Final Exam Flashcards
type of plant that contains THC in all of its parts
Cannabis
marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers of this plant
Cannabis
hashish refers to the dried resin from the top of the female version of this plant
Cannabis
plant that for centuries was grown in Western Europe chiefly for its fiber, from which rope was made, without widespread recognition of its intoxicating properties
cannabis
is the abbreviation for tetrahydrocannabinol
THC
is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis
THC
the most psychoactive and common cannabinoid
THC
ingredient in cannabis that has increased in seized samples of marijuana from 1.5% in the 1960s to over 10% in 2008
THC
class of chemical compounds that is naturally found exclusively in the cannabis plant and contributes to the behavioral effects of cannabis
Cannabinoid
class of chemical compounds that includes 85 different types that have been identified in cannabis
Cannabinoid
class of chemical compound that includes cannabinol and cannabidiol
cannabinoid
class of drug that originated in central Asia and was spread to other parts of the world during the second century BCE by a Middle Eastern tribe known as the Scythians
cannabinoid
the intoxicating effects of this class of drug remained unnoticed by Europeans until the publication of Le Club des Hachichins by the French writer Theophile Gautier in 1846
cannabinoid
class of drug that spread slowly through the United States in the early twentieth century by racial minorities and jazz musicians, which did much to shape the perceptions of white legislators and to motivate opponents
cannabinoid
class of drug that was made illegal by the Marijuana Tax Act passed by the U.S. government in 1937
cannabinoid
class of drug that, in 1970 by the U.S. government, was declared in the Controlled Substances Act as having no potential medical use and as having a high potential for abuse, despite considerable medical evidence to the contrary
cannabinoid
class of drug that is currently the most common illicit drug
cannabinoid
class of drug that, although having analgesic and psychomotor-depressant properties, has little effect on the breathing reflex
cannabinoid
for this class of drug, bloodshot eyes is its most common physiological effect
cannabinoid
for this class of drug, heavy use can be detected because the user looks stoned: an appearance marked by a slight droop in the eyelids
cannabinoid
class of drug that causes an intense feeling of hunger, known as the “munchies”, typically 3 hours after smoking it and when other effects have declined
cannabinoid
class of drug that produces an experience typically characterized by swings of mood from euphoric gaiety with hilarious laughter to placid dreaminess
cannabinoid
class of drug that has as one of its most reliable behavioral effects an increase in subjective time rate: experiencing time as passing more quickly
cannabinoid
class of drug has been claimed to cause an amotivational syndrome: apathy, loss of effectiveness, and a diminished capacity or willingness to carry out plans
cannabinoid
for this class of drug, a tolerance to its impairing effect on operant behavior develops within a few days and lasts for more than a month, but shows no tolerance at all to its anorexic effects or to its subjective effects
cannabinoid
for this class of drug, its tolerance is associated with a downregulation/desensitization of cannabinoid receptors in the brain
cannabinoid
for this class of drug, there is little or no evidence to support many myths about it, such as that it directly causes violence, aggression, permanent intellectual impairment, or irreversible brain damage
cannabinoid
for the cannabinoid receptor, is the endogenous ligand: a substance that occurs naturally in the body and activates this type of receptor
anandamide
endogenous neurotransmitter that is released postsynaptically and causes the presynaptic neuron to shut down both excitatory and inhibitory transmission
anandamide
a neurotransmitter that contributes to functions involved in stress recovery
anandamide
class of drug that is primarily characterized by its ability to cause hallucinations, although they are often not taken in high enough doses to do so and other effects seem to be important to the user
hallucinogen
class of drug that typically has the following pharmacokinetics: is taken orally, is effective between 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, has a half-life of 175 to 300 minutes, and has a duration of 8 to 12 hours for its hallucinating effects
hallucinogen
is the abbreviation for lysergic acid diethylamide
LSD
hallucinogenic drug that has a chemical structure that is indoleamine-like
LSD
hallucinogenic drug that is chemically similar to ergot: a fungus that grows on rye and other grains, and that causes hallucinations in the disease known as St. Anthony’s fire
LSD
hallucinogenic drug that is a derivative of lysergic acid, which was first synthesized by the Swiss researcher Albert Hofmann in 1938 and tested on himself in 1943
LSD
hallucinogenic drug that is sold as hits given in blotting paper, gel tabs, or tiny pills called microdots
LSD
is one of the most potent synthetic hallucinogenic drugs, with a minimum dose of only 200 micrograms to produce a full psychedelic experience with visual hallucinations
LSD
is a natural hallucinogenic drug that has a chemical structure that is catecholamine-like
mescaline
is the main psychoactive ingredient in the peyote cactus, which is native to the deserts of Mexico and southwestern United States
mescaline
hallucinogenic drug that is acquired from the dried heads of the peyote cactus and can be consumed orally or soaked in water to create an intoxicating drink
mescaline
refers to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that has chemical and behavioral properties similar to mescaline and amphetamines
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that, prior to its legal reclassification in 1985, was given to patients by psychiatrists in order to enhance intimacy and communication between the patient and the therapist
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that increases monoamine transmission by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of monoamines
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that is known to affect oxytocin, a hormone involved in bonding, which may be the cause of the drug’s empathogenic properites
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that has as its most dangerous effect the loss of heat regulation, since this can lead to hyperthermia and hyponatraemia (electrolyte disturbance)
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that has stimulus properties that do not generalize to cocaine or mescaline, despite being chemically similar to them, but instead generalizes to serotonin agonists
ecstacy
is a natural hallucinogenic drug from the plant Salvia divinorum, which is native to Oaxaca, Mexico and has a long history of use in tribal ceremonies
salvia
hallucinogenic drug that does not chemically resemble other typical hallucinogenic drugs, since it is not an alkaloid (meaning it does not contain a basic nitrogen)
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that differs from other hallucinogenic drugs in that it has no action at 5-HT2A receptors but instead is a highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ecstacy
hallucinogenic drug that is not only very potent (requiring a minimum dose of only 200 micrograms) but also short-lasting (with effects lasting anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes) and shows no tolerance
salvia
class of drug that generally acts as a selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the central nervous system, although it triggers a particular intracellular signaling cascade that is distinct from other 5-HT2A receptor agonists
hallucinogen
class of drug that suppresses the release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus and serotonin from the raphe system
hallucinogen
class of drug that enhances the response of the locus coeruleus to novelty, which may be the cause of it making people feel like they are seeing things for the first time
hallucinogen
class of drug that increases activity within the medial prefrontal cortex, such as by stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors there
hallucinogen
class of drug that (in the case of MDMA) has been shown at doses slightly higher than normal effective doses to cause depletion of serotonin in the brain for 1 week after a single administration
hallucinogen
class of drug that produces images which are initially of geometric quality but in a later stage take the form of meaningful pictures of people, animals, and places
hallucinogen
class of drug that causes the perception of time to be distorted but not in any consistent direction
hallucinogen
class of drug that has as a common side effect acute psychosis or psychedelic crisis when the user is having an unpleasant experience or bad trip
hallucinogen
class of drug that can unpredictably produce its main effect long after the drug has worn off, which is commonly known as flashbacks
hallucinogen
class of drug that in animals has aversive effects, and in humans is self-administered only episodically and typically in smaller doses now than was used in the 1960s since using a high dose is not always a pleasurable experience
hallucinogens
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the enhancement of enjoyment or appreciation of music and social situations
phantasticant
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the user feeling closer to God or the universe
phantasticant
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to having experiences of great emotional or worldly significance, often of a spiritual nature
phantasticant
characteristic of hallucinogens that has made them widely used in traditional religious ceremonies
phantasticant
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to an enhancement of pleasure that can be derived from viewing art and listening to music
phantastican
characteristic of hallucinogens that means literally “mind manifester”
psychedelic
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to accessing and developing unused potentials of the human mind
psychedelic
characteristic of hallucinogens that means literally “touching within”
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the user feeling in touch with their inner self
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the production of personal insights into one’s past and into one’s own mind
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the revealing of repressed thoughts and unrecognized feelings
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the gaining of insights similar to those that psychoanalysis attempts to achieve through psychotherapy
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that suggested that they might be useful tools in psychotherapy
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to an enhanced awareness of emotions and sensations
entactogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that means literally “empathy enhancer”
empathogen
characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the users feeling in touch with others around them
empathogen
What characteristic of hallucinogens made psychiatrists in the 1960s administer them to people undergoing couples therapy?
