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FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Personality Definition

A

Individual beliefs, traits, and actions

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2
Q

Personality Traits Definition

A

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts

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3
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from expectation of individual culture

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4
Q

Problems Diagnosing PD

A

Poor test-retest ability
Overlap between PDs
Sex and gender bias

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5
Q

5 Factor Dimensional Model

A

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience

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6
Q

Personality Cluster A

A

Odd or Eccentric = Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

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7
Q

Personality Cluster B

A

Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic = Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

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8
Q

Personality Cluster C

A

Anxious or Fearful = Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

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9
Q

Paranoid PD

A

Pervasive, unjustified mistrust and suspicion of others. Hostility and jealousness

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10
Q

Paranoid PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemeology: Lifetime = 1% + More common in men
Etiology: cognitive early learning that the world is dangerous, and others are dangerous
Treatment: Need to develop trusting relationship + cognitive therapy focused on thinking about others

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11
Q

Schizoid PD

A

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships

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12
Q

Schizoid PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: Lifetime <1% + More common in men
Etiology: Social isolation resembles autism + cognitive “I am self-sufficient, and others are intrusive”
Treatment: Cognitive therapy to value interpersonal relationships and build empathy

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13
Q

Schizotypal PD

A

Odd and unusual behavior, thoughts, and appearance. Magical thinking and ideas of reference (hidden meaning)

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14
Q

Schizotypal PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: lifetime 3% + increased risk of schizophrenia
Etiology: Phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype?
Treatment: Social skills training + antipsychotic medication + address comorbid depression

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15
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Noncompliance with social norms + violate the rights of others + lack empathy/remorse

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16
Q

Antisocial PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: Lifetime 3% men 1% women
Etiology: Family factors + lack of affection + severe parental rejection + inconsistent discipline
Treatment: Poor prognosis + incarceration often the only viable alternative

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17
Q

Borderline PD

A

Pattern of unstable moods and relationships, fear of abandonment + impulsivity + poor self-imaging

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18
Q

Borderline PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: Lifetime 1-2% + more common in women
Etiology: Genetics (runs in family) + early trauma and abuse (sexual or physical)
Treatment: Antidepressant meds + Dialectical BT to identify and regulate emotions, problem solving etc. (similar to PTSD therapy)

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19
Q

Histrionic PD

A

dramatic, attention-seeking, self-centered, provocative, shallow, impulsive

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20
Q

Histrionic PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=2-3%, more common in women
etiology: unknown, sex-typed variant of antisocial PD
treatment: address long-term consequences of attention seeking and problematic interpersonal behaviors

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21
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

exaggerated self-importance, entitled, lack empathy, seek attention

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22
Q

Narcissistic PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=<1%, more common in men, comorbid depression
etiology: failure to learn empathy, product of the “me” generation, think they are superior
treatment: address grandiosity, lack of empathy, comorbid depression

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23
Q

Avoidant PD

A

sensitivity to others opinions, avoid most interpersonal relationships, socially anxious, fear rejection

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24
Q

Avoidant PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=1%
etiology: difficult temperament, early rejection
treatment: CBT (treat like social anxiety disorder), effective

