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Public Speaking > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

channel

A

the medium through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a receiver

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2
Q

decoding

A

the process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message

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3
Q

encoding

A

taking an abstract notion and providing it meaning through the application of symbols (convert the idea into words)

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4
Q

environment

A

the context in which the communication process takes place

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5
Q

feedback

A

the receiver’s response to a message that is sent to the sender

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6
Q

interactive model of communication

A

communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment

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7
Q

linear model of communication

A

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message

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8
Q

message

A

the content or idea that the source tries to convey to the audience

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9
Q

noise

A

anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it

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10
Q

receiver

A

receiver
the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to

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11
Q

source

A

the person responsible for inventing the idea on which he or she intends to speak and crafting that idea to an audience

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12
Q

transactional model of communication

A

the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver`

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13
Q

phobia

A

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid

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14
Q

communication apprehension

A

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

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15
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

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16
Q

systematic desensitization

A

the process whereby a person is slowly introduced to a fear such that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased

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17
Q

ethics

A

involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person

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18
Q

plagiarism

A

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one’s own

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19
Q

global plagiarism

A

taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own

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20
Q

incremental plagiarism

A

using part of someone else’s work and not citing it as a source

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21
Q

patchwork plagiarism

A

taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources

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22
Q

patchworking

A

taking original source material and changing few words in it, but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material

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23
Q

culture

A

the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period

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24
Q

co-cultures

A

groups that are impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

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25
Q

low-context cultures

A

the language used in an interaction, in which very little emphasis is placed on the nonverbal communication, environment, and situation

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26
Q

high-content cultures

A

language in which a great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation in which the communication is taking place, and less emphasis is placed on the words

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27
Q

race

A

a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color

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28
Q

ethnicity

A

a group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors

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29
Q

sex

A

refers to one’s biological classification as male, female, or intersex based on one’s reproductive organs and chromosomes

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30
Q

gender

A

a social construction that includes the all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine

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31
Q

sexual orientation

A

the sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted to

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32
Q

Ideology

A

set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action

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33
Q

dialogue

A

speaking in a way that encourages others to listen and listening in a way that encourages others to speak

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34
Q

ethnocentric

A

believing your group’s perspective is the only correct one and thus judging others based on their conformity to your way of doing things

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35
Q

abstract

A

words are not concrete or tangible items they are only representations

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36
Q

accent

A

nonverbal behaviors that argument a verbal message

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37
Q

acceptance

A

third step of the persuasion process in which the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them

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38
Q

alliteration

A

repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words

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39
Q

ambiguous

A

language that does not have precise, concrete meanings

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40
Q

antithesis

A

when two ideas that sharply contrast with one another are put side by side in a parallel structure

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41
Q

arbitrary

A

symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things

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42
Q

archetypal metaphors

A

metaphors that use common human experiences to describer another object

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43
Q

articulation

A

physically producing the sound needed to convey the word

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44
Q

artistic proof

A

constructed by the speaker for the occasion; concerned ethos, pathos, and logos

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45
Q

autocratic ledership

A

style of leadership in which a leader tells group members what they should do

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46
Q

awareness

A

first stage of the persuasion process in which you focus the audience’s attention on the issue and show why the issue is important

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47
Q

bar graph

A

a graph that shows two axes and bars going either horizontally or vertically to represent total achievement

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48
Q

bias

A

an unfair preference or distortion of information

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49
Q

bookend group presentation

A

a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the introduction and conclusion for the group

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50
Q

bookend story

A

a narrative in which the speaker tells the first part of a story as an attention getter in the introduction of his/her speech and then finishes the story in the closer as the end of the conclusion

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51
Q

boolean operators

A

using words such as “and”, “but”, and “or” when typing in search terms to focus the results

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52
Q

brainstorm

A

to create list of possible topics and keep adding to this list as you think of new ideas

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53
Q

brief example

A

an example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point in a speech

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54
Q

categorical syllogism

A

a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group

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55
Q

chart

A

visual depictions of summaries of numeric data

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56
Q

clincher

A

the final statement of your speech

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57
Q

complement

A

when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content

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58
Q

comprehension

A

stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take

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59
Q

concept map

A

also known as a mind map, a visual representation of the potential areas that you could cover in your speech

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60
Q

conditional syllogism

A

a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome

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61
Q

coordination

A

all information on the same level hs the same significance

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62
Q

credibility

A

the ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others

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63
Q

dais

A

a table at which people sit in the front of the room

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64
Q

deductive reasoning

A

an argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion

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65
Q

democratic leadership

A

a style of leadership in which a leader finds a balanced emphasis on task and maintenance dimensions in a group

66
Q

demographics

A

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation

67
Q

derived credibility

A

the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation

68
Q

disjunctive syllogism

A

a syllogism in which the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives

69
Q

division

A

principle that if a points divided into subpoenas, there must be two or more subpoints

70
Q

eulogy

A

a speech that pays tribute to the life of the deceased

71
Q

expert testimony

A

testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject matter

72
Q

extemporaneous speech

A

a speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech in front of the speaker

73
Q

extended example

A

an example that takes time, and the importance lies in the details

74
Q

feedback

A

the receiver’s response to a message that is sent to the sender

75
Q

figurative analogy

A

when the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications

76
Q

general purpose statement

A

a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech, there are three types

77
Q

global plagiarism

A

taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own

78
Q

graph

A

a type of chart that illustrates numeric data by using a visual diagram

79
Q

hate speech

A

attacking a person or group of people based upon their gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, social actions, or any other category that indicates applications of a negative, unwarranted stereotypes

80
Q

hierarchical

A

language that is structured according to more or less, higher or lower

81
Q

histogram

A

a visual representation of a frequency table in which the categories are placed on the horizontal axis and vertical bars are used to represent the number (or frequency) of individuals that fit into that category

82
Q

hypothetical example

A

an example that is fictional

83
Q

impromptu speech

A

a presentation done with little or no preparation

84
Q

inartistic proofs

A

all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but nevertheless can aid in persuasion

85
Q

incremental plagiarism

A

using part of someone else’s work and not citing it as a source

86
Q

inductive reasoning

A

an argument that comes to a probable, instead of an absolute, conclusion

87
Q

initial credibility

A

the credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech that is based on your experience and the audience’s prior knowledge about you

88
Q

integration

A

the fourth step of the persuasive process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take

89
Q

interactive model of communication

A

communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment

90
Q

internal summary

A

a statement that summarizes what you have already covered and precedes transitions

91
Q

internal preview

A

serves as an outline of what is to come in a speech and is often combined with transition statements

92
Q

issue awareness

A

first state of the persuasion process, in which you focus on the audience’s attention on the issue and show why the issue is important

93
Q

laissez-faire leadership

A

a style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members

94
Q

leader-as-completer approach

A

a leadership approach in which the leader is the person who is responsible for completing tasks that are not finished or undertaken by other group members

95
Q

lectern

A

the stand behind which people speak on which they place their notes

96
Q

linear model of communication

A

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message

97
Q

line graph

A

a graph that uses lines drawn along two axes that show growth, loss, or flat developments over time

98
Q

literal analogy

A

when the two cases being compared are classified the same way

99
Q

logos

A

the logical dimension of the appeal

100
Q

manuscript speech

A

when a speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of him/her as he/she speak

101
Q

mean

A

the average of all the scores in a distribution, which is calculated by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the total number of scores

102
Q

measures of central tendency

A

statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including the mean, median, and mode

103
Q

median

A

the middle number in a distribution of numbers

104
Q

memorized speech

A

when a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes in front of hum/her

105
Q

message

A

the content or idea that the source tries to convey to the audience

106
Q

metaphor

A

linguistic device that allows for comparisons between two objects by highlighting qualities of each object in explicit comparison

107
Q

metonymy

A

using a tangible object to represent an otherwise intangible thing

108
Q

mixed metaphor

A

metaphors that compare two objects that have no logical connection with each other`

109
Q

mode

A

the score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers

110
Q

model

A

a three-dimensional representation of an actual object

111
Q

moderator

A

a person who acts as the coordinator of the discussion flow and ensures a civil, organized, and complete delivery of information to the audience

112
Q

narrative

A

a story

113
Q

necessary cause

A

a cause that must be present for an effect to happen

114
Q

noise

A

anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it

115
Q

object

A

the thing being discussed, not a model or representation of that thing

116
Q

panel group presentation

A

a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or a subset of a topic

117
Q

parallelism

A

similarly structuring related words, phrases, or clauses of speech

118
Q

pathos

A

the emotional dimensions of the appeal that can influence an audience’s disposition toward the topic, speaker, or occasion

119
Q

peer testimony

A

testimony for someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic

120
Q

phobias

A

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid

121
Q

physical delivery

A

elements of speaking that deal with the body

122
Q

physical location

A

the immediate environment in which the speaker will be speaking

123
Q

photograph

A

a picture of the object about which you are speaking

124
Q

pie graph

A

a graph that shows circles that are “sliced” apart to represent percentages of the total “pie” for particular groups or categories

125
Q

podium

A

a raised platform on which the speaker stands

126
Q

profanity

A

language which is vulgar and irreverent

127
Q

pronunciation

A

the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spokenen

128
Q

question of fact

A

when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts

129
Q

question of policy

A

when a speaker takes a position on whether an action should or should not be taken

130
Q

question of value

A

a persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of an idea, action, or issue

131
Q

real example

A

an example that is factual

132
Q

reasoning by analogy

A

when you compare two similar cases to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other

133
Q

reasoning by cause

A

arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect

134
Q

reasoning by example

A

the process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases

135
Q

reasoning by sign

A

occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

136
Q

receiver

A

the person or audience that a message is being transmitted to

137
Q

refutation

A

response to potential opposition to your argument

138
Q

regulate

A

nonverbal actions that help govern the course of a speech or interaction

139
Q

repeat

A

when physical actions restate verbal messages

140
Q

repetition

A

repeating words and phrases

141
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

142
Q

signposts

A

key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another

143
Q

simile

A

linguistic device that compares two things through the use of “like” or “as”

144
Q

source

A

the person responsible for inventing the idea on which they intended to speak and crafting that idea to an audience

145
Q

speaking tool

A

devices that assist speakers, such as microphones, podiums, lecterns, and lighting

146
Q

specific purpose statement

A

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

147
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers in a distribution are

148
Q

statistics

A

numbers that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize

149
Q

subordination

A

process of creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first, followed by more specific ideas

150
Q

substitute

A

physical actions that take the place of verbal messages

151
Q

sufficient cause

A

a cause that can produce the effect in question

152
Q

synecdoche

A

using one part of something to represent the whole thing

153
Q

systematic desensitization

A

the process in which people are slowly introduced to their fear so that each tie they overcome the fear, the intensity is decreased

154
Q

terminal credibility

A

the level of credibility that you have when your speech concludes and that is the sum or your initial credibility and derived credibility

155
Q

testimony

A

using the words of other people as evidence

156
Q

thesis

A

a carefully worded one-sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech

157
Q

transition

A

connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving to another

158
Q

verbal delivery

A

elements of speaking that deal with voice

159
Q

vital function approach

A

a leadership approach that calls upon group leaders to perform tasks others in the group either cannot or are not qualified to perform

160
Q

voice over internet protocol (VOIP)

A

allows for voice and images to be sent live over the web to another person

Public Speaking (1 decks)

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