empathogen
for this class of drug, tolerance develops within 2 or 3 days when taken repeatedly and sensitivity returns within a week
hallucinogen
class of drug that shows cross-tolerance only to drugs of the same class (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline) and not to other drugs such as amphetamine or THC
hallucinogen
for this class of drug, its tolerance is associated with a downregulation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the brain
hallucinogen
class of drug that does not cause a loss of consciousness but rather produces a trance-like state that separates people from sensory experience
dissociative anesthetic
class of anesthetic that produces emergence delirium: experiencing delirium, disorientation, and agitation while recovering from the drug
dissociative anesthetic
class of drug that includes phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine
dissociative anesthetic
class of drug that primarily acts as an antagonist of NMDA receptors through a specific (PCP) binding site on that glutamate receptor
dissociative anesthetic
class of drug that induces significant negative psychotic symptoms and a thought disorder very similar to that seen in schizophrenic patients
dissociative anesthetic
class of drug that produces euphoric feelings, distortions in body image, and a feeling of floating in space
dissociative anesthetic
class of drug that has stimulus properties that generalize only to other drugs known to block NMDA receptors (e.g., dextromethorphan) and not to any other class of drug
dissociative anesthetic
class of drug that is used to treat the psychoses
antipsychotic
class of drug that is used to diminish the symptoms of psychosis that appear in schizophrenia
antipsychotic
class of drug that is also referred to by the term major tranquillizer or neuroleptic
antipsychotic
class of drug that can produce side-effects that result from a deficiency of dopamine along the nigrostriatal pathway
antipsychotic
class of drug that, when given to healthy subjects, causes slower thinking, tiredness, dejection, anxiety, and irritability
antipsychotic
class of drug that is found in animals and humans to have aversive properties that develop slowly with repeated doses
antipsychotic
class of drug that is useful in treating Huntington’s chorea, Tourette’s syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia through its dopamine blocking effects
antipsychotic
state that is characterized by a loss of touch with reality, and may be briefly brought on by drugs or be a life-long battle in the case of disorders, such as schizophrenia
psychosis
in this state people grossly misunderstand and misinterpret events going on around them
psychosis
in this state people respond to events inappropriately in both an intellectual and emotional sense
psychosis
in this state people may experience bizarre hallucinations and have their behavior be guided by delusions
psychosis
is the most well-known of the psychotic disorders
schizophrenia
the name of this psychotic disorder literally means “to split the mind”, which refers to not split-personality but rather a separation of thought, emotion, and behavior
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms
schizophrenia
type of symptoms that are traits that are abnormally present in psychosis
positive symptoms
type of schizophrenic symptoms that hallucinations, delusions, incoherent thought & speech, excessive motor activity, or odd mannequin-like postures would be considered
positive symptoms
type of schizophrenic symptoms that typically develop later in schizophrenia, emerging gradually over years after the onset of other symptoms
positive symptoms
type of symptoms that are traits that are abnormally absent in psychosis
negative symptoms
type of schizophrenic symptoms that affective flattening, anhedonia, alogia, avolition, or social withdrawal would be considered
negative symptoms
type of schizophrenic symptoms that are typically the first to develop in schizophrenia
negative symptoms
side-effect of antipsychotic medication that resembles Parkinson’s disease: tremors, slowed motor functions, stiff limbs, and trouble maintaining balance
pyramidal system = motor cortex , when you want to voluntarily move a body part
basal ganglia (extrapyramidal)
side effects of blocking dopamine in the basal ganglia
extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (EPS)
theory that has been the dominant theory of the neurological basis of schizophrenia from the 1960s to this day
dopamine hypothesis
theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence that dopaminergic circuits progressively deteriorate along with other neurotransmitter circuits in schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
theory that posits that schizophrenia and other psychoses result from excessive dopamine activity in the brain
dopamine hypothesis
theory that is supported by the strong correlation between the therapeutic dose of a typical antipsychotic and the drug’s affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor
dopamine hypothesis
theory that is supported by two main observations: (1) drugs which increase dopamine function can produce psychoses & (2) typical antipsychotics are all dopamine antagonists
dopamine hypothesis
theory that is supported by the fact that typical antipsychotic medications also produce severe EPS
dopamine hypothesis
theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence of differences in D2 receptor densities between individuals with versus without schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
theory that is contradicted by the fact that the therapeutic effect of antipsychotic drugs may be delayed for several weeks despite blocking dopamine activity immediately
dopamine hypothesis
theory that is contradicted by the fact that negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia do not improve with D2 receptor blockade
dopamine hypothesis
theory that is supported by the fact that phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine both produce symptoms similar to the positive, negative, & cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
glutamate hypothesis
theory that is supported by a correlation between a drug’s ability to produce schizophrenia-like symptoms and its affinity to the NMDA receptor’s PCP binding site
glutamate hypothesis
theory that posits that schizophrenia results from glutamate hypoactivity, specifically at the NMDA receptor
glutamate hypothesis
theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence of differences in cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels between individuals with versus without schizophrenia
glutamate hypothesis
theory that is contradicted by the fact that doses of NMDA receptor antagonists that produce schizophrenia-like symptoms increase glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex
glutamate hypothesis
type of antipsychotic medication that is also known as a first-generation antipsychotic
typical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that primarily blocks D2 receptors
typical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that was developed first, before 1975
typical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that is most effective in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, rather than the negative or cognitive symptoms
typical antipsychotic
with this type of antipsychotic medication adverse EPS side-effects commonly occur
typical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that is more likely to cause tardive dyskinesia
typical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that is also known as a second-generation antipsychotic
atypical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that was developed more recently
atypical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that has only a weak affinity for D2 receptors and has a high affinity for D3 & D4 receptors
atypical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that alleviates the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
atypical antipsychotic
with this type of antipsychotic medication adverse EPS side-effects do NOT commonly occur
atypical antipsychotic
type of antipsychotic medication that has a greater ability to block 5-HT2A receptors ((serotonin))
atypical antipsychotic
side-effect of antipsychotic medication that is characterized by uncontrolled restlessness, constant compulsive movement, and sometimes a protruding tongue and facial grimacing
Akathisia
without sit
aka = without
thisia = sit
side-effect of antipsychotic medication that is characterized by involuntary, tic-like, repetitive movements of the face, such as muscle twitching, smacking of the lips, or flicking of the tongue
tardive dyskinesia
for this side-effect of antipsychotic medication the symptoms can be permanent and not go away even after the drug is stopped
tardive dyskenisia
mood disorder that is characterized by depressed mood, loss of appetite, anhedonia, lack of energy, problems sleeping, feelings of worthlessness & guilt, and thoughts of death & suicide
major depressive disorder
mood disorder that can occur in people who do not feel depressed but show anhedonia, weight loss, insomnia, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, and inability to concentrate
major depressive disorder
disorder that has been called the “common cold of mental illness” because large segments of the population experience it at some time in their lives
major depressive disorder
disorder that is currently, in Western cultures, the second leading cause of premature mortality and disability leading to loss of productive life
major depressive disorder
with this disorder women are more likely to have feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and guilt, whereas men are more likely to be tired & irritable, anhedonic, and have insomnia
major depressive disorder
with this disorder the probability of suicide is estimated to be five times greater
major depressive disorder
Based on the results of conditioning studies with animals, if Annie wants to improve her motivation to work and also decrease her performance anxiety, what class of drug would you recommend to her?