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25
Dependent PD
extreme dependence/over-reliance on others, passive/submissive, fear of abandonment, clingy
26
Dependent PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment
epidemiology: prev=1.5%, more common in women etiology: unknown, maybe early disruptions in attachment, feel completely helpless without person they depend on treatment: goal=increased independence, lack outcome studies
27
Obsessive-Compulsive PD
perfectionistic; concern with routines, doing things "right" (different from OCD)
28
Obsessive-Compulsive PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment
epidemiology: lifetime prev=1% etiology: unknown, believe they must have control treatment: cognitive therapy, relaxation distraction, lack outcome studies
29
Masters and Johnson
stages of sex are: desire, arousal (plateau), orgasm, resolution
30
Helen Kaplan
added the desire phase: phase before we begin cycle
31
Gender Dysphoria
When one's gender differs from SAAB and causes distress
32
Basson Model
doesn't differentiate between desire and arousal, feedback loop: more positive experience=more satisfaction=more intimacy=more positive response in the future
33
Primary Sex Characteristics
Internal and external genital expression (ex. PENIS 😂)
34
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Hormone activated characteristics (ex. BOOBS 😂)
35
Gender problems with DSM-5 and textbook
they're heteronormative and only refer to the binary, not clear how they define "male" and "female"
36
Gender
Presentation or experience of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny
37
Criteria for sexual dysfunction
6 months, occur during 75-100% of partnered activity, distress for all, lifelong vs acquired, situational vs generalized, mild/moderate/severe
38
Gender Dysphoria Myths
Not all people want to change primary/secondary characteristics Not all people operate on a binary People who "detransition" are 82.5% likely to do so because of external rather than internal factors
39
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
persistently deficient sexual thoughts/fantasies, deficient desire for sexual activity (not asexuality and needs to cause distress)
40
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
lack of/reduced sexual interest/arousal (desire and during activity) cons: muddles desire and arousal, relies on assumption that decreased interest in sex is abnormal (must cause distress)
41
Erectile Disorder
difficulty obtaining/maintaining erection, or boner not hard enough! differential diagnosis: can be from using SSRIs or depression
42
Premature Ejaculation
person with penis ejaculating within 1 minute of penetration (heteronormative) or before they want to
43
Gender Dysphoria Treatment
Merge gender identity and gender expression in day-to-day life. Engage in gender exploration for about 6 months. Gender-affirming medical procedures.
44
Delayed Ejaculation
delay in ejaculation or infrequency during activity
45
Gender-affirming medical procedures
Taking estrogen or testosterone, removing primary/secondary characteristics (genital alteration must be approved by a therapist to be covered by insurance)
46
Psychotherapy
Normally just use some form of CBT
47
Female Orgasmic Disorder
marked delay, infrequency, absence of female orgasm reduced intensity of female orgasm, some never orgasm cons: this is dumb because orgasm isn't all that matters, some people never orgasm and that's ok, also why the sex distinction?
48
Gender Dysphoria DSM-5 Controversy
Some argue "disorder" label stigmatizes. Diagnosis often required for medical procedures. Gender dysphoria "goes away naturally".
49
Paraphilia
Any intense and persistent sexual interest unrelated to genital stimulation or fondling with phenotypically "normal" human partners (mature)
50
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
pain during penetrative vaginal intercourse or any penetration (dysparenia) fear/anxiety about pain of penetration causes pelvic floor to tense (vaginismus), causing the pain (can occur outside of intercourse like at OBGYN, tampons)
51
define old
young-old: 55-64 middle-old: 65-74 old-old: 75+ defined by policy, not physical changes
52
Neurocognitive Disorder (dementia)
gradual deterioration of brain functioning in memory, judgment, language, cognitive processes, impulse control
53
Defining Paraphilia Disorder
MUST experience recurrent and intense sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors surrounding non-genital stimulation. -have a paraphilia -experience distress -experience impairment -have engaged in non-consensual acts --> MAJORITY of people with paraphilia would not meet criteria
54
Criteria for Neurocognitive Disorder
significant cognitive decline that interferes with independence and the ruling out of delirium and other disorders is required
55
Major vs mild Neurocognitive Disorder
significant vs mild cognitive decline and interferes with independence vs doesn't
56
13 Neurocognitive subtypes: "due to"
Alzheimer's, vascular disease, frontotemporal lobe degeneration, Lewy body disease, HIV, Parkinson's, Huntington's, traumatic brain injury, substance/medication, prion disease, another medical condition, multiple etiologies possible, or unspecified
