Final Exam

Question 1

type of plant that contains THC in all of its parts

Answer 1

Cannabis

Question 2

marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers of this plant

Answer 2

Cannabis

Question 3

hashish refers to the dried resin from the top of the female version of this plant

Answer 3

Cannabis

Question 4

plant that for centuries was grown in Western Europe chiefly for its fiber, from which rope was made, without widespread recognition of its intoxicating properties

Answer 4

cannabis

Question 5

is the abbreviation for tetrahydrocannabinol

Answer 5

THC

Question 6

is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis

Answer 6

THC

Question 7

the most psychoactive and common cannabinoid

Answer 7

THC

Question 8

ingredient in cannabis that has increased in seized samples of marijuana from 1.5% in the 1960s to over 10% in 2008

Answer 8

THC

Question 9

class of chemical compounds that is naturally found exclusively in the cannabis plant and contributes to the behavioral effects of cannabis

Answer 9

Cannabinoid

Question 10

class of chemical compounds that includes 85 different types that have been identified in cannabis

Answer 10

Cannabinoid

Question 11

class of chemical compound that includes cannabinol and cannabidiol

Answer 11

cannabinoid

Question 12

class of drug that originated in central Asia and was spread to other parts of the world during the second century BCE by a Middle Eastern tribe known as the Scythians

Answer 12

cannabinoid

Question 13

the intoxicating effects of this class of drug remained unnoticed by Europeans until the publication of Le Club des Hachichins by the French writer Theophile Gautier in 1846

Answer 13

cannabinoid

Question 14

class of drug that spread slowly through the United States in the early twentieth century by racial minorities and jazz musicians, which did much to shape the perceptions of white legislators and to motivate opponents

Answer 14

cannabinoid

Question 15

class of drug that was made illegal by the Marijuana Tax Act passed by the U.S. government in 1937

Answer 15

cannabinoid

Question 16

class of drug that, in 1970 by the U.S. government, was declared in the Controlled Substances Act as having no potential medical use and as having a high potential for abuse, despite considerable medical evidence to the contrary

Answer 16

cannabinoid

Question 17

class of drug that is currently the most common illicit drug

Answer 17

cannabinoid

Question 18

class of drug that, although having analgesic and psychomotor-depressant properties, has little effect on the breathing reflex

Answer 18

cannabinoid

Question 19

for this class of drug, bloodshot eyes is its most common physiological effect

Answer 19

cannabinoid

Question 20

for this class of drug, heavy use can be detected because the user looks stoned: an appearance marked by a slight droop in the eyelids

Answer 20

cannabinoid

Question 21

class of drug that causes an intense feeling of hunger, known as the “munchies”, typically 3 hours after smoking it and when other effects have declined

Answer 21

cannabinoid

Question 22

class of drug that produces an experience typically characterized by swings of mood from euphoric gaiety with hilarious laughter to placid dreaminess

Answer 22

cannabinoid

Question 23

class of drug that has as one of its most reliable behavioral effects an increase in subjective time rate: experiencing time as passing more quickly

Answer 23

cannabinoid

Question 24

class of drug has been claimed to cause an amotivational syndrome: apathy, loss of effectiveness, and a diminished capacity or willingness to carry out plans

Answer 24

cannabinoid

Question 25

for this class of drug, a tolerance to its impairing effect on operant behavior develops within a few days and lasts for more than a month, but shows no tolerance at all to its anorexic effects or to its subjective effects

Answer 25

cannabinoid

Question 26

for this class of drug, its tolerance is associated with a downregulation/desensitization of cannabinoid receptors in the brain

Answer 26

cannabinoid

Question 27

for this class of drug, there is little or no evidence to support many myths about it, such as that it directly causes violence, aggression, permanent intellectual impairment, or irreversible brain damage

Answer 27

cannabinoid

Question 28

for the cannabinoid receptor, is the endogenous ligand: a substance that occurs naturally in the body and activates this type of receptor

Answer 28

anandamide

Question 29

endogenous neurotransmitter that is released postsynaptically and causes the presynaptic neuron to shut down both excitatory and inhibitory transmission

Answer 29

anandamide

Question 30

a neurotransmitter that contributes to functions involved in stress recovery

Answer 30

anandamide

Question 31

class of drug that is primarily characterized by its ability to cause hallucinations, although they are often not taken in high enough doses to do so and other effects seem to be important to the user

Answer 31

hallucinogen

Question 32

class of drug that typically has the following pharmacokinetics: is taken orally, is effective between 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, has a half-life of 175 to 300 minutes, and has a duration of 8 to 12 hours for its hallucinating effects

Answer 32

hallucinogen

Question 33

is the abbreviation for lysergic acid diethylamide

Answer 33

LSD

Question 34

hallucinogenic drug that has a chemical structure that is indoleamine-like

Answer 34

LSD

Question 35

hallucinogenic drug that is chemically similar to ergot: a fungus that grows on rye and other grains, and that causes hallucinations in the disease known as St. Anthony’s fire

Answer 35

LSD

Question 36

hallucinogenic drug that is a derivative of lysergic acid, which was first synthesized by the Swiss researcher Albert Hofmann in 1938 and tested on himself in 1943

Answer 36

LSD

Question 37

hallucinogenic drug that is sold as hits given in blotting paper, gel tabs, or tiny pills called microdots

Answer 37

LSD

Question 38

is one of the most potent synthetic hallucinogenic drugs, with a minimum dose of only 200 micrograms to produce a full psychedelic experience with visual hallucinations

Answer 38

LSD

Question 39

is a natural hallucinogenic drug that has a chemical structure that is catecholamine-like

Answer 39

mescaline

Question 40

is the main psychoactive ingredient in the peyote cactus, which is native to the deserts of Mexico and southwestern United States

Answer 40

mescaline

Question 41

hallucinogenic drug that is acquired from the dried heads of the peyote cactus and can be consumed orally or soaked in water to create an intoxicating drink

Answer 41

mescaline

Question 42

refers to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

Answer 42

ecstacy

Question 43

hallucinogenic drug that has chemical and behavioral properties similar to mescaline and amphetamines

Answer 43

ecstacy

Question 44

hallucinogenic drug that, prior to its legal reclassification in 1985, was given to patients by psychiatrists in order to enhance intimacy and communication between the patient and the therapist

Answer 44

ecstacy

Question 45

hallucinogenic drug that increases monoamine transmission by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of monoamines

Answer 45

ecstacy

Question 46

hallucinogenic drug that is known to affect oxytocin, a hormone involved in bonding, which may be the cause of the drug’s empathogenic properites

Answer 46

ecstacy

Question 47

hallucinogenic drug that has as its most dangerous effect the loss of heat regulation, since this can lead to hyperthermia and hyponatraemia (electrolyte disturbance)

Answer 47

ecstacy

Question 48

hallucinogenic drug that has stimulus properties that do not generalize to cocaine or mescaline, despite being chemically similar to them, but instead generalizes to serotonin agonists

Answer 48

ecstacy

Question 49

is a natural hallucinogenic drug from the plant Salvia divinorum, which is native to Oaxaca, Mexico and has a long history of use in tribal ceremonies

Answer 49

salvia

Question 50

hallucinogenic drug that does not chemically resemble other typical hallucinogenic drugs, since it is not an alkaloid (meaning it does not contain a basic nitrogen)

Answer 50

ecstacy

Question 51

hallucinogenic drug that differs from other hallucinogenic drugs in that it has no action at 5-HT2A receptors but instead is a highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist

Answer 51

ecstacy

Question 52

hallucinogenic drug that is not only very potent (requiring a minimum dose of only 200 micrograms) but also short-lasting (with effects lasting anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes) and shows no tolerance

Answer 52

salvia

Question 53

class of drug that generally acts as a selective 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the central nervous system, although it triggers a particular intracellular signaling cascade that is distinct from other 5-HT2A receptor agonists

Answer 53

hallucinogen

Question 54

class of drug that suppresses the release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus and serotonin from the raphe system

Answer 54

hallucinogen

Question 55

class of drug that enhances the response of the locus coeruleus to novelty, which may be the cause of it making people feel like they are seeing things for the first time

Answer 55

hallucinogen

Question 56

class of drug that increases activity within the medial prefrontal cortex, such as by stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors there

Answer 56

hallucinogen

Question 57

class of drug that (in the case of MDMA) has been shown at doses slightly higher than normal effective doses to cause depletion of serotonin in the brain for 1 week after a single administration

Answer 57

hallucinogen

Question 58

class of drug that produces images which are initially of geometric quality but in a later stage take the form of meaningful pictures of people, animals, and places

Answer 58

hallucinogen

Question 59

class of drug that causes the perception of time to be distorted but not in any consistent direction