antidepressant
class of drug that is used to treat depression
antidepressant
for this class of therapeutic drug the placebo effect accounts for up to 75% of the improvement in depressive symptoms seen with the drug
antidepressant
class of drug that is more effective than stimulants at increasing operant response rates, and also decrease avoidance behavior at doses that have no effect on escape behavior
antidepressant
theory that is contradicted by the fact that the therapeutic effect of antidepressant drugs may be delayed for several weeks despite increasing synaptic monoamine transmitter levels immediately
monoamine theory
theory that is contradicted by the fact that tryptophan depletion has no effect on the mood of individuals with no personal or family history of depression
monoamine theory
theory that is supported by the fact that depressed individuals have low cerebrospinal-fluid levels of 5-HT, its amino acid precursor tryptophan, and its major metabolite 5-H1AA
monoamine theory
theory that posits that depression results from reduced levels of monoaminergic activity, especially serotonin (5-HT) activity
monoamine theory
theory that is supported by the fact that drugs which increase monoamine activity levels enhance mood
monoamine theory
theory that is supported by the fact that drugs (e.g., reserpine) that deplete monoamines, or tryptophan-free diets that deplete serotonin, can produce depression
monoamine theory
theory that is contradicted by a lack of antidepressant effect of CRH antagonists in some clinical trials with depressed individuals
glucocorticoid theory
theory that posits that depression results from hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
glucocorticoid theory
theory that is supported by the fact that stress is the most influential environmental factor that predisposes an individual to depression
glucocorticoid theory
theory that is supported by the fact that depressed individuals show overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as indicated by high levels of CRH & cortisol
glucocorticoid theory
type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking the activity of monoamine oxidase so that monoamines in the cytoplasm are not destroyed and can be available for release
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIS)
taking this type of antidepressant drug before ingesting tyramine-rich food can result in the cheese effect: sympathetic nervous system activation that can potentially result in death
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIS)
what is a monoamine?
serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
what antidepressant involves enzymes?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIS)
type of antidepressant drug that, although classified as a first-generation antidepressant, is actually more similar in function to the second-generation antidepressants
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)
type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking reuptake of the monoamines into presynaptic neurons and so prolongs postsynaptic receptor stimulation
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)
What class of antidepressant drug can have dangerous cardiovascular effects due to its effects upon adrenergic activity through a mechanism that does not involve enzymes**?
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)
type of antidepressant drug that is fluoxetine (Prozac) and is included in the designation known as second-generation antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS)
type of antidepressant drug that is safer than the other types of antidepressant drugs, with fewer of their bothersome side effects
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS)
type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking reuptake of just serotonin into presynaptic neurons and so prolongs postsynaptic receptor stimulation by serotonin
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS)
potentially lethal condition associated with antidepressant drug use that is caused by an acute increase in serotonergic transmission
serotonin syndrome
potentially lethal condition that often results from an interaction between an antidepressant drug and a tryptophan-containing food or other drugs that increase serotonin levels
serotonin syndrome
Neurologic vs. Psychiatric disorders
neurological = usually can measure something that is wrong in brain
Psychiatric = subjective
type of opioid drug that is derived by taking the sap that exudes from the seed pods of the opium poppy and then compressing it into cakes that are dried
opium
type of opioid drug that has been cultivated in the western Mediterranean region since 7000 BCE and was described in writing by the Sumerians in 4000 BCE as a “joy plant”
opium
type of opioid drug whose smoking was first invented by the Chinese when tobacco smoking was banned by a Chinese emperor in 1644
opium
type of opioid drug that was popularly sold in nineteenth century Britain in a form that was dissolved in alcohol, called laudanum
opium
type of opioid drug that naturally contains the following three psychoactive ingredients: morphine, codeine, and thebaine
opium
type of opioid drug whose injection by means of the hypodermic syringe became popular in late nineteenth century America due to the widespread use of its injections to treat wounded soldiers during the Civil War
morphine
is both a type of opioid drug and the major psychoactive ingredient in opium, which accounts for 10% of the weight of opium
morphine
metabolite that heroin and codeine must be converted into within the brain in order to have a direct action on receptors
morphine
is the lesser of the two main psychoactive ingredients in opium, and accounts for only 0.5% of the weight of opium
codeine
minor psychoactive ingredient in opium that is also known as paramorphine
thebaine
minor psychoactive ingredient in opium that is the source of many semisynthetic opioid drugs including oxycodone
thebaine
minor psychoactive ingredient in opium that is the source of the semisynthetic opioid drug found in many prescription analgesics, such as Percocet, Percodan, and OxyContin
thebaine
type of opioid drug that was invented in 1898 by Heinrich Dreser working for the Bayer Company of Germany and originally advertised as having the valuable analgesic effects of morphine without the undesirable side effects of respiratory depression and addiction
heroin
is a semisynthetic opioid drug made by adding two acetyl groups to the morphine molecule
heroin
type of opioid drug that is more powerful than morphine due to its being 10 times more lipid soluble and, therefore, able to get to the brain faster and in higher concentrations
heroin
type of opioid drug that is heated and its smoke inhaled through a tube or straw in the method known as “chasing the dragon”
heroin
law, passed in 1914, that made it illegal to sell or use opioids or cocaine in the United States
harrison narcotic act
law passed by US Congress in 1914 that, in effect, made it illegal to be an addict and illegal for physicians to prescribe opioids to addicts
Harrison narcotic act
class of drug that refers to any drug, natural or synthetic in origin, with properties similar to opium or its main active ingredient
opioid
class of drug that can naturally be obtained from the seedpod of the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum
opioid
class of drug that is frequently given orally as an analgesic because, due to being a weak base, its slow absorption from the digestive system makes it easier to maintain its constant blood levels
opioid
class of drug that has at least four types of receptors, referred to as mu, kappa, delta, and opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptors
opioid
class of drug that has typically been included in cough medicines since, in addition to depressing the vomiting center, it also suppresses coughing
opioid
class of drug that, although depressing the vomiting center, when first administered will typically cause nausea and vomiting
opioid
class of drug that constricts the pupils of the eyes, giving a small pupil appearance, and this effect diminishes only slightly with tolerance
opioid
class of drug that was first medically used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery since it slows the passage of food through the digestive system, but its long-term use can have serious constipation consequences
opioid
class of drug that decreases the level of sex hormones in both men and women, which is thought to be responsible for decreases in the sexual performance, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics, and fertility of users
opioid
are opioid-like substances naturally produced by the brain
endorphins & enkephalins
are endogenously created opioid-like neurotransmitters in the brain
endorphins & enkephalins
is an opioid antagonist synthesized from thebaine that is used to treat opioid overdose because it immediately terminates the actions of all opioid agonists
naloxone
drug that when given to an individual who is physically dependent on opioids will immediately cause withdrawal symptoms
nalaxone
drug that is used to test whether a given effect is mediated by an opioid mechanism, which is established by simply seeing if the effect is blocked by this drug
naloxone
drug that is a very effective and fast-acting antidote to opioid overdose
naloxone
opioid antagonist that is poorly absorbed from the digestive system and so, when mixed with opioid agonists, will only block their effects when taken parenterally and not orally
naloxone
class of drug that, at higher doses, induces a sleepy, trancelike state called a nod, during which the user sees visions or dreams
opioid
class of drug that, although producing euphoria when initially given to experienced users of it, produces unpleasant feelings when used chronically or when given to naïve participants
opioid
class of drug that when given to animals at low doses may increase spontaneous motor activity (SMA), but at high doses decreases SMA or even produces catalepsy – a state in which the body becomes rigid and can be molded into almost any position, which it will maintain for extended periods
opioid
property of opioid drugs that refers to their ability to produce a loss of sensitivity to pain and make a person sleepy
narcotic analgesic
property that analgesic drugs which do not cause sleepiness (e.g., aspirin) would NOT be classified as having
narcotic analgesic
type of analgesic that opioid drugs are sometimes referred to as, but which the textbook avoids using as a term because of its connotations with habit-forming and illegal drugs
narcotic analgesic
class of drug that has a moderate impairing (slowing) effect on the performance (especially psychomotor) of naïve participants but for which tolerance develops in addicted individuals, such as occurred with the “father of modern surgery” Dr. William Halsted
opioid
for this class of drug, alterations in the sensitivities of mu, delta and ORL1 receptors play a role in the development of its long-term tolerance
opioid
class of drug that produces withdrawal symptoms that, while never fatal, produce restlessness, agitation, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and twitching of the extremities (“kicking the habit”)
opioid
withdrawal from this class of drug, while not life threatening, is extremely uncomfortable and resembles a bad case of the flu
opioid
for this class of drug, most users appear to be able to maintain what is called an ice cream habit or chipping - the occasional use of the drug when the opportunities to take it are available, but without the regularity or frequency that is typical of addicts
opioid
for this class of drug, about 25-67% of addicts show a maturing out of its use – the spontaneous discontinuing of its use usually when they are in their 30s or 40s after some 5 to 10 years of use
opioid
is used as a maintenance drug for treating heroin addicts
methadone
opioid drug that has a much longer duration of action and is more effective when taken orally than morphine because it is not significantly destroyed by enzymes in the digestive system
methadone
drug used for maintenance therapy of heroin addiction that also blocks the effects of heroin
methadone
compared to other opioid drugs, this opioid drug has an extremely long duration of action in part because it becomes bound extensively to blood proteins and is not available for metabolism
methadone
for this drug, the only known natural source of it is the tobacco plant, which originated in North and South America and is now used around the world in products manufactured from its dried leaves
nicotine
is the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, which is a variety of plants which belongs to the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family
nicotine
for this drug, its smoking was first linked to cancer by the U.S. Surgeon General’s Report in 1964
nicotine
drug that can be readily absorbed in the form of chewing tobacco, moist snuff, cigar smoke, or pipe smoke by an intrabuccal route of administration
nicotine
drug that can be readily absorbed in the form of dry snuff by an intranasal route of administration
nicotine
drug that can be readily absorbed in the form of cigarette smoke by an inhalation route of administration
nicotine
for this drug, new forms of its administration have been developed that include gum, the patch, nasal sprays, lozenges, and e-cigarettes
nicotine
drug that is a weak base with a pKa of 8.0 which can be absorbed by an intrabuccal route of administration but not if it is delivered in an acidic smoke vehicle, such as cigarette smoke which lowers the pH of saliva to about 5.3
nicotine
drug that is a weak base which can be more readily absorbed by an intrabuccal route of administration if it is delivered in an alkaline smoke vehicle, such as cigar or pipe smoke which raise the pH of saliva to about 8.5
nicotine
drug that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and, although its initial concentrations can leave the brain after about 30 minutes, typically accumulates within the brain throughout the day due to habitual patterns of repeated administration
nicotine
drug that is metabolized by enzymes of the liver and broken down into 2 inactive metabolites - cotinine & nicotine-1’-N-oxide – with a typical half-life of 90-150 minutes
nicotine
drug that is an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
nicotine
type of receptor that is blocked by curare, a poison used on arrow and spear points by some South American tribes to create paralysis by stopping muscle contractions
nicotine
drug that in the peripheral nervous system directly causes neuromuscular and parasympathetic stimulation, and indirectly causes sympathetic stimulation and the release of catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain
nicotine
drug that constricts blood vessels in the skin, which accounts for why smokers tend to have cold skin, increased wrinkles, and do not blush easily
nicotine
drug that is similar to amphetamine and cocaine in the high it produces in regular users and the effects it has upon spontaneous motor activity, conditioned behavior, and performance, but that does not generalize to amphetamine and cocaine
nicotine
drug that has discriminative properties which are due to its effects primarily upon the medial prefrontal cortex and only partially upon the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway
nicotine
drug that must be paired with a conditioned stimulus in a second-order reinforcement schedule to be reinforcing in animals
nicotine
theory of nicotine smoking that states that smokers attempt to maintain a dose high enough to avoid withdrawal symptoms but below a level that has toxic or aversive effects
constant blood level theory
theory of nicotine smoking that is supported by nicotine content effects on titration, with smokers taking deeper and more frequent puffs on low-nicotine cigarettes
constant blood level theory
theory of nicotine smoking that predicts that the first few puffs on a cigarette will be rapid and deep as the smoker tries to raise blood nicotine levels that have fallen since he last smoked
constant blood level theory
theory of nicotine smoking that predicts that smokers will be most motivated to smoke when their blood nicotine levels are low after a period without smoking, such as after a night of sleep
constant blood level theory
theory of nicotine smoking that is contradicted by the low efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, suggesting that additional factors are controlling nicotine intake than just constant nicotine levels
constant blood level theory
theory of nicotine smoking that is contradicted by the rising blood nicotine levels seen with each smoke across the day
constant blood level theory
theory of nicotine smoking that states that the sudden high level of nicotine that occurs when smoke is first inhaled (bolus) intensifies the pleasure and reinforces its effect
nicotine bolus theory
theory of nicotine smoking that is supported by the fact that cigarette smoking is more addictive than other, slower routes of nicotine administration
nicotine bolus theory
theory of nicotine smoking that cannot be explained by a mechanism of action involving a decrease in desensitization of nicotinic receptors, since nicotine receptors enter a desensitized configuration if they are continuously exposed to high concentrations of an agonist and nicotine levels typically never drop before the next puff
nicotine bolus theory
theory of nicotine smoking that accounts for the ability of non-nicotine stimuli to enhance the reinforcing effects of smoking
