Final Exam Flashcards
define bactericidal
kills microbes directly
define antibiotic resistance
when germs no longer respond to the drugs designed to kill them
what are broad spectrum antibiotics
antibiotics that effect a broad range of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria
what are narrow spectrum antibiotics
antibiotics that effect a range of bacteria (ex: affect Gram+ but few Gram-)
define sensitivity
the probability that the test is reactive if the specimen is a true positive
explain subunit vaccines
they use antigenic fragments of a microbe
what are monoclonal antibodies
(Mabs), antibodies produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules
what is a hybridoma
“immortal” cancerous B cell fused with an antibody-producing normal B cell, produces monoclonal antibodies
what is ELISA
(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), it is a test to see if patients’ sample has antigen and the enzyme linked to antibody is the indicator
define bacteriostatic
to prevent microbes from growing
define antibiotic
a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
what is selective toxicity
the killing of harmful microbes without damaging the host
what is an adjuvant
a substance that is added to a vaccine to increase the body’s immune response to the vaccine (aluminum salts improved vaccine effectiveness)
Penicillin was considered a “miracle drug” for what reasons?
Syphilis during WWII; It doesn’t affect eukaryotic cells, it inhibits gram-positive cell wall synthesis, it has selective toxicity, and it kills bacteria
Commercially available antimicrobial agents (i.e., antibiotics) are effective against what?
Killing or slowing the spread of microorganisms
The antibiotic tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome and this does what?
It blocks the binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the mRNA-ribosome complex
The antibiotic cycloheximide binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and this does what?
It prevents the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA in the ribosome from site A to P
What does a zone of inhibition tell you about the effectiveness of an antibiotic?
a larger zone of inhibition usually means that the antimicrobial is more potent
Niclosamide prevents ATP generation in mitochondria. You would expect this drug to be effective against what?
helminths
The antibiotic actinomycin D binds between adjacent G-C pairs, thus interfering with what?
transcription
Rifamycin is an antibiotic that inhibits RNA synthesis which is what type or mode of action?
Polymerase (PCR?)
Antiviral drugs that effectively block the release of viral progeny from the infected cell(s) are compounds that do what?
Enable the progeny virions to leave the infected cells and spread to other host cells; they block receptors so viruses can’t bind to and enter healthy cells
Antiviral compounds that target the cell’s receptors often are referred to as what?
Antiviral drugs
The path of light through the compound microscope
illuminator, condenser, specimen, objective lens, ocular lens
