Final Exam Flashcards
What is tourism?
Tourism is all about the consumption and production of in-place experiences
Tourism is…
demand-led, defined by the consumer as the product is produced
What is the fundamental condition for the development of tourism?
Travellers must have both the ability and willingness to travel (must be market/demand)
Tourism demand
considers tourism consumption which includes the characteristics of tourists, their behaviour and expenditure
Conspicuous Consumption
consuming prestigious goods to enhance one’s prestige
Self-actualization
depends on the quality of the experience
Authenticity
-tourists are often confronted with and satisfied with staged versions
-eroded through commodification
Supply
the businesses and organizations that produce the products that tourists consume, tourism is not a single product
Types of tourism
-Urban tourism (Times Square)
-Dark tourism (Auschwitz)
-Adventure tourism (Mt. Everest)
-Ecotourism
-Sports tourism (FIFA)
-Resort tourism
-Beach tourism
-Slum tourism
-Film tourism (Lord of the Rings)
-Attractions (Taj Mahal)
-Safari tourism (Kruger National Park)
Benefits of Tourism
- Economic Development
- Social Inclusion
- Placemaking
- Regeneration
- Culture and Heritage
Resources of Environmental Change
Silent Spring (1962)- Rachel Carson
Limits to Growth (1972)
Brundtland Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
Key Elements of Sustainable Developments
-maintain ecological integrity and diversity
-meet basic human needs
-keep options open for future generations
-reduce injustice
-support the empowerment of decision making
processes
-maintain the quality of life
-sustain cultures
What does sustainable development resolve?
the contradiction between avoiding environmental degradation and reducing poverty through economic growth
Tragedy of the Commons
a public resource is decimated due to the fact that no one is responsible for ensuring the proper management of resources
Tourism Commons
public spaces including streets, parks, museums and galleries
Why are tourists considered free riders?
they use public space without paying a cost; the benefit at the cost of those who do pay
Tools of Responsibility
-Municipal/National Approach (rules to ensure public good is respected, minimizes free-rider problem)
-Industry Approach (ABTA, AITO)
-International Approach (Agenda 21 by WTO and WTTC)
Characteristics of Responsible Tourism
- enhances the tourist experience to make
it more authentic - engages the consumer & encourages a
change in the way they travel - brings awareness to the conidiations
under which the experience was created - provides a better experience for both the
traveler and the community - takes place at the individual and collective
levels - emphasizes the necessity for regulations
- addresses local priorities & locals
maintain ownership and use of
land/resources - transparent about reporting outcomes
- varies from place to place but
involves everyone at the destination - encourages partnerships
- progress is represented by higher
incomes, more satisfying jobs
improving social and cultural
facilities and improved housing
What are CSRs interested in?
-acting as a good corporate citizen
-attending to the evolving social concerns of stakeholders
-mitigating adverse effects from busineses
Examples of CSR in tourism
-good business ethics
-instituting codes of conducts
-certification schemes
Characteristics of the Holiday Maker
-wants the best
-interested in fun
-expect to be pampered
-participates in conspicuous consumption
-entitled to do what they please because they paid for it
-not aware of their impacts
-demanding
Cape Town Declaration (2002)
-agreed that RT, minimizes economic, social and environmental impacts, generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well being of host communities, improves working conditions and access to the industry
Criticism for Responsible Tourism
- is only a market segment
- is a deceptive ploy
- frowns on fun
- is reduced to ecotourism, pro-poor tourism
or community tourism - sidesteps the critical issues of volume (eco-
tourism) - assumes tourists and hosts cannot get along
in the first place
Changes in Consumer Preferences
Travelers can be placed on
an ethical continuum from
those who could not care
less to those who are
meaningfully concerned.