dual reinforcement model
theory of nicotine smoking that states that nicotine not only stimulates the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway but also enhances the effect of non-nicotine stimuli
dual reinforcement model
theory of nicotine smoking that states that the ability of nicotine to enhance the reinforcing properties of the smell and taste of tobacco smoke make it a more powerful reinforcer
dual reinforcement model
methylxanthine product that is made from a plant that is native to Ethiopia but is now widely cultivated in Africa and South America and in tropical climates all over the world
coffee
methylxanthine product that is made by roasting, grinding, and mixing with boiling water dried berries from a bush with the same name as this product
coffee
methylxanthine product that is made from a plant that is native to Asia and is first known to have been cultivated and sold commercially in China by 780 CE
tea
methylxanthine product that is made from leaves of the Camellia sinesis plant by either steaming them raw (green leaves) or by first drying and oxidizing them (black leaves)
tea
methylxanthine product that contains relatively large amounts of theophylline
tea
methylxanthine product that is made from a plant that is native to South America but is now a more profitable crop in Africa
cocoa
methylxanthine product that is made by fermenting, roasting, and crushing the seeds of the cacao tree
cocoa
methylxanthine product that is mixed with sugar to make chocolate
cocoa
methylxanthine product that contains relatively large amounts of theobromine
cocoa
methylxanthine product that contains substances that resemble anandamide and block its metabolism (agonist)
cocoa
is the best-known member of the methylxanthines
caffeine
is probably the most widely self-administered drug in the world
caffeine
drug that can naturally be found in coffee, tea, and cocoa
caffeine
drug that is typically added to soft drinks
caffeine
drug that is a typical ingredient in many over-the-counter painkillers, cold remedies, stimulant pills, and energy drinks
caffeine
drug that, despite being alkaloid (basic), does not become ionized in the acidic environment of the digestive system since it has a very low pKa of 0.5
caffeine
drug that increases wakefulness by blocking adenosine receptors
caffeine
drug that blocks benzodiazepine receptors as well as stimulate the release of epinephrine in the peripheral nervous system and catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain
caffeine
drug that is similar to amphetamine and cocaine in the effects it has upon spontaneous motor activity, conditioned behavior, and performance, but that also increases responding that has been suppressed by punishment
caffeine
chronic use of this drug leads to an upregulation of adenosine receptors in the brain
caffeine
for withdrawal from this drug, the most common symptom is headaches but also shows decreases in alertness, energy, concentration, and feelings of well-being, and shows increases in irritability and flu-like symptoms
caffeine
is a preparation that appears like a controlled psychoactive drug but instead contains a drug or combination of drugs that are not prescribed or controlled substances
turkey drug
a drug designed to mimic amphetamine or cocaine by containing caffeine in combination with other substances (e.g., ephedrine) would be called this
turkey drug
_____ and _____ are indirect agonists of dopamine and norepinephrine
nicotine and caffeine
disorder that causes sensory disturbances, mild delirium, and excitement as a result of caffeine intake
caffeinism
disorder that causes agitation, twitching, rambling flow of thoughts & speech, irregular heart rhythm, and inexhaustibility as a result of excessive (>1 gram) caffeine intake
caffeinism
disorder that is referred to as caffeine intoxication in DSM-V
caffeinism
type of psychomotor stimulant that is derived from a plant that is native to South America
cocaine
type of psychomotor stimulant that is extracted from the leaf of a small tree known as the coca bush
cocaine
type of psychomotor stimulant that Sigmund Freud proposed be used as a treatment for addictions and depression
cocaine
type of psychomotor stimulant that also acts as a local anesthetic
cocaine
the leaves of this type of psychomotor stimulant are used in the making of Coca-Cola
cocaine
type of psychomotor stimulant that has the shortest duration of action, with a half-life of 45-75 minutes in normally acidic urine
cocaine
type of psychomotor stimulant that acts as a reuptake inhibitor equally to norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin but not as a monoamine substrate-type releaser or MAO inhibitor
cocaine
type of psychomotor stimulant that causes a mild depression (dysphoria), called the crash or comedown, 20-30 minutes after its use
cocaine
psychomotor stimulant with which coke-out occurs: an acute tolerance to its mood-elevating properties with its continuous use
cocaine
equally uses norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
cocaine
form of cocaine that is cocaine mixed with a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), heated until it forms crystalline chunks (rocks), and then smoked in a pipe
crack
form of cocaine that has greater lipid solubility than regular cocaine since a base is added to it which removes the ionic charge from the molecules of cocaine
crack
type of psychomotor stimulant that is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring herb ephedrine
amphetamine
type of psychomotor stimulant that can be synthesized from cold medication containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, iodine, hydrochloric acid, ether, and ammonia
amphetamine
type of psychomotor stimulant that is called crystal, ice, or crystal meth when sold in a powder form that has been recrystalized
amphetamine
type of psychomotor stimulant that has the longest duration of action, with a half-life of 7-14 hours in normally acidic urine
amphetamine
type of psychomotor stimulant that acts as a reuptake inhibitor (primarily to norepinephrine and secondly to dopamine), a monoamine substrate-type releaser, and a MAO inhibitor
amphetamine
type of psychomotor stimulant that a speed freak injects every few hours for days at a time
amphetamine
type of psychomotor stimulant that is derived from a plant that is native to eastern Africa and southern Arabia
cathinone
type of psychomotor stimulant that is found in the leaves of a plant called Catha edulis, and is also known as khat in Yemen, tscaht in Ethiopia, and miraa in Kenya
cathinone
type of psychomotor stimulant that is used primarily in the area where it is grown and not exported for use elsewhere since it degrades shortly after the plant is harvested
cathinone
mephedrone is a synthetic version of this type of psychomotor stimulant that is often sold over the Internet as plant food or bath salts
cathinone
type of psychomotor stimulant that has neither the shortest nor the longest duration of action, with a half-life of about 90 minutes
cathinone
primarily norepinephrine , secondary dopamine
cathinone
class of drug, other than antidepressants, that directly stimulates transmission at synapses that use monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin)
psychomotor stimulant
class of drug that directly stimulates epinephrine transmission at sympathetic synapses and thus mimics sympathetic arousal
psychomotor stimulant
class of drug that is used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the sleep disorder narcolepsy
psychomotor stimulant
class of drug that improves speed, short-term memory, vigilance, and attention but can also produce tunnel vision – the focusing of all attention on only one characteristic or event compared to others and therefore have an increased chance of missing other things in the environment
psychomotor stimulant
high-dosage use of this class of drug results in punding: the repetitive performance of some (usually useless) act for an extended period of time
psychomotor stimulant
high-dosage use of this class of drug can cause monoamine psychosis, which is virtually indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia
psychomotor stimulant
high-dosage use of this class of drug can cause automutilation and formication: the sensation of small creatures (e.g., bugs) crawling around just under the skin
psychomotor stimulant
disorder that causes death as a result of a cocaine overdose
caine reaction
disorder that causes severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and severe convulsions, and then followed by respiratory depression and cardiac failure as a result of excessive cocaine
caine reaction
what class of drugs are all agonists of the GABA-A receptor
depressants
Why do depressants (like alcohol) reduce anxiety?
