been loss of epidermis only
33
Lichenification
**skin thickening as a result of chronic rubbing**
-accentuation of skin lines
34
General survey
-alert/awake/oriented
-no acute distress
-WNWD
-hygiene
-ambulation
35
Normal BP
| JNC BP guidelines
<120/<80
36
Pre-HTN
| JNC BP guidelines
120-139/80-89
37
Stage 1 HTN
| JNC BP guidelines
140-159/90-99
38
Stage 2 HTN
| JNC BP guidelines
160+ / >100
39
Normal HR
60-100
40
Diaphragm moves ... during inhalation
down
41
Diaphragm moves ... during exhalation
up
42
Normal RR
12-16
43
Fever =
100.4 +
44
CN 7/Facial nerve
facial expression (smiling and frowning)
45
Weber and Rinne tests for
CN 8
46
Inspect skin for:
-color
-temp
-masses
-lesions
-turgor
47
Inspect nails for:
-capillary refill <2 seconds
-color (cyanosis, jaundice)
-shape (clubbing, koilonychia)
-lesions (Beau's, splinters, terry's, pitting)
48
Inspect hair for:
-scalp (bugs, lesions, seborrhea)
-texture
-quantity/distribution
49
Inspect neck for:
-symmetry
-masses/goiter
-lesions/scars
-tracheal deviation
-lymph nodes (size, shape, tenderness, mobility, delimitation)
-hyoid, cricoid, thyroid cartilage
50
Anterior triangle (neck)
-anterior SCM
-mandible
-midline neck
51
Posterior triangle (neck)
-posterior SCM
-trapezius
-mid clavicle
52
Inspect head for:
-trauma
-palpate bones
-Battle sign
53
Ear inspection:
-masses/lesions
-trauma/perf
-position
-mastoiditis
-discharge
-otoscopy
-Rinne/Weber test (CN 8)
54
Normal Weber test
**no lateralization of sound**
-tuning fork on forhead
55
Unilateral conductive hearing loss (Weber)
**sound lateralizes towards affected ear**
-not permanent
-cerumen impaction
56
Unilateral sensorineural loss (Weber)
**sound lateralizes to normal/better hearing side**
-inherited siorders
-drugs
-blow to the head
-noise exposure
-presbycusis
57
Rinne Test
**tests for conductive hearing loss ONLY**
-evaluates one ear at a time
-differentiates sound trasnmitted through air conduction from mastoid bone conduction
58
Positive Rinne Test
**NORMAL = AC>BC**
-no significant conductive hearing loss
59
Nose/sinus inspection
-masses/lesions
-symmetry
-perforation/trauma
-color
-rhinoscopy
60
CN 1
olfactory (smell)
61
Mouth/pharynx inspection:
-masses/lesions/color
-trauma
-discharge
-fissures
-hard/soft palate
-gingivae and teeth
-shape/number
-hygiene
-tongue
-uvula
-pharynx
62
Brachial artery
runs through antecubital fossa
63
Importance of estimating systolic BP by palpation
avoids lower systolic reading by auscultory method
64
RR =
one chest rise and fall
65
Battle sign =
basal skull fracture
66
Icterus
jaundice (high bilirubin)
67
Koilonychia
sign of iron deficiency anemia or hemochromatosis (liver conditions)
68
Beau's lines
**indentations running across nails due to:**
-interruption of growth under cuticle via injury or illness
-zinc deficiency
-chemotherapy
69
Clubbing
indication of low O2 or respiratory disease
70
Terry's nails
**red or brown transverse band on fingernail bed due to :**
-chronic condition (DM or liver failure)
-aging
71
Pitting of nails
**indentations due to:**
-psoriasis
-eczema
-joint inflammation
72
Eye exam:
-visual acuity
-pupils
-alignment + motility
-visual fields
-lids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea
-optic nerve, vessels, macula
73
Visual acuity
measurement of eye ability to distinguish shapes and details of objects at a distance
74
Snellen chart
20 feet away
75
Jaeger chart
handheld 12-14 inches away
76
20/40 vision
pt can only read at 20 ft the same ltters that a "normal" person can read at 40 ft away
77
legally blind =
20/200
78
Eyelashes function
**protect eyes from small particles**
-danger warning
-highly sensitive to touch
79
Eyelids function
**protects the eye and keeps cornea from drying out**
-automatic reflexes
80
Sclera
**maintains eyeball shape and protects from injury**
-covered by conjunctiva (moisturizes eye)
