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Cultural Anthropology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Kinship

A
  • often based on biological or marriage ties
  • all cultures have well defined systems of defining relatives
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2
Q

consanguineal

A

biological kinship

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3
Q

Affinal

A

kin by marriage

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4
Q

fictive kin

A

kinship terms applied to nonkin

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5
Q

Why do anthropologists focus on kinship?

A

various dimensions of culture are interconnected

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6
Q

Kinship function

A
  • not solely based on biological or marriage ties
  • Cultural roles determine kinship
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7
Q

Vertical kinship function

A

binds together multiple generations

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8
Q

Horizontal kinship function

A

binds together across a generation

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9
Q

Kinship classifications

A
  • generations
  • marriage
  • social condition
  • gender
  • relative age
  • kinship by milk
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10
Q

Unilinear

A

ancestry through the mother’s or father’s line, not both

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11
Q

double descent

A

matrilineal and patrilineal

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12
Q

ambilinear

A

choose between mother and father

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13
Q

bilateral

A

equally related

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14
Q

Eskimo classification

A

bilateral descent

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15
Q

Hawaii classification

A

ambilineal

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16
Q

Iroquois classification

A

unilinear

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17
Q

Omaha classification

A

patrilineal

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18
Q

Crow classification

A

matrilineal

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19
Q

Sudanese classification

A

patrilineal

20
Q

Sex

A

biological

21
Q

Gender

A
  • two sexes perceived, evaluated and expected to behave
  • a cultural construct
22
Q

Gendered division of labor

A
  • mass and body strength (women hunt)
  • childcare (work took precedence over childcare)
  • adaptation (women gathers in HG; women food prep, work with domesticated animals in Agrarian)
23
Q

Status

A

multidimensional; varies across societies

24
Q

All known societies

A
  • some relatively egalitarian
  • many patriarchal societies
  • no societies where women as a group are dominant
25
Q

What influences status?

A
  • women’s contributions to maternal welfare and role in distributing these resources
  • descent post marital residence and inheritance
  • overal complexities of societies
26
Q

Egalitarian society

A

Food gathering

27
Q

In which societies does egalitarian decline?

A

horticulture, agrarian, and industrial

28
Q

When does egalitarianism increase?

A

In industrial societies

29
Q

Status and Language

A
  • differing statuses reflected in language
  • in some cultures, genders use different vocabularies
  • genders may have differing speech patterns
30
Q

Defining religion

A
  • “belief in spiritual beings”
  • a set of symbolic forms and acts which relate [humanity] to ultimate conditions of their existence
  • beliefs and symbols… pertaining to a distinction between empirical and super-empirical reality
31
Q

Westerners view

A

science and logic, empirical

32
Q

Religion

A

super-empirical; not be demonstrated

33
Q

Anthropological focus

A

identify, function, and adhere, affect human behavior

34
Q

Social control

A

Positive and negative sanctions encourage acceptable behavior and discourage inappropriate behavior

35
Q

Conflict resolution

A

may reduce stress and frustration that leads to social conflict

36
Q

Group solidarity

A

express identity in emotionally charged environment

37
Q

Cognitive functions

A

may explain the unexplainable

38
Q

Emotional function

A
  • helps individuals cope with anxieties accompany misfortune
  • less control over life; more turning towards supernatural
  • real in their consequences
39
Q

Individualistic Cults

A
  • no religious cults
  • predominate in small scale band societies
  • establishing special relationship with a spirit
  • established through dreams, fasting, body mutilation, smoking hallucinogenics, or isolation
40
Q

Shamanistic

A
  • simplest division of labor
  • supernatural power through birth, training or inspiration
  • have access to supernatural spirit
  • ability to contact the spirit at will
  • becomes spokesperson for the spirit
41
Q

Communal cults

A

groups of ordinary people conduct religious rites and ceremonies for a larger community

42
Q

rites of passage

A
  • to mark the change in persons status
  • to recognize a a wider set of altered social relationships
43
Q

rites of solidarity

A
  • rites directed towards welfare of community
44
Q

Ecclesiastical cults

A
  • most complex religious organization
  • full time clergy formally elected or appointed
  • rituals at regular intervals
  • hierarchal or bureaucratic organization
  • may be linked to central government and use myths and beliefs to support the ruling class
  • few women serve because of the link between ruling and religion
  • clear distinction between laypersons and clergy
45
Q

laypersons

A

provide money and labor

46
Q

clergy in ecclesiastical cults

A

priests conduct rituals on behalf of the lay population

Cultural Anthropology (2 decks)

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