Answer 59

hallucinogen

Question 60

class of drug that has as a common side effect acute psychosis or psychedelic crisis when the user is having an unpleasant experience or bad trip

Answer 60

hallucinogen

Question 61

class of drug that can unpredictably produce its main effect long after the drug has worn off, which is commonly known as flashbacks

Answer 61

hallucinogen

Question 62

class of drug that in animals has aversive effects, and in humans is self-administered only episodically and typically in smaller doses now than was used in the 1960s since using a high dose is not always a pleasurable experience

Answer 62

hallucinogens

Question 63

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the enhancement of enjoyment or appreciation of music and social situations

Answer 63

phantasticant

Question 64

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the user feeling closer to God or the universe

Answer 64

phantasticant

Question 65

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to having experiences of great emotional or worldly significance, often of a spiritual nature

Answer 65

phantasticant

Question 66

characteristic of hallucinogens that has made them widely used in traditional religious ceremonies

Answer 66

phantasticant

Question 67

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to an enhancement of pleasure that can be derived from viewing art and listening to music

Answer 67

phantastican

Question 68

characteristic of hallucinogens that means literally “mind manifester”

Answer 68

psychedelic

Question 69

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to accessing and developing unused potentials of the human mind

Answer 69

psychedelic

Question 70

characteristic of hallucinogens that means literally “touching within”

Answer 70

entactogen

Question 71

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the user feeling in touch with their inner self

Answer 71

entactogen

Question 72

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the production of personal insights into one’s past and into one’s own mind

Answer 72

entactogen

Question 73

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the revealing of repressed thoughts and unrecognized feelings

Answer 73

entactogen

Question 74

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the gaining of insights similar to those that psychoanalysis attempts to achieve through psychotherapy

Answer 74

entactogen

Question 75

characteristic of hallucinogens that suggested that they might be useful tools in psychotherapy

Answer 75

entactogen

Question 76

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to an enhanced awareness of emotions and sensations

Answer 76

entactogen

Question 77

characteristic of hallucinogens that means literally “empathy enhancer”

Answer 77

empathogen

Question 78

characteristic of hallucinogens that refers to the users feeling in touch with others around them

Answer 78

empathogen

Question 79

What characteristic of hallucinogens made psychiatrists in the 1960s administer them to people undergoing couples therapy?

Answer 79

empathogen

Question 80

for this class of drug, tolerance develops within 2 or 3 days when taken repeatedly and sensitivity returns within a week

Answer 80

hallucinogen

Question 81

class of drug that shows cross-tolerance only to drugs of the same class (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline) and not to other drugs such as amphetamine or THC

Answer 81

hallucinogen

Question 82

for this class of drug, its tolerance is associated with a downregulation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the brain

Answer 82

hallucinogen

Question 83

class of drug that does not cause a loss of consciousness but rather produces a trance-like state that separates people from sensory experience

Answer 83

dissociative anesthetic

Question 84

class of anesthetic that produces emergence delirium: experiencing delirium, disorientation, and agitation while recovering from the drug

Answer 84

dissociative anesthetic

Question 85

class of drug that includes phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine

Answer 85

dissociative anesthetic

Question 86

class of drug that primarily acts as an antagonist of NMDA receptors through a specific (PCP) binding site on that glutamate receptor

Answer 86

dissociative anesthetic

Question 87

class of drug that induces significant negative psychotic symptoms and a thought disorder very similar to that seen in schizophrenic patients

Answer 87

dissociative anesthetic

Question 88

class of drug that produces euphoric feelings, distortions in body image, and a feeling of floating in space

Answer 88

dissociative anesthetic

Question 89

class of drug that has stimulus properties that generalize only to other drugs known to block NMDA receptors (e.g., dextromethorphan) and not to any other class of drug

Answer 89

dissociative anesthetic

Question 90

class of drug that is used to treat the psychoses

Answer 90

antipsychotic

Question 91

class of drug that is used to diminish the symptoms of psychosis that appear in schizophrenia

Answer 91

antipsychotic

Question 92

class of drug that is also referred to by the term major tranquillizer or neuroleptic

Answer 92

antipsychotic

Question 93

class of drug that can produce side-effects that result from a deficiency of dopamine along the nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 93

antipsychotic

Question 94

class of drug that, when given to healthy subjects, causes slower thinking, tiredness, dejection, anxiety, and irritability

Answer 94

antipsychotic

Question 95

class of drug that is found in animals and humans to have aversive properties that develop slowly with repeated doses

Answer 95

antipsychotic

Question 96

class of drug that is useful in treating Huntington’s chorea, Tourette’s syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia through its dopamine blocking effects

Answer 96

antipsychotic

Question 97

state that is characterized by a loss of touch with reality, and may be briefly brought on by drugs or be a life-long battle in the case of disorders, such as schizophrenia

Answer 97

psychosis

Question 98

in this state people grossly misunderstand and misinterpret events going on around them

Answer 98

psychosis

Question 99

in this state people respond to events inappropriately in both an intellectual and emotional sense

Answer 99

psychosis

Question 100

in this state people may experience bizarre hallucinations and have their behavior be guided by delusions

Answer 100

psychosis

Question 101

is the most well-known of the psychotic disorders

Answer 101

schizophrenia

Question 102

the name of this psychotic disorder literally means “to split the mind”, which refers to not split-personality but rather a separation of thought, emotion, and behavior

Answer 102

schizophrenia

Question 103

psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms

Answer 103

schizophrenia

Question 104

type of symptoms that are traits that are abnormally present in psychosis

Answer 104

positive symptoms

Question 105

type of schizophrenic symptoms that hallucinations, delusions, incoherent thought & speech, excessive motor activity, or odd mannequin-like postures would be considered

Answer 105

positive symptoms

Question 106

type of schizophrenic symptoms that typically develop later in schizophrenia, emerging gradually over years after the onset of other symptoms

Answer 106

positive symptoms

Question 107

type of symptoms that are traits that are abnormally absent in psychosis

Answer 107

negative symptoms

Question 108

type of schizophrenic symptoms that affective flattening, anhedonia, alogia, avolition, or social withdrawal would be considered

Answer 108

negative symptoms

Question 109

type of schizophrenic symptoms that are typically the first to develop in schizophrenia

Answer 109

negative symptoms

Question 110

side-effect of antipsychotic medication that resembles Parkinson’s disease: tremors, slowed motor functions, stiff limbs, and trouble maintaining balance

pyramidal system = motor cortex , when you want to voluntarily move a body part

basal ganglia (extrapyramidal)

side effects of blocking dopamine in the basal ganglia

Answer 110

extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (EPS)

Question 111

theory that has been the dominant theory of the neurological basis of schizophrenia from the 1960s to this day

Answer 111

dopamine hypothesis

Question 112

theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence that dopaminergic circuits progressively deteriorate along with other neurotransmitter circuits in schizophrenia

Answer 112

dopamine hypothesis

Question 113

theory that posits that schizophrenia and other psychoses result from excessive dopamine activity in the brain

Answer 113

dopamine hypothesis

Question 114

theory that is supported by the strong correlation between the therapeutic dose of a typical antipsychotic and the drug’s affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor

Answer 114

dopamine hypothesis

Question 115

theory that is supported by two main observations: (1) drugs which increase dopamine function can produce psychoses & (2) typical antipsychotics are all dopamine antagonists

Answer 115

dopamine hypothesis

Question 116

theory that is supported by the fact that typical antipsychotic medications also produce severe EPS

Answer 116

dopamine hypothesis

Question 117

theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence of differences in D2 receptor densities between individuals with versus without schizophrenia

Answer 117

dopamine hypothesis

Question 118

theory that is contradicted by the fact that the therapeutic effect of antipsychotic drugs may be delayed for several weeks despite blocking dopamine activity immediately

Answer 118

dopamine hypothesis

Question 119

theory that is contradicted by the fact that negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia do not improve with D2 receptor blockade

Answer 119

dopamine hypothesis

Question 120

theory that is supported by the fact that phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine both produce symptoms similar to the positive, negative, & cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 120

glutamate hypothesis

Question 121

theory that is supported by a correlation between a drug’s ability to produce schizophrenia-like symptoms and its affinity to the NMDA receptor’s PCP binding site

Answer 121

glutamate hypothesis

Question 122

theory that posits that schizophrenia results from glutamate hypoactivity, specifically at the NMDA receptor

Answer 122

glutamate hypothesis

Question 123

theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence of differences in cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels between individuals with versus without schizophrenia

Answer 123

glutamate hypothesis

Question 124

theory that is contradicted by the fact that doses of NMDA receptor antagonists that produce schizophrenia-like symptoms increase glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex

Answer 124

glutamate hypothesis

Question 125

type of antipsychotic medication that is also known as a first-generation antipsychotic

Answer 125

typical antipsychotic

Question 126

type of antipsychotic medication that primarily blocks D2 receptors

Answer 126

typical antipsychotic

Question 127

type of antipsychotic medication that was developed first, before 1975

Answer 127

typical antipsychotic

Question 128

type of antipsychotic medication that is most effective in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, rather than the negative or cognitive symptoms

Answer 128

typical antipsychotic

Question 129

with this type of antipsychotic medication adverse EPS side-effects commonly occur

Answer 129

typical antipsychotic

Question 130

type of antipsychotic medication that is more likely to cause tardive dyskinesia

Answer 130

typical antipsychotic

Question 131

type of antipsychotic medication that is also known as a second-generation antipsychotic

Answer 131

atypical antipsychotic

Question 132

type of antipsychotic medication that was developed more recently

Answer 132

atypical antipsychotic

Question 133

type of antipsychotic medication that has only a weak affinity for D2 receptors and has a high affinity for D3 & D4 receptors

Answer 133

atypical antipsychotic

Question 134

type of antipsychotic medication that alleviates the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 134

atypical antipsychotic

Question 135

with this type of antipsychotic medication adverse EPS side-effects do NOT commonly occur

Answer 135

atypical antipsychotic

Question 136

type of antipsychotic medication that has a greater ability to block 5-HT2A receptors ((serotonin))

Answer 136

atypical antipsychotic

Question 137

side-effect of antipsychotic medication that is characterized by uncontrolled restlessness, constant compulsive movement, and sometimes a protruding tongue and facial grimacing

Answer 137

Akathisia

without sit
aka = without
thisia = sit

Question 138

side-effect of antipsychotic medication that is characterized by involuntary, tic-like, repetitive movements of the face, such as muscle twitching, smacking of the lips, or flicking of the tongue

Answer 138

tardive dyskinesia

Question 139

for this side-effect of antipsychotic medication the symptoms can be permanent and not go away even after the drug is stopped

Answer 139

tardive dyskenisia

Question 140

mood disorder that is characterized by depressed mood, loss of appetite, anhedonia, lack of energy, problems sleeping, feelings of worthlessness & guilt, and thoughts of death & suicide

Answer 140

major depressive disorder

Question 141

mood disorder that can occur in people who do not feel depressed but show anhedonia, weight loss, insomnia, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, and inability to concentrate

Answer 141

major depressive disorder

Question 142

disorder that has been called the “common cold of mental illness” because large segments of the population experience it at some time in their lives

Answer 142

major depressive disorder

Question 143

disorder that is currently, in Western cultures, the second leading cause of premature mortality and disability leading to loss of productive life

Answer 143

major depressive disorder

Question 144

with this disorder women are more likely to have feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and guilt, whereas men are more likely to be tired & irritable, anhedonic, and have insomnia

Answer 144

major depressive disorder

Question 145

with this disorder the probability of suicide is estimated to be five times greater

Answer 145

major depressive disorder

Question 146

Based on the results of conditioning studies with animals, if Annie wants to improve her motivation to work and also decrease her performance anxiety, what class of drug would you recommend to her?

Answer 146

antidepressant

Question 147

class of drug that is used to treat depression

Answer 147

antidepressant

Question 148

for this class of therapeutic drug the placebo effect accounts for up to 75% of the improvement in depressive symptoms seen with the drug

Answer 148

antidepressant

Question 149

class of drug that is more effective than stimulants at increasing operant response rates, and also decrease avoidance behavior at doses that have no effect on escape behavior

Answer 149

antidepressant

Question 150

theory that is contradicted by the fact that the therapeutic effect of antidepressant drugs may be delayed for several weeks despite increasing synaptic monoamine transmitter levels immediately

Answer 150

monoamine theory

Question 151

theory that is contradicted by the fact that tryptophan depletion has no effect on the mood of individuals with no personal or family history of depression

Answer 151

monoamine theory

Question 152

theory that is supported by the fact that depressed individuals have low cerebrospinal-fluid levels of 5-HT, its amino acid precursor tryptophan, and its major metabolite 5-H1AA

Answer 152

monoamine theory

Question 153

theory that posits that depression results from reduced levels of monoaminergic activity, especially serotonin (5-HT) activity

Answer 153

monoamine theory

Question 154

theory that is supported by the fact that drugs which increase monoamine activity levels enhance mood

Answer 154

monoamine theory

Question 155

theory that is supported by the fact that drugs (e.g., reserpine) that deplete monoamines, or tryptophan-free diets that deplete serotonin, can produce depression

Answer 155

monoamine theory

Question 156

theory that is contradicted by a lack of antidepressant effect of CRH antagonists in some clinical trials with depressed individuals

Answer 156

glucocorticoid theory

Question 157

theory that posits that depression results from hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 157

glucocorticoid theory

Question 158

theory that is supported by the fact that stress is the most influential environmental factor that predisposes an individual to depression

Answer 158

glucocorticoid theory

Question 159

theory that is supported by the fact that depressed individuals show overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as indicated by high levels of CRH & cortisol

Answer 159

glucocorticoid theory

Question 160

type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking the activity of monoamine oxidase so that monoamines in the cytoplasm are not destroyed and can be available for release

Answer 160

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIS)

Question 161

taking this type of antidepressant drug before ingesting tyramine-rich food can result in the cheese effect: sympathetic nervous system activation that can potentially result in death

Answer 161

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIS)

Question 162

what is a monoamine?

Answer 162

serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 163

what antidepressant involves enzymes?

Answer 163

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIS)

Question 164

type of antidepressant drug that, although classified as a first-generation antidepressant, is actually more similar in function to the second-generation antidepressants

Answer 164

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)

Question 165

type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking reuptake of the monoamines into presynaptic neurons and so prolongs postsynaptic receptor stimulation

Answer 165

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)

Question 166

What class of antidepressant drug can have dangerous cardiovascular effects due to its effects upon adrenergic activity through a mechanism that does not involve enzymes**?

Answer 166

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)

Question 167

type of antidepressant drug that is fluoxetine (Prozac) and is included in the designation known as second-generation antidepressants

Answer 167

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS)

Question 168

type of antidepressant drug that is safer than the other types of antidepressant drugs, with fewer of their bothersome side effects

Answer 168

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS)

Question 169

type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking reuptake of just serotonin into presynaptic neurons and so prolongs postsynaptic receptor stimulation by serotonin

Answer 169

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS)

Question 170

potentially lethal condition associated with antidepressant drug use that is caused by an acute increase in serotonergic transmission

Answer 170

serotonin syndrome

Question 171

potentially lethal condition that often results from an interaction between an antidepressant drug and a tryptophan-containing food or other drugs that increase serotonin levels

Answer 171

serotonin syndrome

Question 172

Neurologic vs. Psychiatric disorders

Answer 172

neurological = usually can measure something that is wrong in brain

Psychiatric = subjective

Question 173

type of opioid drug that is derived by taking the sap that exudes from the seed pods of the opium poppy and then compressing it into cakes that are dried

Answer 173

opium

Question 174

type of opioid drug that has been cultivated in the western Mediterranean region since 7000 BCE and was described in writing by the Sumerians in 4000 BCE as a “joy plant”

Answer 174

opium

Question 175

type of opioid drug whose smoking was first invented by the Chinese when tobacco smoking was banned by a Chinese emperor in 1644

Answer 175

opium

Question 176

type of opioid drug that was popularly sold in nineteenth century Britain in a form that was dissolved in alcohol, called laudanum

Answer 176

opium

Question 177

type of opioid drug that naturally contains the following three psychoactive ingredients: morphine, codeine, and thebaine

Answer 177

opium

Question 178

type of opioid drug whose injection by means of the hypodermic syringe became popular in late nineteenth century America due to the widespread use of its injections to treat wounded soldiers during the Civil War

Answer 178

morphine

Question 179

is both a type of opioid drug and the major psychoactive ingredient in opium, which accounts for 10% of the weight of opium

Answer 179

morphine

Question 180

metabolite that heroin and codeine must be converted into within the brain in order to have a direct action on receptors

Answer 180

morphine

Question 181

is the lesser of the two main psychoactive ingredients in opium, and accounts for only 0.5% of the weight of opium

Answer 181

codeine

Question 182

minor psychoactive ingredient in opium that is also known as paramorphine

Answer 182

thebaine

Question 183

minor psychoactive ingredient in opium that is the source of many semisynthetic opioid drugs including oxycodone