| whites of eyeball
81
Iris
**colored part of eye that regulates amount of light entering the eye**
-helps to refract light and focus to retina
-constricts pupil in bright light
-dilates pupil in darkness to let in light
82
Pupil
**changes in size (controlled by iris)**
-constricts in bright light
-dilates in darkness
83
Anterior chamber
**front part between cornea and iris**
-filled w/ aqueous humor
-nourishment to eye
-keeps eyeball inflated
84
Mydriasis
dilated pupil
85
Mitotic pupil
constricted
86
Caruncle
**small pink globular portion in inner corner (medial canthus)**
-oil and sweat glands
-moisturizes
-protects from bacteria
87
Lacrimal apparatus
-lacrimal glands (secrete tears)
-lacrimal sac + duct (convey tears into nasal cavity)
88
Lacrimal gland
**secretes tears within orbit above lateral eye**
-cleanses and protects eyes
-drains to puncta (inside upper/lower eyelids)
89
pathway of tears
lacrimal gland -> puncta -> canaliculi
90
Lacrimal sac
connects canaliculi to nasolacrimal duct
91
Conjunctiva
**mucous membrane covering front of eye (sclera) and lines inner eyelids**
-protection
-lubrication by prod. mucous and tears
-does not cover cornea
92
Lens
**clear part behind iris that focuses light and images on the retina**
-in front of vitreous body
-works w/ cornea to focus light on retina
93
Cataract
clouding of eye's lens
94
Retina
**thin layer of tissue lining back of the eye near optic nerve**
-receives light from lens
-converts light into neural signals
-sends signals to brain for visual recognition
95
Macula
**part of retina that processes what you see directly in front of you**
-contains fovea
96
Fovea
**depression within retina where visual acuity is the highest**
-repsonsible for central vision
97
Vitreous humor
allows light to reach the retina and maintains eyeball shape
98
Cranial nerves innervating motor, sensory, and autonomic structures in the eye
CN 2 - optic
CN 3 - oculomotor
CN 4 - trochlear
CN 5 - trigeminal
CN 6 - abducens
99
CN 2
**optic nerve**
-critical to vision
-extension of CNS
-sends light signals to brain
100
CN controlling lateral rectus muscle
CN 6
101
CN controlling superior oblique
CN 4
102
CN controlling majority of extraocular muscles
CN 3
103
Optic cup
in the center of optic disc where optic nerve connects to retina
104
Disc to Cup to disc ratio
2:1
-normal = less than 0.5
105
CN 3 - oculomotor
-allows movement of eye muscles (superior/medial/inferior rectus, inferior oblique)
-constriction of pupil
-focusing eyes + position of upper eyelid
-works w/ other CN to control eye movements
-responsible for downgaze
106
Orbit
bony cavity in the skull housing the eye, the muscles moving the eye, lacrimal gland, BV + nerves
107
Visual fields
how wide of an area your eye can see when you focus on a central point
108
Rods
| (retina)
**dim light vision (size, shape, brightness)**
-found in periphery of eye
-no color vision
109
Cones
| (retina)
**responsible for color vision (photoreceptors)**
-found near fovea (front)
110
Optic disc
**where optic nerve exits eye into brain**
-no light sensitive cells
| blind spot
111
Age -related Macular degeneration (AMD)
**blurs central vision**
-damage to macula
112
Retinal detachment
**emergency situation where retina pulls away from normal position**
-separates retinal cells from BV/O2
-can result in permanent vision loss
113
Signs of retinal detachment
-reduced vision
-sudden onset of floaters
-flashes of light
-curtain like shadow over vision
-gradual reduced peripheral vision
-blurred vision
114
Diabetic retinopathy
**damage to BV at retina**
-may be asymptomatic or mild at first
-retinal exudates
115
Large cup to disc ratio
glaucoma
116
Central retina artery occulsion (CRAO)
**emergency when one of the vessels attached to retina is blocked usually due to embolus**
-sudden loss of vision in one eye
