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Abnormal Psych > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality Definition

A

Individual beliefs, traits, and actions

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2
Q

Personality Traits Definition

A

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts

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3
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from expectation of individual culture

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4
Q

Problems Diagnosing PD

A

Poor test-retest ability
Overlap between PDs
Sex and gender bias

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5
Q

5 Factor Dimensional Model

A

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience

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6
Q

Personality Cluster A

A

Odd or Eccentric = Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

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7
Q

Personality Cluster B

A

Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic = Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

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8
Q

Personality Cluster C

A

Anxious or Fearful = Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

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9
Q

Paranoid PD

A

Pervasive, unjustified mistrust and suspicion of others. Hostility and jealousness

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10
Q

Paranoid PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemeology: Lifetime = 1% + More common in men
Etiology: cognitive early learning that the world is dangerous, and others are dangerous
Treatment: Need to develop trusting relationship + cognitive therapy focused on thinking about others

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11
Q

Schizoid PD

A

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships

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12
Q

Schizoid PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: Lifetime <1% + More common in men
Etiology: Social isolation resembles autism + cognitive “I am self-sufficient, and others are intrusive”
Treatment: Cognitive therapy to value interpersonal relationships and build empathy

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13
Q

Schizotypal PD

A

Odd and unusual behavior, thoughts, and appearance. Magical thinking and ideas of reference (hidden meaning)

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14
Q

Schizotypal PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: lifetime 3% + increased risk of schizophrenia
Etiology: Phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype?
Treatment: Social skills training + antipsychotic medication + address comorbid depression

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15
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Noncompliance with social norms + violate the rights of others + lack empathy/remorse

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16
Q

Antisocial PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: Lifetime 3% men 1% women
Etiology: Family factors + lack of affection + severe parental rejection + inconsistent discipline
Treatment: Poor prognosis + incarceration often the only viable alternative

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17
Q

Borderline PD

A

Pattern of unstable moods and relationships, fear of abandonment + impulsivity + poor self-imaging

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18
Q

Borderline PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

Epidemiology: Lifetime 1-2% + more common in women
Etiology: Genetics (runs in family) + early trauma and abuse (sexual or physical)
Treatment: Antidepressant meds + Dialectical BT to identify and regulate emotions, problem solving etc. (similar to PTSD therapy)

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19
Q

Histrionic PD

A

dramatic, attention-seeking, self-centered, provocative, shallow, impulsive

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20
Q

Histrionic PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=2-3%, more common in women
etiology: unknown, sex-typed variant of antisocial PD
treatment: address long-term consequences of attention seeking and problematic interpersonal behaviors

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21
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

exaggerated self-importance, entitled, lack empathy, seek attention

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22
Q

Narcissistic PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=<1%, more common in men, comorbid depression
etiology: failure to learn empathy, product of the “me” generation, think they are superior
treatment: address grandiosity, lack of empathy, comorbid depression

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23
Q

Avoidant PD

A

sensitivity to others opinions, avoid most interpersonal relationships, socially anxious, fear rejection

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24
Q

Avoidant PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=1%
etiology: difficult temperament, early rejection
treatment: CBT (treat like social anxiety disorder), effective

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25
Q

Dependent PD

A

extreme dependence/over-reliance on others, passive/submissive, fear of abandonment, clingy

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26
Q

Dependent PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: prev=1.5%, more common in women
etiology: unknown, maybe early disruptions in attachment, feel completely helpless without person they depend on
treatment: goal=increased independence, lack outcome studies

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27
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

A

perfectionistic; concern with routines, doing things “right” (different from OCD)

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28
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive PD Epidemiology, Etiology, Treatment

A

epidemiology: lifetime prev=1%
etiology: unknown, believe they must have control
treatment: cognitive therapy, relaxation distraction, lack outcome studies

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29
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

stages of sex are: desire, arousal (plateau), orgasm, resolution

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30
Q

Helen Kaplan

A

added the desire phase: phase before we begin cycle

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31
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

When one’s gender differs from SAAB and causes distress

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32
Q

Basson Model

A

doesn’t differentiate between desire and arousal, feedback loop: more positive experience=more satisfaction=more intimacy=more positive response in the future

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33
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Internal and external genital expression (ex. PENIS 😂)

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34
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Hormone activated characteristics (ex. BOOBS 😂)