Answer 183

thebaine

Question 184

minor psychoactive ingredient in opium that is the source of the semisynthetic opioid drug found in many prescription analgesics, such as Percocet, Percodan, and OxyContin

Answer 184

thebaine

Question 185

type of opioid drug that was invented in 1898 by Heinrich Dreser working for the Bayer Company of Germany and originally advertised as having the valuable analgesic effects of morphine without the undesirable side effects of respiratory depression and addiction

Answer 185

heroin

Question 186

is a semisynthetic opioid drug made by adding two acetyl groups to the morphine molecule

Answer 186

heroin

Question 187

type of opioid drug that is more powerful than morphine due to its being 10 times more lipid soluble and, therefore, able to get to the brain faster and in higher concentrations

Answer 187

heroin

Question 188

type of opioid drug that is heated and its smoke inhaled through a tube or straw in the method known as “chasing the dragon”

Answer 188

heroin

Question 189

law, passed in 1914, that made it illegal to sell or use opioids or cocaine in the United States

Answer 189

harrison narcotic act

Question 190

law passed by US Congress in 1914 that, in effect, made it illegal to be an addict and illegal for physicians to prescribe opioids to addicts

Answer 190

Harrison narcotic act

Question 191

class of drug that refers to any drug, natural or synthetic in origin, with properties similar to opium or its main active ingredient

Answer 191

opioid

Question 192

class of drug that can naturally be obtained from the seedpod of the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum

Answer 192

opioid

Question 193

class of drug that is frequently given orally as an analgesic because, due to being a weak base, its slow absorption from the digestive system makes it easier to maintain its constant blood levels

Answer 193

opioid

Question 194

class of drug that has at least four types of receptors, referred to as mu, kappa, delta, and opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptors

Answer 194

opioid

Question 195

class of drug that has typically been included in cough medicines since, in addition to depressing the vomiting center, it also suppresses coughing

Answer 195

opioid

Question 196

class of drug that, although depressing the vomiting center, when first administered will typically cause nausea and vomiting

Answer 196

opioid

Question 197

class of drug that constricts the pupils of the eyes, giving a small pupil appearance, and this effect diminishes only slightly with tolerance

Answer 197

opioid

Question 198

class of drug that was first medically used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery since it slows the passage of food through the digestive system, but its long-term use can have serious constipation consequences

Answer 198

opioid

Question 199

class of drug that decreases the level of sex hormones in both men and women, which is thought to be responsible for decreases in the sexual performance, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics, and fertility of users

Answer 199

opioid

Question 200

are opioid-like substances naturally produced by the brain

Answer 200

endorphins & enkephalins

Question 201

are endogenously created opioid-like neurotransmitters in the brain

Answer 201

endorphins & enkephalins

Question 202

is an opioid antagonist synthesized from thebaine that is used to treat opioid overdose because it immediately terminates the actions of all opioid agonists

Answer 202

naloxone

Question 203

drug that when given to an individual who is physically dependent on opioids will immediately cause withdrawal symptoms

Answer 203

nalaxone

Question 204

drug that is used to test whether a given effect is mediated by an opioid mechanism, which is established by simply seeing if the effect is blocked by this drug

Answer 204

naloxone

Question 205

drug that is a very effective and fast-acting antidote to opioid overdose

Answer 205

naloxone

Question 206

opioid antagonist that is poorly absorbed from the digestive system and so, when mixed with opioid agonists, will only block their effects when taken parenterally and not orally

Answer 206

naloxone

Question 207

class of drug that, at higher doses, induces a sleepy, trancelike state called a nod, during which the user sees visions or dreams

Answer 207

opioid

Question 208

class of drug that, although producing euphoria when initially given to experienced users of it, produces unpleasant feelings when used chronically or when given to naïve participants

Answer 208

opioid

Question 209

class of drug that when given to animals at low doses may increase spontaneous motor activity (SMA), but at high doses decreases SMA or even produces catalepsy – a state in which the body becomes rigid and can be molded into almost any position, which it will maintain for extended periods

Answer 209

opioid

Question 210

property of opioid drugs that refers to their ability to produce a loss of sensitivity to pain and make a person sleepy

Answer 210

narcotic analgesic

Question 211

property that analgesic drugs which do not cause sleepiness (e.g., aspirin) would NOT be classified as having

Answer 211

narcotic analgesic

Question 212

type of analgesic that opioid drugs are sometimes referred to as, but which the textbook avoids using as a term because of its connotations with habit-forming and illegal drugs

Answer 212

narcotic analgesic

Question 213

class of drug that has a moderate impairing (slowing) effect on the performance (especially psychomotor) of naïve participants but for which tolerance develops in addicted individuals, such as occurred with the “father of modern surgery” Dr. William Halsted

Answer 213

opioid

Question 214

for this class of drug, alterations in the sensitivities of mu, delta and ORL1 receptors play a role in the development of its long-term tolerance

Answer 214

opioid

Question 215

class of drug that produces withdrawal symptoms that, while never fatal, produce restlessness, agitation, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and twitching of the extremities (“kicking the habit”)

Answer 215

opioid

Question 216

withdrawal from this class of drug, while not life threatening, is extremely uncomfortable and resembles a bad case of the flu

Answer 216

opioid

Question 217

for this class of drug, most users appear to be able to maintain what is called an ice cream habit or chipping - the occasional use of the drug when the opportunities to take it are available, but without the regularity or frequency that is typical of addicts

Answer 217

opioid

Question 218

for this class of drug, about 25-67% of addicts show a maturing out of its use – the spontaneous discontinuing of its use usually when they are in their 30s or 40s after some 5 to 10 years of use

Answer 218

opioid

Question 219

is used as a maintenance drug for treating heroin addicts

Answer 219

methadone

Question 220

opioid drug that has a much longer duration of action and is more effective when taken orally than morphine because it is not significantly destroyed by enzymes in the digestive system

Answer 220

methadone

Question 221

drug used for maintenance therapy of heroin addiction that also blocks the effects of heroin

Answer 221

methadone

Question 222

compared to other opioid drugs, this opioid drug has an extremely long duration of action in part because it becomes bound extensively to blood proteins and is not available for metabolism

Answer 222

methadone

Question 223

for this drug, the only known natural source of it is the tobacco plant, which originated in North and South America and is now used around the world in products manufactured from its dried leaves

Answer 223

nicotine

Question 224

is the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, which is a variety of plants which belongs to the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family

Answer 224

nicotine

Question 225

for this drug, its smoking was first linked to cancer by the U.S. Surgeon General’s Report in 1964

Answer 225

nicotine

Question 226

drug that can be readily absorbed in the form of chewing tobacco, moist snuff, cigar smoke, or pipe smoke by an intrabuccal route of administration

Answer 226

nicotine

Question 227

drug that can be readily absorbed in the form of dry snuff by an intranasal route of administration

Answer 227

nicotine

Question 228

drug that can be readily absorbed in the form of cigarette smoke by an inhalation route of administration

Answer 228

nicotine

Question 229

for this drug, new forms of its administration have been developed that include gum, the patch, nasal sprays, lozenges, and e-cigarettes

Answer 229

nicotine

Question 230

drug that is a weak base with a pKa of 8.0 which can be absorbed by an intrabuccal route of administration but not if it is delivered in an acidic smoke vehicle, such as cigarette smoke which lowers the pH of saliva to about 5.3

Answer 230

nicotine

Question 231

drug that is a weak base which can be more readily absorbed by an intrabuccal route of administration if it is delivered in an alkaline smoke vehicle, such as cigar or pipe smoke which raise the pH of saliva to about 8.5

Answer 231

nicotine

Question 232

drug that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and, although its initial concentrations can leave the brain after about 30 minutes, typically accumulates within the brain throughout the day due to habitual patterns of repeated administration

Answer 232

nicotine

Question 233

drug that is metabolized by enzymes of the liver and broken down into 2 inactive metabolites - cotinine & nicotine-1’-N-oxide – with a typical half-life of 90-150 minutes

Answer 233

nicotine

Question 234

drug that is an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer 234

nicotine

Question 235

type of receptor that is blocked by curare, a poison used on arrow and spear points by some South American tribes to create paralysis by stopping muscle contractions

Answer 235

nicotine

Question 236

drug that in the peripheral nervous system directly causes neuromuscular and parasympathetic stimulation, and indirectly causes sympathetic stimulation and the release of catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain

Answer 236

nicotine

Question 237

drug that constricts blood vessels in the skin, which accounts for why smokers tend to have cold skin, increased wrinkles, and do not blush easily

Answer 237

nicotine

Question 238

drug that is similar to amphetamine and cocaine in the high it produces in regular users and the effects it has upon spontaneous motor activity, conditioned behavior, and performance, but that does not generalize to amphetamine and cocaine