-**causes**: blood clot, cholesterol deposit
-**high risk**: age, HTN, glaucoma, diabetes
-**treatment**: fluid release, hyperbaric O2, anticoags
-cherry red spots on exam
117
AV nicking
**arteriole corssing venule resulting in compression of vein with bulging on either side**
-hourglass shape
-eye disease caused by HTN
118
Cotton wool spots
**opaque fluffy white patches on retina**
-DM
-HTN
119
Retinal hemorrhage
**abnromal bleeding within BV of retina**
-vision problems often temporary
-**causes**: diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, ocular ischemic syndrome, sickle cell retinopathy
120
Roth spots
white centered retinal hemorrhage associated w bacterial endocarditis
121
External ear inspection:
-asymmetry
-deformities (cauliflower ear)
-piercings
-erythema/edema (otitis externa)
-scars
-lesions
-mastoid erythema/swelling (mastoiditis)
122
Cone of light R ear
5 o clock
123
Cone of light L ear
7 o clock
124
Parts of TM
-malleus/umbo
-pars tensa
-pars flaccida
-cone of light
125
Lateral process of malleus
transmits sound vibrations from eardrum to incus
126
Pars tensa
main portion of TM
127
Pars tensa
main portion of TM
128
Pars flaccida
small flaccid portion of TM
129
Cardiac inpsection:
-size/shape/symmetry (AP diameter)
-deformities (excavatum, carinatum)
-scars/lesions
-lip/skin color
-heaves
-apical impulse
130
Scoliosis
side to side spine curvature
131
Lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curvature
132
Kyphosis
exaggerated cervical/thoracic curvature of the spine
133
Normal heart of chest Xray
should be 1/2 of diaphragm length
134
Thrills
**vibratory sensation overlying area of turbulence, indicating loud heart murmur caused by incompetent valve**
-felt with metacarpal heads at aortic, pulmonic, mitral and tricuspid valves
-palpable murmur
135
Heaves/lifts
**precordial impulse (visible chest wall pulsations) palpated in pts w/ cardiac or respiratory disease**
-felt with base of palm
-RV hypertrophy
-valvular regurgitation
-pressure overload
-cardiac aneurysms
136
Heart PMI
apex at L MCL 5th ICS
137
Aortic valve
**RSB, 2nd ICS**
-listen/feel for thills or AAA
| semilunar valve
138
Pulmonic valve
**LSB, 2nd ICS**
-listen/feel for thrills + palpable P2
| semilunar valve
139
Tricuspid Valve
**LSB 5th ICS**
-listen/feel for thrills, RV heave, L atrial enlargement
| AV valve
140
Mitral Valve
**L MCL 5th ICS**
-listen/feel for thrills/ PMI
| AV valve
141
Normal heart sounds
-expiration S2 = single
-inspiration S2 = 1st AV closure (A2), 2nd pulmonic closure (P2)
-A2 heard widely all over chest
-P2 is soft and only heard at pulmonic region (A2 still louder here)
142
Split S2 auscultation
**LSB 2nd ICS using diaphragm**
-semi-recumbent position in quiet insp
-intensity elevated in P2 louder than A2
143
S1
**closure of AV valves as ventricular pressures exceed atrial pressures + beginning of systole**
-louder at apex
| "lub"
144
S2
**closure of semilunar valves + beginning of diastole**
-louder at base
145
Splitting of S2
**A2 and P2 are not synchronized during inspiration**
-vibration of valve leaftlets and structures
-decreased intrathoracic pressure
-LSB 2nd ICS
146
Gallop
**rapid HR of ventricular filling characterized by ventricular bulge and low frequency sound**
-extra heart sound before S1
-likely LV failure
-heard RSB or LSB or epigastrium
-insp. increase in intensity = RV gallop
147
Snaps/clicks
**short high pitched sounds in pts w/ heart disease indicating structural changes within valve**
-systolic ejection murmurs
-abrupt opening of semilunar
-rapid distension of proximal aorta/pulmonary artery at onsent of ejection
148
Pericardial friction rub
**diagnosis for pericarditis**
-extra heart sound w/ 2 systolic components + one diastolic component
-sandpaper on wood
-variable intensity with cardiac cycle phase
149
Murmurs
sounds by turbulent blood flow through heart heard with stethoscope