By decreased activity of your nervous system
has probably been a part of the human diet and that of our hominid ancestors for millions of years
alcohol
all fruit, even ripe fruit, contain a small amount of this because of the sugar and presence of yeasts, and the content of this drug increases as the fruit matures
alcohol
the taste and smell of this drug has been associated with food and nourishment throughout a significant proportion of our evolutionary history, which probably had a big influence on our physiological and behavioral responses to it
alcohol
people have likely been brewing this since agriculture began about 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly on a small scale
alcohol
the earliest proof that humans made this drug involves large earthenware jugs, found in China that date back 9,000 years, and whose contents have been analyzed to show that this drug was made from rice, honey, and fruit
alcohol
the ancient Egyptians, as well as the Assyrians and the Babylonians, drank this drug primarily in the form of beer made from grain, but they also drank it in the form of wine made from grapes
alcohol
the ancient British people drank this drug in the form of beer made from fermented barley, mead made from fermented wild honey, and cider made from fermented apples
alcohol
the Chinese were the first to distill this drug as long ago as 3000 BCE
alcohol
the distillation of this drug did not occur in England until the sixteenth century when a number of Irish settlers started manufacturing and distributing usquebaugh, which, in English, became known as whiskey
alcohol
the condemnation of the use of this drug is known as temperance, and for which there were large organized movements against its consumption during the early nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
alcohol
for this drug prohibition laws were enacted in the United States during the early twentieth century, including in 1917 a ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
alcohol
American consumption of this drug has been speculated by historians to go through cycles, with consumption peaks every 60 to 70 years, and these peaks then followed by declines in use accompanied by preoccupation with health and morality and public concern over the harm that the drug is doing
alcohol
is also known as ethanol for the type of it that is typically consumed
alcohol
is produced by fermentation when yeasts consume sugars dissolved in water
alcohol
has versions that simply result from fermentation (such as wine and beer) as well as versions that require additional distillation (such as whiskey and brandy)
alcohol
in addition to barbiturates, this drug also binds to an allosteric site on the membrane-spanning portion of the GABA-A receptor complex and enhances the effects of GABA
alcohol
the effects of this drug are mediated primarily by its ability to be both a GABA agonist and a NMDA glutamate antagonist, leading to a combined suppression of neural activity
alcohol
this drug is specifically meant to have its effects reversed by amethystic agents, such as antagonists that compete with the drug at its allosteric binding site on GABA-A receptors
alcohol
an NDMA glutamate receptor antagonist
alcohol
Increases inhibition in the brain by being a GABA agonist
alcohol
stops excitation in the brain (glutamate)
alcohol
type of neurotransmitter that is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
type of neurotransmitter system that is thought to mediate the effects of tranquilizers, anaesthetic gases, and alcohol
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
type of neurotransmitter that is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
glutamate
type of neurotransmitter that is the precursor for GABA and can get directly converted into GABA
glutamate
drug that requires a much higher concentration than most other drugs in order to produce its intoxicating effect
alcohol
this drug is typically given at a dose of about 10 grams per administration, which would cause in a typical North American human adult (who weigh on average 180 lbs) a concentration level of approximately 20 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood
alcohol
for this depressant drug neither the pH of the digestive system nor the pH of the blood have an effect on its absorption because its molecules cannot be ionized
alcohol
this depressant drug usually reaches its maximum blood level within 1 hour and 15 minutes after it is consumed, but shows increased absorption rates and sooner peaks if it is taken multiple times during the same session
alcohol
the passage of this drug through the stomach may be facilitated by carbonation, such as in the form of sparkling wines
alcohol
for this drug the most rapid absorption occurs if it is administered in a dosage form that contains 40% of the drug
alcohol
this drug is distributed almost entirely in body water because it dissolves much more readily in water than in fat
alcohol
drug that is distributed rather evenly throughout body water, and crosses the blood-brain barrier without difficulty
alcohol
drug that is metabolized by the body at a rate of about 15 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood per hour
alcohol
metabolism of this drug usually takes place at a steady rate throughout most concentrations of the drug in the blood
alcohol
drug that, when made freely available to animals and humans, shows a somewhat erratic pattern of self-administration with periods of high level intake for several days followed by periods of self-imposed low level intake lasting 2 to 4 days before repeating the cycle
alcohol
chronic exposure to this depressant drug leads to an upregulation of glutamate NMDA receptor channel functioning and the increased sensitivity seen during its withdrawal
alcohol
this drug causes decreases in blood flow to the cerebellum, a region that controls voluntary movement and coordination and that contains GABA-A receptors with the type of subunit that is sensitive to this drug
alcohol
this drug causes an increase in sway apparently as a result of its effect on the sensitive organs of balance in the inner ear, which causes nystagmus - eye movements responsible for the sensation that the room is spinning around - and its effects upon the cerebellum
alcohol
the memory effects of this depressant drug are partially mediated by its antagonistic effect on NMDA receptors in the hippocampus
alcohol
this drug at low doses (50 to 100 mg per 100 ml of blood) makes people more talkative, use a higher pitch of voice, and show mild excitement; at moderate doses (100 to 150 mg per 100 ml of blood) makes subjects appear even more talkative and cheerful, and are often loud and boisterous, though later they become sleepy; at high doses (above 150 mg per 100 ml of blood) may make subjects feel nauseous, become lethargic, enter a stupor, experience a loss of understanding, memory blackout, and unconsciousness
alcohol
the Romberg sway test was designed to detect impairments caused by this drug, where concentrations as low as 60 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood cause a 40% decrease in steadiness that makes it difficult to stand on one foot with eyes closed, and at higher concentrations the lack of steadiness degenerates into staggering and reeling
alcohol
drug that slows reaction time by about 10% at concentrations of 80 to 100 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood, and causes large consistent deficits with larger doses
alcohol
the effects of this drug on driving, in simulators and in real cars on closed tracks, begin to affect performance at about 50 to 80 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood, where participants drove at higher average speeds and exhibited performance deficits, which increased the likelihood of collisions
alcohol
for this drug at low rising concentrations in the range of 87 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood you do not see increased errors in a short-term (2-minute delay) verbal memory task but you do see impaired accuracy of long-term (20-minute delay) verbal memory
alcohol
drug that in low and moderate doses causes dilation of capillaries in the skin, and tends to cause individuals who have taken high doses to have a flushed face
alcohol