Answer 238

nicotine

Question 239

drug that has discriminative properties which are due to its effects primarily upon the medial prefrontal cortex and only partially upon the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway

Answer 239

nicotine

Question 240

drug that must be paired with a conditioned stimulus in a second-order reinforcement schedule to be reinforcing in animals

Answer 240

nicotine

Question 241

theory of nicotine smoking that states that smokers attempt to maintain a dose high enough to avoid withdrawal symptoms but below a level that has toxic or aversive effects

Answer 241

constant blood level theory

Question 242

theory of nicotine smoking that is supported by nicotine content effects on titration, with smokers taking deeper and more frequent puffs on low-nicotine cigarettes

Answer 242

constant blood level theory

Question 243

theory of nicotine smoking that predicts that the first few puffs on a cigarette will be rapid and deep as the smoker tries to raise blood nicotine levels that have fallen since he last smoked

Answer 243

constant blood level theory

Question 244

theory of nicotine smoking that predicts that smokers will be most motivated to smoke when their blood nicotine levels are low after a period without smoking, such as after a night of sleep

Answer 244

constant blood level theory

Question 245

theory of nicotine smoking that is contradicted by the low efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, suggesting that additional factors are controlling nicotine intake than just constant nicotine levels

Answer 245

constant blood level theory

Question 246

theory of nicotine smoking that is contradicted by the rising blood nicotine levels seen with each smoke across the day

Answer 246

constant blood level theory

Question 247

theory of nicotine smoking that states that the sudden high level of nicotine that occurs when smoke is first inhaled (bolus) intensifies the pleasure and reinforces its effect

Answer 247

nicotine bolus theory

Question 248

theory of nicotine smoking that is supported by the fact that cigarette smoking is more addictive than other, slower routes of nicotine administration

Answer 248

nicotine bolus theory

Question 249

theory of nicotine smoking that cannot be explained by a mechanism of action involving a decrease in desensitization of nicotinic receptors, since nicotine receptors enter a desensitized configuration if they are continuously exposed to high concentrations of an agonist and nicotine levels typically never drop before the next puff

Answer 249

nicotine bolus theory

Question 250

theory of nicotine smoking that accounts for the ability of non-nicotine stimuli to enhance the reinforcing effects of smoking

Answer 250

dual reinforcement model

Question 251

theory of nicotine smoking that states that nicotine not only stimulates the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway but also enhances the effect of non-nicotine stimuli

Answer 251

dual reinforcement model

Question 252

theory of nicotine smoking that states that the ability of nicotine to enhance the reinforcing properties of the smell and taste of tobacco smoke make it a more powerful reinforcer

Answer 252

dual reinforcement model

Question 253

methylxanthine product that is made from a plant that is native to Ethiopia but is now widely cultivated in Africa and South America and in tropical climates all over the world

Answer 253

coffee

Question 254

methylxanthine product that is made by roasting, grinding, and mixing with boiling water dried berries from a bush with the same name as this product

Answer 254

coffee

Question 255

methylxanthine product that is made from a plant that is native to Asia and is first known to have been cultivated and sold commercially in China by 780 CE

Answer 255

tea

Question 256

methylxanthine product that is made from leaves of the Camellia sinesis plant by either steaming them raw (green leaves) or by first drying and oxidizing them (black leaves)

Answer 256

tea

Question 257

methylxanthine product that contains relatively large amounts of theophylline

Answer 257

tea

Question 258

methylxanthine product that is made from a plant that is native to South America but is now a more profitable crop in Africa

Answer 258

cocoa

Question 259

methylxanthine product that is made by fermenting, roasting, and crushing the seeds of the cacao tree

Answer 259

cocoa

Question 260

methylxanthine product that is mixed with sugar to make chocolate

Answer 260

cocoa

Question 261

methylxanthine product that contains relatively large amounts of theobromine

Answer 261

cocoa

Question 262

methylxanthine product that contains substances that resemble anandamide and block its metabolism (agonist)

Answer 262

cocoa

Question 263

is the best-known member of the methylxanthines

Answer 263

caffeine

Question 264

is probably the most widely self-administered drug in the world

Answer 264

caffeine

Question 265

drug that can naturally be found in coffee, tea, and cocoa

Answer 265

caffeine

Question 266

drug that is typically added to soft drinks

Answer 266

caffeine

Question 267

drug that is a typical ingredient in many over-the-counter painkillers, cold remedies, stimulant pills, and energy drinks

Answer 267

caffeine

Question 268

drug that, despite being alkaloid (basic), does not become ionized in the acidic environment of the digestive system since it has a very low pKa of 0.5

Answer 268

caffeine

Question 269

drug that increases wakefulness by blocking adenosine receptors

Answer 269

caffeine

Question 270

drug that blocks benzodiazepine receptors as well as stimulate the release of epinephrine in the peripheral nervous system and catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain

Answer 270

caffeine

Question 271

drug that is similar to amphetamine and cocaine in the effects it has upon spontaneous motor activity, conditioned behavior, and performance, but that also increases responding that has been suppressed by punishment

Answer 271

caffeine

Question 272

chronic use of this drug leads to an upregulation of adenosine receptors in the brain

Answer 272

caffeine

Question 273

for withdrawal from this drug, the most common symptom is headaches but also shows decreases in alertness, energy, concentration, and feelings of well-being, and shows increases in irritability and flu-like symptoms

Answer 273

caffeine

Question 274

is a preparation that appears like a controlled psychoactive drug but instead contains a drug or combination of drugs that are not prescribed or controlled substances

Answer 274

turkey drug

Question 275

a drug designed to mimic amphetamine or cocaine by containing caffeine in combination with other substances (e.g., ephedrine) would be called this

Answer 275

turkey drug

Question 276

_____ and _____ are indirect agonists of dopamine and norepinephrine

Answer 276

nicotine and caffeine

Question 277

disorder that causes sensory disturbances, mild delirium, and excitement as a result of caffeine intake

Answer 277

caffeinism

Question 278

disorder that causes agitation, twitching, rambling flow of thoughts & speech, irregular heart rhythm, and inexhaustibility as a result of excessive (>1 gram) caffeine intake

Answer 278

caffeinism

Question 279

disorder that is referred to as caffeine intoxication in DSM-V

Answer 279

caffeinism

Question 280

type of psychomotor stimulant that is derived from a plant that is native to South America

Answer 280

cocaine

Question 281

type of psychomotor stimulant that is extracted from the leaf of a small tree known as the coca bush

Answer 281

cocaine

Question 282

type of psychomotor stimulant that Sigmund Freud proposed be used as a treatment for addictions and depression

Answer 282

cocaine

Question 283

type of psychomotor stimulant that also acts as a local anesthetic

Answer 283

cocaine

Question 284

the leaves of this type of psychomotor stimulant are used in the making of Coca-Cola

Answer 284

cocaine

Question 285

type of psychomotor stimulant that has the shortest duration of action, with a half-life of 45-75 minutes in normally acidic urine

Answer 285

cocaine

Question 286

type of psychomotor stimulant that acts as a reuptake inhibitor equally to norepinephrine, dopamine, & serotonin but not as a monoamine substrate-type releaser or MAO inhibitor

Answer 286

cocaine

Question 287

type of psychomotor stimulant that causes a mild depression (dysphoria), called the crash or comedown, 20-30 minutes after its use

Answer 287

cocaine

Question 288

psychomotor stimulant with which coke-out occurs: an acute tolerance to its mood-elevating properties with its continuous use

Answer 288

cocaine

Question 289

equally uses norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin

Answer 289

cocaine

Question 290

form of cocaine that is cocaine mixed with a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), heated until it forms crystalline chunks (rocks), and then smoked in a pipe

Answer 290

crack

Question 291

form of cocaine that has greater lipid solubility than regular cocaine since a base is added to it which removes the ionic charge from the molecules of cocaine

Answer 291

crack

Question 292

type of psychomotor stimulant that is a synthetic version of the naturally occurring herb ephedrine

Answer 292

amphetamine

Question 293

type of psychomotor stimulant that can be synthesized from cold medication containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, iodine, hydrochloric acid, ether, and ammonia

Answer 293

amphetamine

Question 294

type of psychomotor stimulant that is called crystal, ice, or crystal meth when sold in a powder form that has been recrystalized

Answer 294

amphetamine

Question 295

type of psychomotor stimulant that has the longest duration of action, with a half-life of 7-14 hours in normally acidic urine

Answer 295

amphetamine

Question 296

type of psychomotor stimulant that acts as a reuptake inhibitor (primarily to norepinephrine and secondly to dopamine), a monoamine substrate-type releaser, and a MAO inhibitor

Answer 296

amphetamine

Question 297

type of psychomotor stimulant that a speed freak injects every few hours for days at a time

Answer 297

amphetamine

Question 298

type of psychomotor stimulant that is derived from a plant that is native to eastern Africa and southern Arabia

Answer 298

cathinone

Question 299

type of psychomotor stimulant that is found in the leaves of a plant called Catha edulis, and is also known as khat in Yemen, tscaht in Ethiopia, and miraa in Kenya

Answer 299

cathinone

Question 300

type of psychomotor stimulant that is used primarily in the area where it is grown and not exported for use elsewhere since it degrades shortly after the plant is harvested

Answer 300

cathinone

Question 301

mephedrone is a synthetic version of this type of psychomotor stimulant that is often sold over the Internet as plant food or bath salts

Answer 301

cathinone

Question 302

type of psychomotor stimulant that has neither the shortest nor the longest duration of action, with a half-life of about 90 minutes

Answer 302

cathinone

Question 303

primarily norepinephrine , secondary dopamine

Answer 303

cathinone

Question 304

class of drug, other than antidepressants, that directly stimulates transmission at synapses that use monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin)

Answer 304

psychomotor stimulant

Question 305

class of drug that directly stimulates epinephrine transmission at sympathetic synapses and thus mimics sympathetic arousal

Answer 305

psychomotor stimulant

Question 306

class of drug that is used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the sleep disorder narcolepsy

Answer 306

psychomotor stimulant

Question 307

class of drug that improves speed, short-term memory, vigilance, and attention but can also produce tunnel vision – the focusing of all attention on only one characteristic or event compared to others and therefore have an increased chance of missing other things in the environment

Answer 307

psychomotor stimulant

Question 308

high-dosage use of this class of drug results in punding: the repetitive performance of some (usually useless) act for an extended period of time

Answer 308

psychomotor stimulant

Question 309

high-dosage use of this class of drug can cause monoamine psychosis, which is virtually indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia

Answer 309

psychomotor stimulant

Question 310

high-dosage use of this class of drug can cause automutilation and formication: the sensation of small creatures (e.g., bugs) crawling around just under the skin

Answer 310

psychomotor stimulant

Question 311

disorder that causes death as a result of a cocaine overdose

Answer 311

caine reaction

Question 312

disorder that causes severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and severe convulsions, and then followed by respiratory depression and cardiac failure as a result of excessive cocaine

Answer 312

caine reaction

Question 313

what class of drugs are all agonists of the GABA-A receptor

Answer 313

depressants

Question 314

Why do depressants (like alcohol) reduce anxiety?

Answer 314

By decreased activity of your nervous system

Question 315

has probably been a part of the human diet and that of our hominid ancestors for millions of years

Answer 315

alcohol

Question 316

all fruit, even ripe fruit, contain a small amount of this because of the sugar and presence of yeasts, and the content of this drug increases as the fruit matures

Answer 316

alcohol

Question 317

the taste and smell of this drug has been associated with food and nourishment throughout a significant proportion of our evolutionary history, which probably had a big influence on our physiological and behavioral responses to it

Answer 317

alcohol

Question 318

people have likely been brewing this since agriculture began about 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly on a small scale

Answer 318

alcohol

Question 319

the earliest proof that humans made this drug involves large earthenware jugs, found in China that date back 9,000 years, and whose contents have been analyzed to show that this drug was made from rice, honey, and fruit

Answer 319

alcohol

Question 320

the ancient Egyptians, as well as the Assyrians and the Babylonians, drank this drug primarily in the form of beer made from grain, but they also drank it in the form of wine made from grapes

Answer 320

alcohol

Question 321

the ancient British people drank this drug in the form of beer made from fermented barley, mead made from fermented wild honey, and cider made from fermented apples

Answer 321

alcohol

Question 322

the Chinese were the first to distill this drug as long ago as 3000 BCE

Answer 322

alcohol

Question 323

the distillation of this drug did not occur in England until the sixteenth century when a number of Irish settlers started manufacturing and distributing usquebaugh, which, in English, became known as whiskey

Answer 323

alcohol

Question 324

the condemnation of the use of this drug is known as temperance, and for which there were large organized movements against its consumption during the early nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Answer 324

alcohol

Question 325

for this drug prohibition laws were enacted in the United States during the early twentieth century, including in 1917 a ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Answer 325

alcohol

Question 326

American consumption of this drug has been speculated by historians to go through cycles, with consumption peaks every 60 to 70 years, and these peaks then followed by declines in use accompanied by preoccupation with health and morality and public concern over the harm that the drug is doing

Answer 326

alcohol

Question 327

is also known as ethanol for the type of it that is typically consumed

Answer 327

alcohol

Question 328

is produced by fermentation when yeasts consume sugars dissolved in water

Answer 328

alcohol

Question 329

has versions that simply result from fermentation (such as wine and beer) as well as versions that require additional distillation (such as whiskey and brandy)

Answer 329

alcohol

Question 330

in addition to barbiturates, this drug also binds to an allosteric site on the membrane-spanning portion of the GABA-A receptor complex and enhances the effects of GABA

Answer 330

alcohol

Question 331

the effects of this drug are mediated primarily by its ability to be both a GABA agonist and a NMDA glutamate antagonist, leading to a combined suppression of neural activity

Answer 331

alcohol

Question 332

this drug is specifically meant to have its effects reversed by amethystic agents, such as antagonists that compete with the drug at its allosteric binding site on GABA-A receptors

Answer 332

alcohol

Question 333

an NDMA glutamate receptor antagonist

Answer 333

alcohol

Question 334

Increases inhibition in the brain by being a GABA agonist

Answer 334

alcohol

Question 335

stops excitation in the brain (glutamate)

Answer 335

alcohol

Question 336

type of neurotransmitter that is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 336

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 337

type of neurotransmitter system that is thought to mediate the effects of tranquilizers, anaesthetic gases, and alcohol

Answer 337

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 338

type of neurotransmitter that is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 338

glutamate

Question 339

type of neurotransmitter that is the precursor for GABA and can get directly converted into GABA

Answer 339

glutamate

Question 340

drug that requires a much higher concentration than most other drugs in order to produce its intoxicating effect

Answer 340

alcohol

Question 341

this drug is typically given at a dose of about 10 grams per administration, which would cause in a typical North American human adult (who weigh on average 180 lbs) a concentration level of approximately 20 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood

Answer 341

alcohol

Question 342

for this depressant drug neither the pH of the digestive system nor the pH of the blood have an effect on its absorption because its molecules cannot be ionized

Answer 342

alcohol

Question 343

this depressant drug usually reaches its maximum blood level within 1 hour and 15 minutes after it is consumed, but shows increased absorption rates and sooner peaks if it is taken multiple times during the same session

Answer 343

alcohol

Question 344

the passage of this drug through the stomach may be facilitated by carbonation, such as in the form of sparkling wines

Answer 344

alcohol

Question 345

for this drug the most rapid absorption occurs if it is administered in a dosage form that contains 40% of the drug

Answer 345

alcohol

Question 346

this drug is distributed almost entirely in body water because it dissolves much more readily in water than in fat

Answer 346

alcohol

Question 347

drug that is distributed rather evenly throughout body water, and crosses the blood-brain barrier without difficulty

Answer 347

alcohol

Question 348

drug that is metabolized by the body at a rate of about 15 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood per hour

Answer 348

alcohol

Question 349

metabolism of this drug usually takes place at a steady rate throughout most concentrations of the drug in the blood

Answer 349

alcohol

Question 350

drug that, when made freely available to animals and humans, shows a somewhat erratic pattern of self-administration with periods of high level intake for several days followed by periods of self-imposed low level intake lasting 2 to 4 days before repeating the cycle

Answer 350

alcohol

Question 351

chronic exposure to this depressant drug leads to an upregulation of glutamate NMDA receptor channel functioning and the increased sensitivity seen during its withdrawal

Answer 351

alcohol

Question 352

this drug causes decreases in blood flow to the cerebellum, a region that controls voluntary movement and coordination and that contains GABA-A receptors with the type of subunit that is sensitive to this drug

Answer 352

alcohol

Question 353

this drug causes an increase in sway apparently as a result of its effect on the sensitive organs of balance in the inner ear, which causes nystagmus - eye movements responsible for the sensation that the room is spinning around - and its effects upon the cerebellum

Answer 353

alcohol

Question 354

the memory effects of this depressant drug are partially mediated by its antagonistic effect on NMDA receptors in the hippocampus