150
S3
**normal in young/healthy adults**
-impaired LV function
-raised end diastolic pressure
-low pitches at apex (use bell)
-(gallop) when tachy
151
S4
**accompanies and is due to atrial systole**
-only heard in sinus rhythm
-loud in atrial hypertrophy (IHD, HTN)
-low pitched at apex (bell)
152
Grade 1 Murmur
soft urmur only heard under quiet conditions
153
Grade 2 murmur
soft murmur heard under noisy conditions
154
Grade 3 murmur
easily heard prominent murmur
155
Grade 4 murmur
louder murmur with associated thrill
156
Grade 5 murmur
even louder with stehtoscope tilted against chest
157
Grade. 6murmur
can be heard 5-10mm away from chest
158
Estimate max HR
200--age
159
Heart rhythms generated by
SA node sends electrical signal from atria to AV node, to ventricles
160
SA node
**pacemaker of the heart**
-generates electrical signal causes atria. tocontract
161
Erb's Point
**LSB 3rd ICS**
-aortic regurgitation
-pt sits up and leans forward
162
Aortic Regurg
-soft/high pitched
-early diastolic
-decrescendo
-pt sits up and leans forward
163
Aortic murmurs positioning
sit erect and lean forward
164
Mitral stenosis positioning
left lateral decubitus
165
Near vision / myopia
**able to read newsprint**
-deviation: unable to read small print occurs w/ aging
166
Distant vision / hyperopia
**snellen or LogMAR charts**
-deviation: denominator of 40 or more on snellen with corrective lenses
167
Strabismus
abnromal aligment of eyes
| cross eyed
168
Nystagmus
rapid involuntary movement of eyes
169
Hirschberg corneal light reflex test
**assess for strabismus by shining light and observing for reflection off of cornea**
-normal = slightly nasal reflection from cneter of cornea
170
Esotropia
one eye turned inwards
171
Exotropia
eye turned outwards
172
Turbinates
cleanse and humidify air passing from nostrils to lungs
173
Absent transillumination
sinus filled with pus
174
Caries
dental cavity
175
Teeth numbers
32 teeth counting starts from R wisdom tooth and ends bottom R wisdom tooth
176
Yellow tongue coating indicates
digestive system disorders
177
Thick white tongue coating indicates
intox or infection
178
Leukoplakia
**does not result due to cancer but accelerates risk of developing cancer**
-tobacco use
-HPV
-abrasive oral products
-braces, dentures, retainers
-jagged teeth
-poor oral hygiene
-tongue/cheek biting
-excessive ETOH use
179
Tongue thrush
yeast infection by Candida
180
Tongue deviation
due to damage of hypoglossal nerve (12th CN)
181
Uvula function
prevents food and liquid from going up your nose while swallowing
182
Tonsils
contain WBCs to kill germs entering through nose/mouth
183
Tympany
**heard over air filled structures**
-small/large intestine
-gas in GI tract
-lungs
184
Dullness
**heard over fluid or solid organs and can be used to determine margins**
-liver
-spleen
-splenomegaly. inTraube's space
-enlarged organ
-distended uterus/bladder
-ascites
185
Percussion of liver span
-4-8cm midsternal line
-6-12cm R MCL
186
Upper border of liver dullness
**between R MCL 5th ICS, midaxillary 7th ICS**
-scapular line 9th ICS (inferior)
-hyperresonance below = hyperinflation (emphysema)
187
Splenic dullness
**9th-11th L ICS posterior to midaxillary line**
-7cm wide
188
Traube's space
L midaxillary line 6th ICS + L MCL
189
Tests for ascites
-shifting dullness
-fluid wave
190
Appendicitis
-Mcburney's point
-low grade fever
-constipation or diarrhea
-nasuea/vomiting
191
Appendicitis PE
-rebound tenderness
-Rovsing's sign
-Psoas sign
-Obturator sign
-WBC count and CRP
-CT scan
-ultrasound
192
Guarding
**abdominal muscles tense when palpating**
-indicates peritonitis or ruptured appendix
193
Abdominal exam order
1. inspect
2. auscultate
3. percuss
4. palpate
194
Pulmonary exam order
1. inspect
2. palpate
3. percuss
4. auscultate
195
Why auscultate before palpate during abdominal exam?