drug that produces a temporary sensation of warmth but is no longer recommended as a remedy for people exposed to cold because heat is lost from the skin more quickly and the body cools down faster, to the point where core temperature can become dangerously low in extreme cold
alcohol
drug that animals will self-administer orally when it’s available, but will need to first be forced to take it (e.g., no other food/water available except ones laced with the drug) in order to later voluntarily increase oral intake of the drug to addictive-like levels
alcohol
for this drug animals trained to discriminate it will partially generalize the response to barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and NMDA receptor blockers
alcohol
drug that is toxic and has a typical lethal dose (500 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood) uncomfortably close to the usual social dose (150 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood), with a therapeutic index of about 3.3
alcohol
drug that produces discomfort the next day due to 2 contributing factors: (1) its toxic effects on the body - low blood sugar levels, dehydration, and irritation of the lining of the digestive system - and (2) compensatory responses to it - a rebound excitation of the nervous system after the drug has depressed its activity
alcohol
drug that may increase sexual interest by diminishing inhibitions, but, in higher doses, reduces sexual arousal in both males and females
alcohol
chronic use of this drug (e.g., more than 5 administrations a day for at least 5 years) increases by 8 times the chance of liver cirrhosis and accounts for somewhere between 40 and 90% of liver cirrhosis deaths in the United States
alcohol
excessive use of this drug can cause, either directly or indirectly, a number of disorders of both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including epilepsy, cerebellar syndrome, and dementia
alcohol
the use of this drug is causally related to cancers of the mouth, throat, colon, and liver possibly as a result of the genotoxic effect (gene-damaging properties) of its first metabolite, the acetaldehyde molecule
alcohol
is the main enzyme that breaks down alcohol
alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme that catalyzes first-pass metabolism of alcohol in the stomach
alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme that is involved in the rate-limiting (i.e., slowest) step in alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase
converts alcohol to acetaldehyde
alcohol dehydrogenase
the amount of this substance determines the rate of conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde
alcohol dehydrogenase
is the concentration of alcohol in the whole blood
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
is expressed in terms of milligrams (mg) of the drug per 100 milliliters (ml) of whole blood
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
measurement of drug concentration in the blood that can easily be converted to a percentage of the drug in the blood by simply moving the decimal point three places to the left
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
enzyme that converts the byproduct of alcohol metabolism (acetaldehyde) into acetyl coenzyme A - which is more harmless and helps produce energy and fatty acids
aldehyde dehydrogenase
enzyme that is blocked by the drug disulfiram (Antabuse) that causes, after drinking alcohol, acetaldehyde to build up and the drinker to hence become nauseous
aldehyde dehydrogenase
system that normally metabolizes 5-10% of alcohol, but its activity increases with high continuous levels of blood alcohol
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
the increased activity of this system accounts for 50-65% of the increased alcohol metabolism induced by heavy drinking and partly accounts for alcohol tolerance
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
system that is both stimulated by continuous alcohol use and responsible for the metabolism of a number of other drugs, such as barbiturates
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
system that is responsible for the cross-tolerance to the effects of barbiturates seen in alcoholics
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
uses an enzyme called cytochrome p450 - used for metabolizing alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is only able to remember bits & pieces of the events that occurred during a drinking episode
grayout
type of blackout from alcohol that is more common but less serious
grayout
type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is able to remember missing memories if reminded of these events or if he/she returns to the place where they occurred
grayout
type of blackout with alcohol that is primarily caused by a problem with retrieving memories
grayout
type of blackout with alcohol that is thought to result from dissociation
grayout
type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is unable to remember any of the events that occurred during a drinking episode
en bloc blackout
type of blackout from alcohol that is less common but more serious
en bloc blackout
type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is NOT able to remember missing memories even if reminded of these events
en bloc blackout
type of blackout with alcohol that is primarily caused by a problem with putting memories into long-term storage
en bloc blackout
is the loss of restraint or the inability to withhold inappropriate behavior
disinhibition
phenomenon that is demonstrated by the effects of alcohol on the go-stop task: where subjects are required to withhold a go response if the go signal is followed by a stop signal
disinhibition
phenomenon that is demonstrated when alcohol given to rats increases the response rates that are normally suppressed by an administered shock
disinhibition
phenomenon that is demonstrated when animals who have been administered barbiturates continue to make responses that are normally punished by electric shock
disinhibition
is a stage of alcohol withdrawal that involves agitation, tremors, muscle cramps, vomiting, nausea, sweating, vivid dreaming, and irregular heartbeat
early minor syndrome
type of withdrawal syndrome from alcohol that starts 8-12 hours after withdrawal and is usually over by 2 days after abstinence
early minor syndrome
AKA HANGOVER
early minor syndrome
is also known as delirium tremens, or the DTs
late major syndrome
is a stage of alcohol withdrawal that involves severe agitation, disorientation, confusion, and hallucinations
late major syndrome
during this stage of alcohol withdrawal seizures may occur
late major syndrome
type of withdrawal syndrome from alcohol that starts 2 days after withdrawal and may last as long as 7-10 days
late major syndrome
type of alcohol withdrawal involving hallucinations that do not usually take the form of the proverbial pink elephant, but frequently involve smaller animals (e.g., rats, bats, or insects)
late major syndrome
syndrome that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss
korsakoff’s syndrome
syndrome that results from deficiency of thiamin (vitamin B1), which is common among many alcoholics
korsakoff’s syndrome
syndrome that is caused by the use of alcohol during pregnancy and results in a number of behavioral, anatomical, and physiological irregularities in the child
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
syndrome that is produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and is manifested as mental retardation, poor coordination, loss of muscle tone, and characteristic facial features
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
phenomenon that occurs when substances that are physiologically stressful and toxic at high doses are beneficial at low doses
hormesis
phenomenon that may reflect an evolutionary adaptation to alcohol that maximizes its benefits and minimizes its harm
hormesis
concept that explains the U-shaped relationship seen, in adults over the age of 45, between alcohol consumption and overall mortality rates, as well as for the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, ischemic strokes, and age-related dementias
hormesis
concept that accounts for the estimated 80,000 more deaths from coronary heart disease each year in the United States that would occur if all consumption of alcohol ceased
hormesis
