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Anth 200 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization and culture

A

Behaviors, beliefs, knowledge, technologies, etc. are mobile

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2
Q

Media as a courier of culture

A

culture is becoming globalized due to its spread through media (ex. social media)

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3
Q

Digital divide

A

half of the world population is offline

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4
Q

cultural imperialism

A

ideas and practices of one culture imposed upon others

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5
Q

westernization

A

values systems, institutions, and material goods are spreading from west and replacing non-western values

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6
Q

pidgin language

A

language with no native speakers, develops in a single generation after 2 or more language groups come into contact

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7
Q

creole language

A

pidgin language passed on to future generations; more vocab and developed grammar

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8
Q

linguistic diversity

A

has been cut in half in the past 500 years

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9
Q

genocide

A

destruction of a group (killing or preventing birth)

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10
Q

ethnocide

A

destruction of a culture

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11
Q

cultural homogenization

A

cultures are gradually becoming the same

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12
Q

cultural hybridization

A

not one single culture, but many cultures with similarities and differences

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13
Q

popular culture

A

Mass produced media (music, films, shows, ads, etc.) that involves values, belief systems, and cultural practices

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14
Q

globalization and marketing

A

marketing helps globalize western values that encourages consumption

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15
Q

cultural misappropriation

A

process where one entity benefits from another culture without permission and without giving something in return.

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16
Q

cultural borrowing

A

can result from inspiration or respect (diffusion as a part of cultural exchanges)

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17
Q

Consumption (through?)

A

through entertainment, goods, services, and space (ex. national park, amusement park)

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18
Q

competitive consumption system

A

individuals compare and compete based on visible consumables

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19
Q

consumables as symbols and benefits

A

shows identity, status, prestige, success, love and affection, rewards/treats

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20
Q

reference groups

A

the people we look to as models

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21
Q

cumulative impact - ads

A

scholars argue that there is a cumulative impact of all of the messages since they are everywhere and more sophisticated

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22
Q

historic processes

A

20s-30s:marketing research begins
50s: mass production begins, increase in status indicators (cars, fashion, appliances, television)
since 70s: branded products (water, coffee, fashion), willingness to pay for status

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23
Q

marketing/advertising/media

A

research found that heavy TV viewers can have exaggerated understanding of what others have, causing the want for more consumption

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24
Q

upscale bias

A

people living a standard of living that doesnt match their job/income (ex. modern family, friends)

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25
Q

planned obsolescence

A

when tech companies plan to have old products to break, forcing people to buy new products

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26
Q

perceived obsolescence

A

when you think you need to replace something but you don’t (Ex. clothes)

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27
Q

possession overload

A

“everything i own owns me”

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28
Q

body positivity and consumtion

A

today’s society teaches young kids that bodies are objects to be scrutinized, and then tells them that buying stuff is the way to deal with insecurities generated by narrow appearance standards

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29
Q

consumption and the environment

A

this level on consumption is environmentally unsustainable

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30
Q

consumption and economics

A

economic growth is a goal of all countries & an increase of GDP=an increase of production and consumption, which is not sustainable

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31
Q

anthropocene

A

the current geological epoch characterized by human impact

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32
Q

climate change

A

the increase of greenhouse gases causing extreme global warming and many other destructive effects such as natural disasters, and every season getting longer except for winter

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33
Q

permafrost

A

the thawing of the permafrost in siberia has increased 100x in the past 4 years, causing a “carbon bomb” from the carbon and other greenhouse gasses from permafrost entering the atmosphere

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34
Q

fossil fuels

A

coal emissions, use and collection of oil, etc.

