final exam Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
channel
A
the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a receiver
2
Q
decoding
A
the process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message
3
Q
encoding
A
taking an abstract notion and providing it meaning through the application of symbols (convert the idea into words)
4
Q
environment
A
the context in which the communication process takes place
5
Q
feedback
A
the receiver’s response to a message that is sent to the sender
6
Q
interactive model of communication
A
communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment
7
Q
linear model of communication
A
theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message
8
Q
message
A
the content or idea that the source tries to convey to the audience
9
Q
noise
A
anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it
10
Q
receiver
A
receiver
the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to
11
Q
source
A
the person responsible for inventing the idea on which he or she intends to speak and crafting that idea to an audience
12
Q
transactional model of communication
A
the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver`
13
Q
phobia
A
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid
14
Q
communication apprehension
A
the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others
15
Q
self-fulfilling prophecy
A
convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected
16
Q
systematic desensitization
A
the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased
17
Q
ethics
A
involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person
18
Q
plagiarism
A
taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one’s own
19
Q
global plagiarism
A
taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own
20
Q
incremental plagiarism
A
using part of someone else’s work and not citing it as a source
21
Q
patchwork plagiarism
A
taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources
22
Q
patchworking
A
taking original source material and changing few words in it, but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material
23
Q
culture
A
the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period
24
Q
co-cultures
A
groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives
25
low-context cultures
the language used in an interaction, in which very little emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment, and situation
26
high-content cultures
language in which a great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation in which the communication is taking place, and less emphasis is placed on the words
27
race
a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color
28
ethnicity
a group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors
29
sex
refers to one's biological classification as male, female, or intersex based on one's reproductive organs and chromosomes
30
gender
a social construction that includes the all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine
31
sexual orientation
the sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted to
32
Ideology
set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action
33
dialogue
speaking in a way that encourages others to listen and listening in a way that encourages others to speak
34
ethnocentric
believing your group's perspective is the only correct one and thus judging others based on their conformity to your way of doing things
35
abstract
words are not concrete or tangible items they are only representations
36
accent
nonverbal behaviors that argument a verbal message
37
acceptance
third step of the persuasion process in which the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them
38
alliteration
repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words
39
ambiguous
language that does not have precise, concrete meanings
40
antithesis
when two ideas that sharply contrast with one another are put side by side in a parallel structure
41
arbitrary
symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things
42
archetypal metaphors
metaphors that use common human experiences to describer another object
43
articulation
physically producing the sound needed to convey the word
44
artistic proof
constructed by the speaker for the occasion; concerned ethos, pathos, and logos
45
autocratic ledership
style of leadership in which a leader tells group members what they should do
46
awareness
first stage of the persuasion process in which you focus the audience's attention on the issue and show why the issue is important
47
bar graph
a graph that shows two axes and bars going either horizontally or vertically to represent total achievement
48
bias
an unfair preference or distortion of information
49
bookend group presentation
a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the introduction and conclusion for the group
50
bookend story
a narrative in which the speaker tells the first part of a story as an attention getter in the introduction of his/her speech and then finishes the story in the closer as the end of the conclusion
51
boolean operators
using words such as "and", "but", and "or" when typing in search terms to focus the results
52
brainstorm
to create list of possible topics and keep adding to this list as you think of new ideas
53
brief example
an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point in a speech
54
categorical syllogism
a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group
55
chart
visual depictions of summaries of numeric data
56
clincher
the final statement of your speech
57
complement
when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content
58
comprehension
stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take
59
concept map
also known as a mind map, a visual representation of the potential areas that you could cover in your speech
60
conditional syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome
61
coordination
all information on the same level hs the same significance
62
credibility
the ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others
63
dais
a table at which people sit in the front of the room
64
deductive reasoning
an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion
65
democratic leadership
a style of leadership in which a leader finds a balanced emphasis on task and maintenance dimensions in a group
66
demographics
categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation
67
derived credibility
the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation
68
disjunctive syllogism
a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives
69
division
principle that if a points divided into subpoenas, there must be two or more subpoints
70
eulogy
a speech that pays tribute to the life of the deceased
71
expert testimony
testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject matter
72
extemporaneous speech
a speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech in front of the speaker
73
extended example
an example that takes time, and the importance lies in the details
74
feedback
the receiver's response to a message that is sent to the sender
75
figurative analogy
when the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications
76
general purpose statement
a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech, there are three types
77
global plagiarism
taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own
78
graph
a type of chart that illustrates numeric data by using a visual diagram
79
hate speech
attacking a person or group of people based upon their gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, social actions, or any other category that indicates applications of a negative, unwarranted stereotypes
80