concept that accounts for the fact that alcohol in a low to moderate dose may trigger a sort of protective effect on the immune system, but in excessive amounts can produce adverse effects on the immune system
hormesis
property of depressant drugs that is the reason why they are sometimes referred to as tranquilizers
anxiolytic
property of depressant drugs that makes them therapeutically useful to treat agitation and anxiety disorders
anxiolytic
the medicinal property of depressant drugs that is due mainly to their ability to increase GABA-A receptor activity but only if relatively slowly to avoid sedation
anxiolytic
property of depressant drugs that causes a decrease in avoidance behavior at doses that do not cause much effect upon escape behavior or positively motivated behavior
anxiolytic
property of benzodiazepines that reduces defensive aggression but not unprovoked aggression or attack behavior
anxiolytic
property of depressant drugs that is the reason why they are sometimes referred to as sleeping pills
sedative-hypnotic
property of depressant drugs that makes them therapeutically useful to sedate and aid sleep
sedative-hypnotic
the medicinal property of depressant drugs that is due mainly to their ability to increase GABA-A receptor activity if done relatively quickly
sedative-hypnotic
property of benzodiazepines, that if administered in the daytime, is found to be unpleasant by most normal healthy volunteers, unless they have a history of depressant drug abuse, moderate alcohol use, or opioid use
sedative-hypnotic
was first synthesized in 1864, and, for over 100 years, was one of the most useful drugs in the physician’s black bag for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia, replacing brandy, bromides, and opium as tranquillizers
barbiturates
was essentially the only drug used as a sedative and tranquillizer from the 1920s to mid-1950s
barbiturates
depressant drug that, since the 1960s, has declined in medical use and increased in illicit use
barbiturates
in the 1960s, this drug was sold illicitly on the streets as “downers“
barbiturates
drug that has the generic drug name stem of barbital
barbiturates
drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that at low doses increases the affinity of the GABA receptor to co-occurring GABA but at high doses can stimulate the GABA receptor to open on its own
barbiturates
depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, for which there is NO upper limit on its inhibitory effect on the brain
barbiturates
depressant drug that is an anticonvulsant that would more likely be used for long-term control of epilepsy
barbiturates
depressant drug that has few physiological effects at low doses, apart from a depression in respiration and a slight drop in blood pressure
barbiturates
animals trained to discriminate benzodiazepines will generalize the response to alcohol and this other depressant drug
barbiturates
depressant drug that shows cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines and alcohol
barbiturates
depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that can in high doses produce unconsciousness and anesthesia, and be life-threatening due to its inhibition of the autonomic centers in the brainstem causing depressed breathing
barbiturates
is the most common anxiolytic and sedative drug in use today
benzodiazepines
drug that was first tested in the 1950s as an anxiolytic in order to create a safer alternative to barbiturates
benzodiazepines
since the 1960s, this drug became increasingly synthesized and tested, and a number of different types of it were eventually marketed as anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, muscle relaxants, and seizure suppressants
benzodiazepines
drug that has the generic drug name stem of azepam
benzodiazepines
drug that diazepam is a fast-acting type of, which reaches peak blood levels in about 30 to 60 minutes after administration
benzodiazepines
drug that oxazepam is a slow-acting type of, which may take several hours to reach peak blood levels after administration
benzodiazepines
the duration of the effect of this drug is not always determined by its half-life because the metabolites of some of its older types (e.g., diazepam), but not the metabolites of its newer types (e.g., oxazepam), are also active
benzodiazepines
drug that binds to an allosteric site at the interface of one of the alpha subunits and the gamma subunit of the GABA-A receptor complex and enhances the effects of GABA
benzodiazepines
drug that at both low and high doses increases the affinity of the GABA receptor to co-occurring GABA but does NOT stimulate the GABA receptor to open on its own
benzodiazepines
drug that enhances the effects of adenosine by blocking its reuptake and permitting its accumulation
benzodiazepines
drug that produces anxiolysis (anxiety reduction) and alteration of mood by activation of GABA-A receptors in the cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus, limbic system, and interrelated structures that are known to regulate emotion
benzodiazepines
for this depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, there is an upper limit on its inhibitory effect on the brain
benzodiazepines
depressant drug that is an anticonvulsant that is useful in treating petit mal seizures and infantile spasms, but is typically not used for long-term control of epilepsy
benzodiazepines
depressant drug that does not, even at high doses, produce a significant depression of respiration, change in heart rate, or change in blood pressure
benzodiazepines
Animals trained to discriminate barbiturates will generalize the response to alcohol and this other depressant drug
benzodiazepines
drug that the sedative-hypnotic, nitrazepam, would be a type of, which shows a withdrawal rebound in REM sleep and insomnia that reaches a peak about 10 days after the drug is stopped and that may last for several weeks
benzodiazepines
depressant drug that shows cross-tolerance with barbiturates and alcohol
benzodiazepines
depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that can in high doses cause extreme sedation and grogginess but is NOT, by itself, life threatening
benzodiazepines
depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that is considered less addicting than the barbiturates, although it is known to have abuse potential
benzodiazepines
type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that is seen in individuals who have taken high doses of the drug for at least one month
sedative-hypnotic withdrawal
type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that involves symptoms of tremors, delirium, cramps, and possibly, convulsions
sedative-hypnotic withdrawal
type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that starts within a few days of abstinence and is gone within about 10 days
sedative-hypnotic withdrawal
type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that is seen in individuals who have taken low therapeutic doses of the drug for more than 6 months
low-dose withdrawal
type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that involves symptoms of anxiety, panic, irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, impaired memory and concentration, feelings of unreality, muscle spasm, and a sensitivity to lights and sounds
low-dose withdrawal
type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that typically cycles every 10 days and can last anywhere from 2 weeks to as long as a year
low-dose withdrawal
is a physician-caused pattern of drug use in which the prescribed drug is continued unnecessarily, or the dose is escalated
iatrogenic
is the most common pattern of benzodiazepine self-administration that humans show outside the laboratory, aside from its use for legitimate medical conditions
iatrogenic
What are the 3 major types of depressants?
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
What are the 3 major stimulants?
Nicotine, Methylxanthines, Psychomotor Stimulants
What are the 3 methylxanthines?
caffeine (coffee), theophylline (tea), theobromine (cocoa)
What are the 3 psychomotor stimulants?
cocaine, amphetamine, cathinone
What are the 4 hallucinogens?
LSD, mescaline, salvia, ecstasy
What is the drug class and the drug:
caffeine, psychomotor stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens, amphetamine, ecstasy
Drug Class: opioid, psychomotor stimulants, hallucinogens
Drug: caffeine, amphetamine, ecstasy