Answer 354

alcohol

Question 355

this drug at low doses (50 to 100 mg per 100 ml of blood) makes people more talkative, use a higher pitch of voice, and show mild excitement; at moderate doses (100 to 150 mg per 100 ml of blood) makes subjects appear even more talkative and cheerful, and are often loud and boisterous, though later they become sleepy; at high doses (above 150 mg per 100 ml of blood) may make subjects feel nauseous, become lethargic, enter a stupor, experience a loss of understanding, memory blackout, and unconsciousness

Answer 355

alcohol

Question 356

the Romberg sway test was designed to detect impairments caused by this drug, where concentrations as low as 60 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood cause a 40% decrease in steadiness that makes it difficult to stand on one foot with eyes closed, and at higher concentrations the lack of steadiness degenerates into staggering and reeling

Answer 356

alcohol

Question 357

drug that slows reaction time by about 10% at concentrations of 80 to 100 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood, and causes large consistent deficits with larger doses

Answer 357

alcohol

Question 358

the effects of this drug on driving, in simulators and in real cars on closed tracks, begin to affect performance at about 50 to 80 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood, where participants drove at higher average speeds and exhibited performance deficits, which increased the likelihood of collisions

Answer 358

alcohol

Question 359

for this drug at low rising concentrations in the range of 87 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood you do not see increased errors in a short-term (2-minute delay) verbal memory task but you do see impaired accuracy of long-term (20-minute delay) verbal memory

Answer 359

alcohol

Question 360

drug that in low and moderate doses causes dilation of capillaries in the skin, and tends to cause individuals who have taken high doses to have a flushed face

Answer 360

alcohol

Question 361

drug that produces a temporary sensation of warmth but is no longer recommended as a remedy for people exposed to cold because heat is lost from the skin more quickly and the body cools down faster, to the point where core temperature can become dangerously low in extreme cold

Answer 361

alcohol

Question 362

drug that animals will self-administer orally when it’s available, but will need to first be forced to take it (e.g., no other food/water available except ones laced with the drug) in order to later voluntarily increase oral intake of the drug to addictive-like levels

Answer 362

alcohol

Question 363

for this drug animals trained to discriminate it will partially generalize the response to barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and NMDA receptor blockers

Answer 363

alcohol

Question 364

drug that is toxic and has a typical lethal dose (500 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood) uncomfortably close to the usual social dose (150 mg of the drug per 100 ml of blood), with a therapeutic index of about 3.3

Answer 364

alcohol

Question 365

drug that produces discomfort the next day due to 2 contributing factors: (1) its toxic effects on the body - low blood sugar levels, dehydration, and irritation of the lining of the digestive system - and (2) compensatory responses to it - a rebound excitation of the nervous system after the drug has depressed its activity

Answer 365

alcohol

Question 366

drug that may increase sexual interest by diminishing inhibitions, but, in higher doses, reduces sexual arousal in both males and females

Answer 366

alcohol

Question 367

chronic use of this drug (e.g., more than 5 administrations a day for at least 5 years) increases by 8 times the chance of liver cirrhosis and accounts for somewhere between 40 and 90% of liver cirrhosis deaths in the United States

Answer 367

alcohol

Question 368

excessive use of this drug can cause, either directly or indirectly, a number of disorders of both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including epilepsy, cerebellar syndrome, and dementia

Answer 368

alcohol

Question 369

the use of this drug is causally related to cancers of the mouth, throat, colon, and liver possibly as a result of the genotoxic effect (gene-damaging properties) of its first metabolite, the acetaldehyde molecule

Answer 369

alcohol

Question 370

is the main enzyme that breaks down alcohol

Answer 370

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 371

enzyme that catalyzes first-pass metabolism of alcohol in the stomach

Answer 371

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 372

enzyme that is involved in the rate-limiting (i.e., slowest) step in alcohol metabolism

Answer 372

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 373

converts alcohol to acetaldehyde

Answer 373

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 374

the amount of this substance determines the rate of conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde

Answer 374

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 375

is the concentration of alcohol in the whole blood

Answer 375

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Question 376

is expressed in terms of milligrams (mg) of the drug per 100 milliliters (ml) of whole blood

Answer 376

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Question 377

measurement of drug concentration in the blood that can easily be converted to a percentage of the drug in the blood by simply moving the decimal point three places to the left

Answer 377

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

Question 378

enzyme that converts the byproduct of alcohol metabolism (acetaldehyde) into acetyl coenzyme A - which is more harmless and helps produce energy and fatty acids

Answer 378

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 379

enzyme that is blocked by the drug disulfiram (Antabuse) that causes, after drinking alcohol, acetaldehyde to build up and the drinker to hence become nauseous

Answer 379

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 380

system that normally metabolizes 5-10% of alcohol, but its activity increases with high continuous levels of blood alcohol

Answer 380

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 381

the increased activity of this system accounts for 50-65% of the increased alcohol metabolism induced by heavy drinking and partly accounts for alcohol tolerance

Answer 381

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 382

system that is both stimulated by continuous alcohol use and responsible for the metabolism of a number of other drugs, such as barbiturates

Answer 382

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 383

system that is responsible for the cross-tolerance to the effects of barbiturates seen in alcoholics

Answer 383

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 384

uses an enzyme called cytochrome p450 - used for metabolizing alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines

Answer 384

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 385

type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is only able to remember bits & pieces of the events that occurred during a drinking episode

Answer 385

grayout

Question 386

type of blackout from alcohol that is more common but less serious

Answer 386

grayout

Question 387

type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is able to remember missing memories if reminded of these events or if he/she returns to the place where they occurred

Answer 387

grayout

Question 388

type of blackout with alcohol that is primarily caused by a problem with retrieving memories

Answer 388

grayout

Question 389

type of blackout with alcohol that is thought to result from dissociation

Answer 389

grayout

Question 390

type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is unable to remember any of the events that occurred during a drinking episode

Answer 390

en bloc blackout

Question 391

type of blackout from alcohol that is less common but more serious

Answer 391

en bloc blackout

Question 392

type of blackout that occurs when an alcohol drinker is NOT able to remember missing memories even if reminded of these events

Answer 392

en bloc blackout

Question 393

type of blackout with alcohol that is primarily caused by a problem with putting memories into long-term storage

Answer 393

en bloc blackout

Question 394

is the loss of restraint or the inability to withhold inappropriate behavior

Answer 394

disinhibition

Question 395

phenomenon that is demonstrated by the effects of alcohol on the go-stop task: where subjects are required to withhold a go response if the go signal is followed by a stop signal

Answer 395

disinhibition

Question 396

phenomenon that is demonstrated when alcohol given to rats increases the response rates that are normally suppressed by an administered shock

Answer 396

disinhibition

Question 397

phenomenon that is demonstrated when animals who have been administered barbiturates continue to make responses that are normally punished by electric shock

Answer 397

disinhibition

Question 398

is a stage of alcohol withdrawal that involves agitation, tremors, muscle cramps, vomiting, nausea, sweating, vivid dreaming, and irregular heartbeat

Answer 398

early minor syndrome

Question 399

type of withdrawal syndrome from alcohol that starts 8-12 hours after withdrawal and is usually over by 2 days after abstinence

Answer 399

early minor syndrome

Question 400

AKA HANGOVER

Answer 400

early minor syndrome

Question 401

is also known as delirium tremens, or the DTs

Answer 401

late major syndrome

Question 402

is a stage of alcohol withdrawal that involves severe agitation, disorientation, confusion, and hallucinations

Answer 402

late major syndrome

Question 403

during this stage of alcohol withdrawal seizures may occur

Answer 403

late major syndrome

Question 404

type of withdrawal syndrome from alcohol that starts 2 days after withdrawal and may last as long as 7-10 days

Answer 404

late major syndrome

Question 405

type of alcohol withdrawal involving hallucinations that do not usually take the form of the proverbial pink elephant, but frequently involve smaller animals (e.g., rats, bats, or insects)

Answer 405

late major syndrome

Question 406

syndrome that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss

Answer 406

korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 407

syndrome that results from deficiency of thiamin (vitamin B1), which is common among many alcoholics

Answer 407

korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 408

syndrome that is caused by the use of alcohol during pregnancy and results in a number of behavioral, anatomical, and physiological irregularities in the child

Answer 408

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 409

syndrome that is produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and is manifested as mental retardation, poor coordination, loss of muscle tone, and characteristic facial features

Answer 409

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 410

phenomenon that occurs when substances that are physiologically stressful and toxic at high doses are beneficial at low doses

Answer 410

hormesis

Question 411

phenomenon that may reflect an evolutionary adaptation to alcohol that maximizes its benefits and minimizes its harm