35
Q

Gender problems with DSM-5 and textbook

A

they’re heteronormative and only refer to the binary, not clear how they define “male” and “female”

36
Q

Gender

A

Presentation or experience of masculinity, femininity, or androgyny

37
Q

Criteria for sexual dysfunction

A

6 months, occur during 75-100% of partnered activity, distress for all, lifelong vs acquired, situational vs generalized, mild/moderate/severe

38
Q

Gender Dysphoria Myths

A

Not all people want to change primary/secondary characteristics
Not all people operate on a binary
People who “detransition” are 82.5% likely to do so because of external rather than internal factors

39
Q

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A

persistently deficient sexual thoughts/fantasies, deficient desire for sexual activity
(not asexuality and needs to cause distress)

40
Q

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

A

lack of/reduced sexual interest/arousal (desire and during activity)
cons: muddles desire and arousal, relies on assumption that decreased interest in sex is abnormal (must cause distress)

41
Q

Erectile Disorder

A

difficulty obtaining/maintaining erection, or boner not hard enough!
differential diagnosis: can be from using SSRIs or depression

42
Q

Premature Ejaculation

A

person with penis ejaculating within 1 minute of penetration (heteronormative) or before they want to

43
Q

Gender Dysphoria Treatment

A

Merge gender identity and gender expression in day-to-day life. Engage in gender exploration for about 6 months. Gender-affirming medical procedures.

44
Q

Delayed Ejaculation

A

delay in ejaculation or infrequency during activity

45
Q

Gender-affirming medical procedures

A

Taking estrogen or testosterone, removing primary/secondary characteristics (genital alteration must be approved by a therapist to be covered by insurance)

46
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Normally just use some form of CBT

47
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A

marked delay, infrequency, absence of female orgasm
reduced intensity of female orgasm, some never orgasm
cons: this is dumb because orgasm isn’t all that matters, some people never orgasm and that’s ok, also why the sex distinction?

48
Q

Gender Dysphoria DSM-5 Controversy

A

Some argue “disorder” label stigmatizes. Diagnosis often required for medical procedures. Gender dysphoria “goes away naturally”.

49
Q

Paraphilia

A

Any intense and persistent sexual interest unrelated to genital stimulation or fondling with phenotypically “normal” human partners (mature)

50
Q

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A

pain during penetrative vaginal intercourse or any penetration (dysparenia)
fear/anxiety about pain of penetration causes pelvic floor to tense (vaginismus), causing the pain
(can occur outside of intercourse like at OBGYN, tampons)

51
Q

define old

A

young-old: 55-64
middle-old: 65-74
old-old: 75+
defined by policy, not physical changes

52
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder (dementia)

A

gradual deterioration of brain functioning in memory, judgment, language, cognitive processes, impulse control

53
Q

Defining Paraphilia Disorder

A

MUST experience recurrent and intense sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors surrounding non-genital stimulation.
-have a paraphilia
-experience distress
-experience impairment
-have engaged in non-consensual acts
–> MAJORITY of people with paraphilia would not meet criteria

54
Q

Criteria for Neurocognitive Disorder

A

significant cognitive decline that interferes with independence and the ruling out of delirium and other disorders is required

55
Q

Major vs mild Neurocognitive Disorder

A

significant vs mild cognitive decline and interferes with independence vs doesn’t

56
Q

13 Neurocognitive subtypes: “due to”

A

Alzheimer’s, vascular disease, frontotemporal lobe degeneration, Lewy body disease, HIV, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, traumatic brain injury, substance/medication, prion disease, another medical condition, multiple etiologies possible, or unspecified

57
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder epidemiology

A

65+=5%
75+=10%
85+=20-40%
100+=100%

58
Q

Paraphilia Categories

A

Non consent = voyeuristic (watching others), exhibitionistic (exposing in public), frotteuristic (rub on someone else), pedophile
Pain/Humiliation = Sexual masochism and sexual sadism
Fetishism = Sexual fetishistic, transvestic

59
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease Requirements

A

requires genetic variant or multiple cognitive deficits, gradual/steady decline
autopsy required
early onset: 40s-50s

60
Q

Alzheimer’s Symptoms

A

impaired memory, disorientation, narrowed interests, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, executive functioning worse, agitation, confusion, depression, anxiety, combativeness