57
Neurocognitive Disorder epidemiology
65+=5% 75+=10% 85+=20-40% 100+=100%
58
Paraphilia Categories
Non consent = voyeuristic (watching others), exhibitionistic (exposing in public), frotteuristic (rub on someone else), pedophile Pain/Humiliation = Sexual masochism and sexual sadism Fetishism = Sexual fetishistic, transvestic
59
Alzheimer's Disease Requirements
requires genetic variant or multiple cognitive deficits, gradual/steady decline autopsy required early onset: 40s-50s
60
Alzheimer's Symptoms
impaired memory, disorientation, narrowed interests, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, executive functioning worse, agitation, confusion, depression, anxiety, combativeness
61
Alzheimer's epidemiology
50% of major dementia usually onset in 60s/70s more common in women high education delays onset average survival=8 years gradual, then rapid, then gradual to death
62
Delirium
Fluctuating consciousness from mental confusion to lucidness -disorientation -incoherent speech -anxiety -hallucinations -nightmares -delusions --> rambling incoherent speech, very vivid visual hallucinations --> REVERSIBLE AND TREATABLE
63
Alzheimer's causes
neurobiological= amyloid plaques: protein deposits attach to neurons, killing neurons neurofibrillary tangles: tangled protein filaments atrophy: wasting away of brain genetic= if you have gene Preseniln-1 or 2, you have the disorder if you have apo E4 or APP (breaking down of protein) you are more susceptible
64
Delirium Etiology
-drug intoxication or withdrawal -malnutrition -metabolic imbalance -infection/fever -neurological disorder -stress of surgery
65
Alzheimer's treatment
no cure, but effective treatment medical: Cholinesterase inhibitors that raise acetylcholine, Aducanumab to reduce amyloid plaques psych: compensatory skills, cognitive stimulation, support from family prevention: control blood pressure, reduce stress, exercise, don't get head trauma, don't do too many crazy drugs
66
Delirium Epidemiology
Rapid onset + rapid resolution with full recovery Most common in older adults
67
core features of dissociative disorder
disruption in 1 or more: consciousness, memory, identity, perception
68
Delirium Treatment
Identify and treat underlying conditions -antipsychotic medications -reassurance + support -prevention
69
Dissociative types and symptoms
depersonalization: detached from self derealization: unreality amnesia: for personal info or time identity confusion identity alteration
70
dissociative amnesia
loss of autobiographical memory (from traumatic event) that typically remits abruptly and most get better without treatment
71
dissociative fugue
sudden, unexpected travel, amnesia, confusion with identity, distress, can last hours to months, full recovery, and single episode most common
72
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
2 or more personality states memory gaps inter-alter awareness: mutually amnesic, mutually cognizant, one-way amnesic sudden switches between states (chill or dramatic) alters differ in name, race, abilities, age, sexual orientation, preferences, sex, personality, psychophysiological responses
73
DID Epidemiology
Mean # of alters: 13 3-9x more common in women Childhood onset Abuse history Chronic
74
DID Etiology
Posttraumatic model: very complex and extreme form of PTSD sociocognitive model: DID results from media and therapist influences
75
DID Treatment
Good therapeutic relationship Recover memory gaps between alters Bring alters together
76
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Aware that experience is happening and not real Prevalence: 0.8-2.8 Mean age = 16 Chronic
77
Dissociative Disorders Etiology
Psychoanalytic: dissociation is extreme repression from unwanted experience Behavioral: negative reinforcement maintains dissociation
78
Somatic Disorders Core Features
"soma" = body preoccupation with body function physical symptoms without medical explanation WORRY overuse medical services (9x more) which is issue in medical scene
79
Conversion Disorder
Originally Hysteria 1 or more sensory motor symptoms which are medically unexplained (ex. paralysis, blindness) Not faking Related to psychological factors
80
Somatic Symptom Disorder
One or more somatic symptoms with distress/impairment Excessive with perceived seriousness, anxiety, and/or time + energy Duration _> 6 months
81
Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondriasis)
Disease conviction of an often severe or deadly disease Severe anxiety Checking or avoiding Medical reassurance only temporarily alleviates stress _> 6 months
82
Differential Diagnosies
Malingering: Deliberately faking for some sort of gain Factitious Disorder: crave attention by intentionally being sick Factitious Disorder imposed on another: getting a loved one intentionally sick for self-gain
83
Somatic Disorders Etiology
Psychodynamic: primary gain repress conflict, secondary gain avoid responsibility Behavioral: positively and negatively reinforced Cognitive: misinterpret body sensations
84
Somatic Disorders Treatment
Lower medical visits Gatekeeper physician CBT: cognitive reconstructing, tell family and friends to ignore feeling bad for "sickness" Stress management

Abnormal Psych (1 decks)

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