ensures that examiner is listening to undisturbed bowel sounds
196
Aortic bruits
heard in epigastrim; may indicate AAA
197
Renal artery bruits
upper quadrants; sign of renal artery stenosis causes by HTN
198
Iliac/femoral bruits
lower quadrants; may be sign of periperal atherosclerosis
199
2nd ICS MCL = landmark for
pneumonia
200
4th-5th ICS = landmark for
chest tube placement
201
Contraction of diaphragm
-increase thoracic cavity volume (expansion)
-decrease intrathoracic pressure causes air to rush into lungs
202
Relaxation of diaphragm
-decrease thoracic cavity volume (recoil)
-intrathoracic pressure increases forcing air out of lungs
203
Pneumothorax
abnormal collection of air in pleural space
| collapsed lung
204
Tension pneumo
**air leaks outside of the lung into pleural cavity**
-air trapped between pleura and lung
-tracheal deviation (move to unaffected side)
205
Dyspnea ROS
-awareness of SOB
-at rest or exertion
-new. orold
-decreased exercise tolerance
-difficulty taking deep breath
206
Lung sounds over trachea and bronchi
louder, high pitched and harsh sounding than lung tissue (vesicular sounds)
207
Inspiration
-contraction of diaphragm (moves down)
-scalenes elevate upper ribs
-SCM elevates sternum
-pec major/minor pull ribs outwards
-serratus anterior elevates ribs
-lat dorsi elevates lower ribs
208
Expiration
-recoil
-abd muscles push diaphragm up
-internal intercostals depress ribs
-increased work of breathing recruits accessory muscles (retractions)
209
Retractions
**inward movement of the chest wall caused by obstructive airway disease**
-intercostal and supraclavicular
-nasal flaring
-increased expiratory phase + RR
210
Tactile fremitus
air poor conductor of low frequency sound that is more prominent in upper portion of back
211
Tactile fremitus increased
-inflammation
-pneumonia
-atelectasis
-fibrosis
-tumor
-increased density of lung tissue
212
Tactile fremitus decreased
-air trapping and decreased density of lung tissue
-asthma
-COPD
-bronchial obstruction
-pneumothorax
213
Normal diaphragmatic excursion
3-5cm
214
Tracheal sounds
-insp and exp timing equal
-heard over trachea and neck
-loud
215
Bronchial sounds
-heard over manubrium and large airways
-exp longer than insp
-loud
216
Bronchivesicular sounds
-insp and exp almost equal
-1st + 2nd ICS between scapula
217
Vesicular sounds
-insp greater than exp
-heard over lung tissue
-soft
218
Crackles (rales)
| in the tails
-short, popping, discontinuous
-**fine**: wood burning in fireplace
-**coarse**: lower pitch + longer
-**cause**: air being forced through narrow airways w/ mucus, pus, fluid; opening of deflated alveoli
-**conditions**: infection, inflammation, **CHF**
| nonmusical
219
Wheezes
**high pitched musical sounds through both insp and exp**
-**cause**: airway constriction
-**conditions**: **asthma**, COPD, bronchitis
| rapid airflow; "silent chest" after wheeze = bad
220
Rhonchi
| in the bronchi
**lower pitched than wheezes + loudest during expiration**
-"snoring" quality
-**cause**: secretions in large airways that clears with cough
-**conditions**: bronchitis, pneumonia
| variant of wheeze
221
Friction rub
**deep harsh grating primarily during insp**
-**cause**: friction of inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing together
-**conditions**: pleuritis or pneumonia
222
Fine crackles
-soft
-high pitched
-mid. tolate insp
-sudden inspiratory opening of lungs
-fibrosis (velcro) interstitial lung disease
223
Coarse crackles
-popping sounds
-early insp lasting throughout exp
-long duration
-disappear w/ cough
-COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, HF
224
Crackles (rales) in HF
**opening of airways narrowed by peribronchial edema**
-coarse
225
Expriatory crackles
most often insp but can hear in exp in COPD and bronchiectasis
226
Stridor
-loud pitched
-musical
-upper respiratory
-louder over neck
-mostly inspiratory
-croup in children
227
Hamman's sign
**crunching or crackling sound best heard over 3-5th ICS during heartbeat**
-pneumomediastinum (air leaked into mediastinum)
-pneumothorax
228
Hamman's sign
**crunching or crackling sound best heard over 3-5th ICS during heartbeat**
-pneumomediastinum (air leaked into mediastinum)
-pneumothorax
229
Loud bronchophony indicates
pneumonia or other consolidation
230
Whispered pectoriloquy
-muffled/absent = normal
-clear/loud = abnormal
231
Biot's respiration
**ataxic respiration**
-periodic breathing
-hyperpnea + apnea
-poor prognosis
-neural damage
232
Kussmaul breathing
metabolic acidosis (DKA) + hyperpnea
-K = ketones
-U = uremia
-S = sepsis
-S = salicylates
-M = methanol
-A = aldehydes
U [null]
-L = lactic acid/lactic acidosis
233
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
**periodic breathing w/ graudal hyperpnea + apnea**
-sleep/hypoxemia, drugs
-hypoperfusion of brain in resp center
234
Tactile fremitus
wall vibrations when speaking
235
Anterior chamber
between cornea and iris
236
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
bleeding in sclera due to strain
237
Hyphema
bleeding into anterior chamber
238
Exotropia
eye deviates outwards
239
Esotropia
eye deviates inwards towards nose
240
Hypotropia
eye turns downward
241
Hypertropia
eye turns upwards
242
Papilledema
disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure