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35
Q

mercury

A

being found in air, water, soil, bioaccumulation in fish, and even breast milk - making women of childbearing age vulnerable

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36
Q

air pollution

A

kills more than 4.2 million worldwide per year, is linked to lung and bladder cancer, and a possible relationship found between air pollution exposure in 3rd trimester or pregnancy & autism

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37
Q

e-waste (electronic waste)

A

increasing globally (est 21% global increase between 2015-2019), creates global flows of waste exportation

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38
Q

colorado river

A

not enough snowmelt from climate change - water hasn’t reached colorado river delta since 1992

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39
Q

oceans and plastics

A
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40
Q

displacement

A

increasing from climate change Ex. the pacific island and rising sea levels

41
Q

solastalgia

A

pain experienced when the place where one lives is under assault; desire for the place to continue to give comfort

42
Q

ecological grief

A

an emotional response to loss or change in environment; near or far

43
Q

sustainable consumtion

A

meeting present needs without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs

44
Q

evidence that we are on the right track

A

prices of solar panel/watt drastically decreasing, beginning to reclaim materials from e-waste (ex. lithium recycling plant), there are 50+ business programs in the US that offer degrees with a concentration in sustainability

45
Q

glaciers and climate change

A

mountain glaciers receding and providing less and less water - ex. peruvian andes: majority of water use in peru is from the glaciers because of their dry climate - they are completely dependent on the limited supply of water

46
Q

ascribed social status

A

a position a person is born into

47
Q

achieved social status

A

assumed through the efforts of an individual or family members

48
Q

egalitarian societies

A

all have the same or similar access to resources, as well as power and prestige

49
Q

stratified societies

A

some have more access to some or all resources, power, and prestige

50
Q

caste

A

form of hierarchical society with membership determined by birth, and with no social mobility (ex. india)

51
Q

class

A

another form of a hierarchical society, by socio-economic status

52
Q

socio-economic status

A

status bases on both economic and social factors

53
Q

ethnicity

A

an ethnic group shares beliefs, values, customs, history

54
Q

race

A

not a biological category - a social and cultural construct

55
Q

race and genes

A

GENETICS DOES NOT GIVE US RACE - any two human differ genetically by less than .1%

56
Q

role of the environment in genes

A

begins before we are born - exposure to toxins, nutrition of mother and children, chronic stress, discrimination etc.

57
Q

performance vs. ability

A

performance is not a measure of ability - skiing example: unless we optimize circumstances so that all have the same conditions, we are measuring performance rather than ability

58
Q

ancestry

A

ancestry and genetic makeup do shape us, but it is not the same as race

59
Q

history of race

A

conquest, colonization, and slavery are the roots of the construction of the race concept

60
Q

science and race

A

the history of race from colonization shaped how science explained human variation in the 18th and 19th centuries

61
Q

eugenics

A

concerned with “socially desirable traits” and the elimination of “undesirable” traits via sterilization programs

Problem: most traits shaped by social conditions rather than genes

62
Q

osteoporosis myth

A

that race has a factor in the probability of developing osteoporosis - a claim that black people don’t get osteoporosis (not true)

63
Q

indigenous cultures prior to contact

A

moved around, focused on family, all had access to food and shelter, wealth distribution, less cultural incentive to accumulate

64
Q

indigenous relationship with land

A

access to land was guaranteed; no one had the right to permanently claim land; symbolic, emotional, spiritual, and other meanings are held on land - to lose you rland is to no longer be yourself

65
Q

trends with indigenous contact

A

-Displacement (land considered “unused and available” because land use was different than the european style)
- destruction of subsistence bases
-privatization of communal land
-enslavement and forced entry into waged labor
-violence
-new diseases
-ethnocide and genocide

66
Q

cultural modification

A

the goal of indigenous boarding schools, removing/changing parts of a culture

67
Q

boarding/residential schools

A

ethnic cleansing of native american youth through force - “kill the indian, save the man”

68
Q

resource extraction - indigenous power

A

a theme in which indigenous power/resources are taken from them through land grabs - many times forced off the land without compensation

69
Q

Cerreión coal mine in colombia

A

explosives, dust and other things affect the land and people surrounding it - indigenous wayuu and afro colombian communities displaced (forced off without compensation) by mine

70
Q

hydroelectric / dam projects

A

causes high levels of displacement and violence

71
Q

land grabs

A

lands leased or bought by foreign or local companies and/or governments that pushes native people off the land

72
Q

african palm

A

requires intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides and causes severe deforestation

