Final exam Flashcards
Given the fatty acid formula 20:4n-6
The “20” represents…
The number of carbon atoms present
Given the fatty acid formula 20:4n-6
The “4n” represents…
The number of double bonds
Given the fatty acid formula 20:4n-6
The “6” represents…
The first carbon associated with a double bond starting from the methyl end
The peroxidation of lipids:
a. leads to the production of hydroperoxides and aldehydes
b. is due to free radicals formed in the body or foods
c. reduces the intake of foods due to the foul smell and bad taste
d. may be prevented by the inclusion of antioxidants in foods
e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Flaxseed oil
Omega-3 fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid
Fish oil
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA
Coconut oil
Saturated, medium-chain fatty acids
Beef tallow
Arachidonic acid
An owner brings her 4-month old puppy to your house because you are a pet expert. It is lethargic, has a rough hair coat, and is very small for its age. She brought you a sample of its diet and you quickly smell that it is rancid. Which of the following would you expect to see?
Decreased serum vitamin E concentrations
Why is arachidonic acid required in feline diets?
Cats have low levels of the enzymes responsible for elongating and desaturating omega-6 fatty acids
Fat is a concentrated energy source, but it provides many other functions too. List other functions that fats play in the body?
- cushioning of bones and organs
- aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of lipid peroxidation in pet foods?
A. Storage at cool temperatures
B. Exposure to oxygen
C. Exposure to metals
D. High inclusion level of unsaturated fatty acids
E. UV light exposure
A. Storage at cool temperatures
According to AAFCO which fatty acid is recommended in adult cat diets but not in adult dog diets?
Arachidonic acid
Mammals can elongate and desaturate fatty acids. The process only occurs at the METHYL/CARBOXYL carbon end of the molecule, however, so they are unable to convert from one form (omega-3) to another (omega-6).
Carboxyl
True or false
Cell membranes composed primarily of unsaturated fatty acids have a lower level of fluidity compared to those that are composed primarily of saturated fatty acids.
False
In the US, which of the following drives the pet food and supply market?
A. number of pets
B. Health of pet
C. Consumer thoughts and beliefs
D. Status of pet in the household
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Owners often select pet foods based on the response of their pet and perceived health. What are 2 important animal response criteria that may affect an owner’s attitude and their likelihood of buying that product again?
1.
2.
Name 2 of the top 4 pet food companies (in terms of market share) in the world?
Mars pet care
Nestle Purina
Does the status of the pet in the household (family member vs companion vs property) affect spending trends? How?
Yes
if people believe that their pet is a family member they will want to spend more to get the best product for them. If they view the pet as property, they may just provide the bare minimum to maintain them.
When it comes to marketing pet foods in the US, there are 3 consumer philosophies that are common. Briefly describe each category and state which one you fall under.
1.
2.
3.
Compare the GI tracts in terms of digestive energy, location, and importance of microbial fermentation, and how it impacts their diet selection and utilization.
simple
ruminant
fermentative
What cells secrete mucus in the small intestine?
blank
What cells secrete antimicrobial proteins?
Pathen
What cells secrete hormones?
Enterendocrine
What is the primary function of enterocytes?
absorption of nutrients
Which animal heavily relies on cecal fermentation for meeting their daily energy requirement?
Horse
Which of the following is secreted by the nonruminant stomach?
Pepsinogen
The ____ is the primary site of hydrolitic/enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption in non-ruminants, including dogs and cats
Small intestine
Discuss the challenge of digesting lipid in the small intestine. What is the primary challenge and how does bile contribute to the process?
??
Describe the difference between an exopeptidase and endopeptidase?
Which of the following pancreatic proteolytic enzymes not only works to digest proteins but also plays an important role in the activation of other proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine?
Trypsin
Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter:
Glucose
SGLT1
Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter:
Fructose
GLUT5
Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter:
Small peptides
PEPT1
Match the nutrient with its small intestinal transporter.
Fatty acids
FATP
which of the following is a substrate for microbial fermentation in the colon of the dog and cat?
Resistant starch, Non-digestible oligosaccharides, proteins, gastrointestinal secretions
What is the main product of carbohydrate fermentation in the colon?
Short-chain fatty acids
True or False
Dogs and cats have teeth that are designated for gripping and tearing, including large canine teeth, and carnassiate teeth that act like scissors to slice flesh
True
Acidic digesta enters the duodenum, but it must be buffered for adequate digestion. What is an important buffer secreted by the pancreas?
Bicarbonate
Protein quality is very important and affects how much protein is needed in the diet. How is protein quality defined and what principle/theory is often used to defined the quality of a diet?
Protein quality is determined by its amino acid composition. The principle is the limiting amino acid theory which states that if there is a deficiency in one amino acid all other amino acids will be limited too.
List advantages and disadvantages of using animal-based protein sources in pet foods?
Advantages: great source of amino acids and source of omega fatty acids
Disadvantages: highly variable, presence of connective tissue can decrease the quality
Rank the biological value of the following protein sources:
Egg
Highest value
Rank the biological value of the following protein sources:
Fresh animal products
2nd highest value
Rank the biological value of the following protein sources:
Pulses (beans; lentils)
2nd lowest value
Rank the biological value of the following protein sources:
Cereal grains
Lowest value
____ is a sulfur-containing compound excreted in cat urine, is thought to be a precursor to pheromones, and is efficiently synthesized from cysteine.
Felinine
Maillard browning products may be formed if ingredients or pet foods are over-processed. The Maillard reaction involves a ___ sugar and an amino group. The amino acid most commonly affected by Maillard browning is ___
Reducing; lysine
As strict carnivores, cats are metabolically capable of metabolizing high protein levels in the diet. List 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of having such a high metabolism of amino acids.
Advantage: they are able to rid their body of ammonia through urea
Disadvantage: they are not able to store the left over amino acids for growth, they will be used for another purpose.
In cats, taurine
plays an important Ca++/K+ flux in photoreceptor cells of the retina
Which of the following impacts the digestibility of proteins in pet foods?
anti-nutritional components, dietary fiber, processing conditions, solubility