hierarchical
language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower
81
histogram
a visual representation of a frequency table in which the categories are placed on the horizontal axis and vertical bars are used to represent the number (or frequency) of individuals that fit into that category
82
hypothetical example
an example that is fictional
83
impromptu speech
a presentation done with little or no preparation
84
inartistic proofs
all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but nevertheless can aid in persuasion
85
incremental plagiarism
using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source
86
inductive reasoning
an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute, conclusion
87
initial credibility
the credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech that is based on your experience and the audience's prior knowledge about you
88
integration
the fourth step of the persuasive process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take
89
interactive model of communication
communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment
90
internal summary
a statement that summarizes what you have already covered and precedes transitions
91
internal preview
serves as an outline of what is to come in a speech and is often combined with transition statements
92
issue awareness
first state of the persuasion process, in which you focus on the audience's attention on the issue and show why the issue is important
93
laissez-faire leadership
a style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members
94
leader-as-completer approach
a leadership approach in which the leader is the person who is responsible for completing tasks that are not finished or undertaken by other group members
95
lectern
the stand behind which people speak on which they place their notes
96
linear model of communication
theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message
97
line graph
a graph that uses lines drawn along two axes that show growth, loss, or flat developments over time
98
literal analogy
when the two cases being compared are classified the same way
99
logos
the logical dimension of the appeal
100
manuscript speech
when a speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of him/her as he/she speak
101
mean
the average of all the scores in a distribution, which is calculated by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the total number of scores
102
measures of central tendency
statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including the mean, median, and mode
103
median
the middle number in a distribution of numbers
104
memorized speech
when a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes in front of hum/her
105
message
the content or idea that the source tries to convey to the audience
106
metaphor
linguistic device that allows for comparisons between two objects by highlighting qualities of each object in explicit comparison
107
metonymy
using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thing
108
mixed metaphor
metaphors that compare two objects that have no logical connection with each other`
109
mode
the score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers
110
model
a three-dimensional representation of an actual object
111
moderator
a person who acts as the coordinator of the discussion flow and ensures a civil, organized, and complete delivery of information to the audience
112
narrative
a story
113
necessary cause
a cause that must be present for an effect to happen
114
noise
anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it
115
object
the thing being discussed, not a model or representation of that thing
116
panel group presentation
a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or a subset of a topic
117
parallelism
similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech
118
pathos
the emotional dimensions of the appeal that can influence an audience's disposition toward the topic, speaker, or occasion
119
peer testimony
testimony for someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic
120
phobias
a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid
121
physical delivery
elements of speaking that deal with the body
122
physical location
the immediate environment in which the speaker will be speaking
123
photograph
a picture of the object about which you are speaking
124
pie graph
a graph that shows circles that are "sliced" apart to represent percentages of the total "pie" for particular groups or categories
125
podium
a raised platform on which the speaker stands
126
profanity
language which is vulgar and irreverent
127
pronunciation
the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spokenen
128
question of fact
when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts
129
question of policy
when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken
130
question of value
a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea, action, or issue
131
real example
an example that is factual
132
reasoning by analogy
when you compare two similar cases to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other
133
reasoning by cause
arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect
134
reasoning by example
the process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases
135
reasoning by sign
occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another
136
receiver
the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to
137
refutation
response to potential opposition to your argument
138
regulate
nonverbal actions that help govern the course of a speech or interaction
139
repeat
when physical actions restate verbal messages
140
repetition
repeating words and phrases
141
self-fulfilling prophecy
convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected
142
signposts
key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another
143
simile
linguistic device that compares two things through the use of "like" or "as"
144
source
the person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intended to speak and crafting that idea to an audience
145
speaking tool
devices that assist speakers, such as microphones, podiums, lecterns, and lighting
146
specific purpose statement
a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech
147
standard deviation
a measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers in a distribution are
148
statistics
numbers that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize
149
subordination
process of creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first, followed by more specific ideas
150
substitute
physical actions that take the place of verbal messages
151
sufficient cause
a cause that can produce the effect in question
152
synecdoche
using one part of something to represent the whole thing
153
systematic desensitization
the process in which people are slowly introduced to their fear so that each tie they overcome the fear, the intensity is decreased
154
terminal credibility
the level of credibility that you have when your speech concludes and that is the sum or your initial credibility and derived credibility
155
testimony
using the words of other people as evidence
156
thesis
a carefully worded one-sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech
157
transition
connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving to another
158
verbal delivery
elements of speaking that deal with voice
159
vital function approach
a leadership approach that calls upon group leaders to perform tasks others in the group either cannot or are not qualified to perform
160
voice over internet protocol (VOIP)
allows for voice and images to be sent live over the web to another person