61
Q

Alzheimer’s epidemiology

A

50% of major dementia
usually onset in 60s/70s
more common in women
high education delays onset
average survival=8 years
gradual, then rapid, then gradual to death

62
Q

Delirium

A

Fluctuating consciousness from mental confusion to lucidness
-disorientation
-incoherent speech
-anxiety
-hallucinations
-nightmares
-delusions
–> rambling incoherent speech, very vivid visual hallucinations
–> REVERSIBLE AND TREATABLE

63
Q

Alzheimer’s causes

A

neurobiological=
amyloid plaques: protein deposits attach to neurons, killing neurons
neurofibrillary tangles: tangled protein filaments
atrophy: wasting away of brain

genetic=
if you have gene Preseniln-1 or 2, you have the disorder
if you have apo E4 or APP (breaking down of protein) you are more susceptible

64
Q

Delirium Etiology

A

-drug intoxication or withdrawal
-malnutrition
-metabolic imbalance
-infection/fever
-neurological disorder
-stress of surgery

65
Q

Alzheimer’s treatment

A

no cure, but effective treatment
medical: Cholinesterase inhibitors that raise acetylcholine, Aducanumab to reduce amyloid plaques
psych: compensatory skills, cognitive stimulation, support from family
prevention: control blood pressure, reduce stress, exercise, don’t get head trauma, don’t do too many crazy drugs

66
Q

Delirium Epidemiology

A

Rapid onset + rapid resolution with full recovery
Most common in older adults

67
Q

core features of dissociative disorder

A

disruption in 1 or more:
consciousness, memory, identity, perception

68
Q

Delirium Treatment

A

Identify and treat underlying conditions
-antipsychotic medications
-reassurance + support
-prevention

69
Q

Dissociative types and symptoms

A

depersonalization: detached from self
derealization: unreality
amnesia: for personal info or time
identity confusion
identity alteration

70
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

loss of autobiographical memory (from traumatic event) that typically remits abruptly and most get better without treatment

71
Q

dissociative fugue

A

sudden, unexpected travel, amnesia, confusion with identity, distress, can last hours to months, full recovery, and single episode most common

72
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

2 or more personality states
memory gaps
inter-alter awareness: mutually amnesic, mutually cognizant, one-way amnesic
sudden switches between states (chill or dramatic)
alters differ in name, race, abilities, age, sexual orientation, preferences, sex, personality, psychophysiological responses

73
Q

DID Epidemiology

A

Mean # of alters: 13
3-9x more common in women
Childhood onset
Abuse history
Chronic

74
Q

DID Etiology

A

Posttraumatic model: very complex and extreme form of PTSD
sociocognitive model: DID results from media and therapist influences

75
Q

DID Treatment

A

Good therapeutic relationship
Recover memory gaps between alters
Bring alters together

76
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

Aware that experience is happening and not real
Prevalence: 0.8-2.8
Mean age = 16
Chronic

77
Q

Dissociative Disorders Etiology

A

Psychoanalytic: dissociation is extreme repression from unwanted experience
Behavioral: negative reinforcement maintains dissociation

78
Q

Somatic Disorders Core Features

A

“soma” = body
preoccupation with body function
physical symptoms without medical explanation
WORRY
overuse medical services (9x more) which is issue in medical scene

79
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Originally Hysteria
1 or more sensory motor symptoms which are medically unexplained (ex. paralysis, blindness)
Not faking
Related to psychological factors

80
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

One or more somatic symptoms with distress/impairment
Excessive with perceived seriousness, anxiety, and/or time + energy
Duration _> 6 months

81
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondriasis)

A

Disease conviction of an often severe or deadly disease
Severe anxiety
Checking or avoiding
Medical reassurance only temporarily alleviates stress
_> 6 months

82
Q

Differential Diagnosies

A

Malingering: Deliberately faking for some sort of gain
Factitious Disorder: crave attention by intentionally being sick
Factitious Disorder imposed on another: getting a loved one intentionally sick for self-gain

83
Q

Somatic Disorders Etiology

A

Psychodynamic: primary gain repress conflict, secondary gain avoid responsibility
Behavioral: positively and negatively reinforced
Cognitive: misinterpret body sensations

84
Q

Somatic Disorders Treatment

A

Lower medical visits
Gatekeeper physician
CBT: cognitive reconstructing, tell family and friends to ignore feeling bad for “sickness”
Stress management

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