Answer 411

hormesis

Question 412

concept that explains the U-shaped relationship seen, in adults over the age of 45, between alcohol consumption and overall mortality rates, as well as for the risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, ischemic strokes, and age-related dementias

Answer 412

hormesis

Question 413

concept that accounts for the estimated 80,000 more deaths from coronary heart disease each year in the United States that would occur if all consumption of alcohol ceased

Answer 413

hormesis

Question 414

concept that accounts for the fact that alcohol in a low to moderate dose may trigger a sort of protective effect on the immune system, but in excessive amounts can produce adverse effects on the immune system

Answer 414

hormesis

Question 415

property of depressant drugs that is the reason why they are sometimes referred to as tranquilizers

Answer 415

anxiolytic

Question 416

property of depressant drugs that makes them therapeutically useful to treat agitation and anxiety disorders

Answer 416

anxiolytic

Question 417

the medicinal property of depressant drugs that is due mainly to their ability to increase GABA-A receptor activity but only if relatively slowly to avoid sedation

Answer 417

anxiolytic

Question 418

property of depressant drugs that causes a decrease in avoidance behavior at doses that do not cause much effect upon escape behavior or positively motivated behavior

Answer 418

anxiolytic

Question 419

property of benzodiazepines that reduces defensive aggression but not unprovoked aggression or attack behavior

Answer 419

anxiolytic

Question 420

property of depressant drugs that is the reason why they are sometimes referred to as sleeping pills

Answer 420

sedative-hypnotic

Question 421

property of depressant drugs that makes them therapeutically useful to sedate and aid sleep

Answer 421

sedative-hypnotic

Question 422

the medicinal property of depressant drugs that is due mainly to their ability to increase GABA-A receptor activity if done relatively quickly

Answer 422

sedative-hypnotic

Question 423

property of benzodiazepines, that if administered in the daytime, is found to be unpleasant by most normal healthy volunteers, unless they have a history of depressant drug abuse, moderate alcohol use, or opioid use

Answer 423

sedative-hypnotic

Question 424

was first synthesized in 1864, and, for over 100 years, was one of the most useful drugs in the physician’s black bag for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia, replacing brandy, bromides, and opium as tranquillizers

Answer 424

barbiturates

Question 425

was essentially the only drug used as a sedative and tranquillizer from the 1920s to mid-1950s

Answer 425

barbiturates

Question 426

depressant drug that, since the 1960s, has declined in medical use and increased in illicit use

Answer 426

barbiturates

Question 427

in the 1960s, this drug was sold illicitly on the streets as “downers“

Answer 427

barbiturates

Question 428

drug that has the generic drug name stem of barbital

Answer 428

barbiturates

Question 429

drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that at low doses increases the affinity of the GABA receptor to co-occurring GABA but at high doses can stimulate the GABA receptor to open on its own

Answer 429

barbiturates

Question 430

depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, for which there is NO upper limit on its inhibitory effect on the brain

Answer 430

barbiturates

Question 431

depressant drug that is an anticonvulsant that would more likely be used for long-term control of epilepsy

Answer 431

barbiturates

Question 432

depressant drug that has few physiological effects at low doses, apart from a depression in respiration and a slight drop in blood pressure

Answer 432

barbiturates

Question 433

animals trained to discriminate benzodiazepines will generalize the response to alcohol and this other depressant drug

Answer 433

barbiturates

Question 434

depressant drug that shows cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines and alcohol

Answer 434

barbiturates

Question 435

depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that can in high doses produce unconsciousness and anesthesia, and be life-threatening due to its inhibition of the autonomic centers in the brainstem causing depressed breathing

Answer 435

barbiturates

Question 436

is the most common anxiolytic and sedative drug in use today

Answer 436

benzodiazepines

Question 437

drug that was first tested in the 1950s as an anxiolytic in order to create a safer alternative to barbiturates

Answer 437

benzodiazepines

Question 438

since the 1960s, this drug became increasingly synthesized and tested, and a number of different types of it were eventually marketed as anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, muscle relaxants, and seizure suppressants

Answer 438

benzodiazepines

Question 439

drug that has the generic drug name stem of azepam

Answer 439

benzodiazepines

Question 440

drug that diazepam is a fast-acting type of, which reaches peak blood levels in about 30 to 60 minutes after administration

Answer 440

benzodiazepines

Question 441

drug that oxazepam is a slow-acting type of, which may take several hours to reach peak blood levels after administration

Answer 441

benzodiazepines

Question 442

the duration of the effect of this drug is not always determined by its half-life because the metabolites of some of its older types (e.g., diazepam), but not the metabolites of its newer types (e.g., oxazepam), are also active

Answer 442

benzodiazepines

Question 443

drug that binds to an allosteric site at the interface of one of the alpha subunits and the gamma subunit of the GABA-A receptor complex and enhances the effects of GABA

Answer 443

benzodiazepines

Question 444

drug that at both low and high doses increases the affinity of the GABA receptor to co-occurring GABA but does NOT stimulate the GABA receptor to open on its own

Answer 444

benzodiazepines

Question 445

drug that enhances the effects of adenosine by blocking its reuptake and permitting its accumulation

Answer 445

benzodiazepines

Question 446

drug that produces anxiolysis (anxiety reduction) and alteration of mood by activation of GABA-A receptors in the cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus, limbic system, and interrelated structures that are known to regulate emotion

Answer 446

benzodiazepines

Question 447

for this depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, there is an upper limit on its inhibitory effect on the brain

Answer 447

benzodiazepines

Question 448

depressant drug that is an anticonvulsant that is useful in treating petit mal seizures and infantile spasms, but is typically not used for long-term control of epilepsy

Answer 448

benzodiazepines

Question 449

depressant drug that does not, even at high doses, produce a significant depression of respiration, change in heart rate, or change in blood pressure

Answer 449

benzodiazepines

Question 450

Animals trained to discriminate barbiturates will generalize the response to alcohol and this other depressant drug

Answer 450

benzodiazepines

Question 451

drug that the sedative-hypnotic, nitrazepam, would be a type of, which shows a withdrawal rebound in REM sleep and insomnia that reaches a peak about 10 days after the drug is stopped and that may last for several weeks

Answer 451

benzodiazepines

Question 452

depressant drug that shows cross-tolerance with barbiturates and alcohol

Answer 452

benzodiazepines

Question 453

depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that can in high doses cause extreme sedation and grogginess but is NOT, by itself, life threatening

Answer 453

benzodiazepines

Question 454

depressant drug, used therapeutically as an anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, that is considered less addicting than the barbiturates, although it is known to have abuse potential

Answer 454

benzodiazepines

Question 455

type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that is seen in individuals who have taken high doses of the drug for at least one month

Answer 455

sedative-hypnotic withdrawal

Question 456

type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that involves symptoms of tremors, delirium, cramps, and possibly, convulsions

Answer 456

sedative-hypnotic withdrawal

Question 457

type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that starts within a few days of abstinence and is gone within about 10 days

Answer 457

sedative-hypnotic withdrawal

Question 458

type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that is seen in individuals who have taken low therapeutic doses of the drug for more than 6 months

Answer 458

low-dose withdrawal

Question 459

type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that involves symptoms of anxiety, panic, irregular heartbeat, increased blood pressure, impaired memory and concentration, feelings of unreality, muscle spasm, and a sensitivity to lights and sounds

Answer 459

low-dose withdrawal

Question 460

type of withdrawal from benzodiazepines that typically cycles every 10 days and can last anywhere from 2 weeks to as long as a year

Answer 460

low-dose withdrawal

Question 461

is a physician-caused pattern of drug use in which the prescribed drug is continued unnecessarily, or the dose is escalated

Answer 461

iatrogenic

Question 462

is the most common pattern of benzodiazepine self-administration that humans show outside the laboratory, aside from its use for legitimate medical conditions

Answer 462

iatrogenic

Question 463

What are the 3 major types of depressants?

Answer 463

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Question 464

What are the 3 major stimulants?

Answer 464

Nicotine, Methylxanthines, Psychomotor Stimulants

Question 465

What are the 3 methylxanthines?

Answer 465

caffeine (coffee), theophylline (tea), theobromine (cocoa)

Question 466

What are the 3 psychomotor stimulants?

Answer 466

cocaine, amphetamine, cathinone

Question 467

What are the 4 hallucinogens?

Answer 467

LSD, mescaline, salvia, ecstasy

Question 468

What is the drug class and the drug:

caffeine, psychomotor stimulants, opioids, hallucinogens, amphetamine, ecstasy

Answer 468

Drug Class: opioid, psychomotor stimulants, hallucinogens

Drug: caffeine, amphetamine, ecstasy