73
Q

simplification and homogenization - agriculture

A

these result in the conversion of targeted lands into monocultures dominated by a single cash crop of identical genetic makeup, age, and yield

74
Q

mexico, land rights and NAFTA

A

mexico gave indigenous communities the right to communal land in their 1917 constitution but it was reformed under NAFTA in 1994 because NAFTA required privatization of land tenure systems - led to indigenous uprising

75
Q

indigenous communities - revitalization

A

language revitalization, museums and undoing erasures, education

76
Q

International development

A

conceptualization depends on who and when - Poverty alleviation, improving standards of living , engagement with global disparities (inequality within and between countries)

77
Q

international development history

A

support for UN increased after WWII -> shifts away from colonizer/colonized -> 50s-60s: modernity modeled by US, economy = GDP and consumption/production =GDP -> 80s-present: critiques and rejections of development

78
Q

intervention policy/philosophy

A

the idea that one has a superior way of doing things

79
Q

who is engaged in development

A

Development banks (world bank and IMF), regional banks, government agencies, NGOs/INGOs, UN, peace corp

80
Q

concerns with world bank and IMF

A

History - impacts of colonization,
economic harms of neoliberalism (implemented through loan conditions), neocolonialism - control through land rights and resource extraction

81
Q

loan conditions

A

When world bank of IMF gives money, the receiving country must follow a set of “rules” (loan conditions) that they must follow to keep the loan. ex. privatization, cuts in social programs (education, healthcare)

82
Q

NGOs/INGOs

A

(international)non-governmental organizations - not a part of a company/corporation

83
Q

critiques of development

A
  1. development is western centric (neocolonial)
  2. Development is often used as a label for environmentally unsustainable activities (large hydroelectric dams)
  3. Ulterior motives - stemming from the cold war;about strategy rather than helping other people
  4. overlooking/ignoring the importance of culture (assumption of a “one shoe fits all”)
  5. Projects on indigenous lands rarely benefit indigenous peoples
  6. failure to apply gendered and intersectional lenses (ex. privatizing healthcare is more expensive)
  7. the donor system - non-profits depending on donors (corporations, foundations, governments, etc.) who set an agenda/satisfy only their own needs through others; legacy of colonial mentality
84
Q

sustainable development goals

A

17 goals of poverty alleviation, environmental problems, etc.

assumptions - GDP=econ growth
misses - quality of life, inequality, environmental quality, crime, divorce, etc.

85
Q

food sovereignty

A

effort to look at hunger and food systems, prioritizes local decision making, NOT food security - feeding people without asking about/fixing the cause of hunger

86
Q

white saviorism

A

the mentality that the west has all of the answers and will fix other people’s problems, as though the west doesn’t have its own problems

87
Q

decolonizing development

A

instead than using aid as a form of control, use it to truly help other people without ulterior motives

88
Q

tourism

A

a large industry that is used as a popular development strategy

89
Q

tourism and resource use

A

resource use increases as tourism becomes more luxurious (backpacker tourism vs all inclusive resorts)

90
Q

sustainable tourism

A

tourism that meets the needs of the present without also protecting the opportunities for the future

91
Q

ecotourism

A

environmentally and socially responsible tourism

92
Q

tourisms effect on carrying capacity

A

countries carrying capacity exceeded from population growth from tourist and job seekers, which strain the infrastructure (ex. colorado)

93
Q

greenwashing

A

when something is marketed as eco friendly, even if they are not

94
Q

commoditization

A

rituals, traditions, music, etc. transformed into productions to attract tourist or sell

95
Q

displacement

A

tourism related activities frequently push people from their homes/people lose access to place the tourist want to visit

96
Q

bubbles (tourism)

A

all inclusive resorts considered bubbles - no access at all to the rest of the land/locals

97
Q

leakages (tourism)

A

much of the profits from resorts leave the country (up to 90%)

98
Q

neoliberalism and tourism

A

tourism agreements and incentives to foreign companies such as tax breaks, meaning that their not gonna have the money need for local infrastructure projects

Anth 200 (2 decks)

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