Characteristics of a New Travel Culture
- greater ethical awareness
- willing to take responsibility for their impacts
- informed and experienced
- in search of a ‘real’ and authentic holiday,
emotional experience and rejuvenation - seek out suppliers who follow due diligence
- demand for meaningful contact with others
- self-realization and authenticity
Accommodation Providers
- towel exchange program
-Sheraton’s ‘make a green choice program’
-Accor’s ‘tree for a child program’
The Business Case for RT (Trust, Reputation, Consumer Loyalty)
- tourists trust the operator to be
selling them products of a quality
that will provide them with a good
experience - trust frames the travel choices
made by travelers - responsible tourism policies are
considered a way to secure repeat
bookings - reputation amplifies repeats and referrals
- Explore & Exodus are UK travel market
leaders in small group adventure with 60%
of their travelers being repeat customers
The Business Case for RT (Product Value)
- responsible tourism lends to
adding value to a product
through delivering a high
quality experience - consumers recognize that
responsible tourism creates a
better experience
The Business Case for RT ( Neighbourhood and License to Operate)
- the neighborhood of a business
or a street address is important
to consumer perception - tourism businesses are
vulnerable to changes in the
neighborhood
The Business Case for RT (Marketing and Public Relations)
- Responsible Tourism is a tool to
generate media attention - Example: Lancaster London Hotel
& the rooftop beehives
The Business Case for RT (Shareholder and Investor Value)
- Responsible Tourism important to
shareholder and investor value - reporting is important realizing value r
- reporting reflects the increasing
importance of ethical investments - Example: Intercontinental Hotel Group
The Business Case for RT ( Cost Savings, Improved Margins and Competitiveness)
- taking responsibility in business has value and promotes the more efficient use of resources
- train staff in sustainability
- energy-saver programs
The Business Case for RT (Staff Morale and Retention)
- a responsible agenda generates pride in a business and helps to attract and retain enthusiastic an loyal staff
- reduces ‘turn-over’
Host-Guest Imbalance
-power inequalities
-interests of tourists and the business that caters to them bypass the local priorities to favour themselves
ex. labour exploitation
Local Priority
- determine how to use tourism and how
tourism needs to be managed sustainably - define what sustainability means to them
- identify and prioritize what issues need to
be addressed
Soft Toursim
refers to tourism that meets the needs of all stakeholders, including local people. used for social and economic advancement by cultivating what is typically local
What does the local government do to help RT?
- legislates, regulates and is responsible for land
use and development planning - imposes taxation
- provides marketing
- funds heritage attractions, public spaces &
parking - manages impacts at a destination (e.g.,
pollution) - maintains the common infrastructure to support
tourism and provides collective services
Example of Local Governance
Whistler
Tourist Taxes and Levies
-Polluter pays
-Accommodations tax (TAT, US)
-Tourism Development Tax ( The Gambia)
-Departure Tax (Brazil)
What are national governments responsible for?
- regulatory frameworks (developing policies and regulation)
- busines environment and infrastructure
- human cultural and natural resources
- assessing environmental sustainability
- ensuring safety and security
- supporting health and hygiene
- investing in ground air and ground transportation infrastructure
What do national governments need to do ?
- involve local communities through meaningful economic
linkages - invest in local culture and protect it from over-
commercialization - manage utilities, public resources and infrastructure
- emphasize social priorities: skills development, contribution to
local job creation, training, health care, local procurement,
conservation, community initiatives
Disintermediation
represents a reduction in the use of intermediaries
between producers and consumers. In tourism, tourists book their trips
directly.
Who sets the administrative and legal framework within which tourism takes place?
the government
The extent of social impacts will depend on…
-tourist volumes and concentration
-scale of development
-tourist behaviour
-cultural divides
-resilience of local cultures
Factors affecting the host-guest relationship
- scale of the tourism development the form of
tourism - extent of the interaction
- novelty
- economic importance
- cultural and behavioural divides
Types of interaction between host and guests
- economic encounters
- encounters where there is a leisure proximity
- purposeful encounters where there is an intention to exchange ideas
Hedonistic Tourist Behaviour
- binge drinking
- lewd behaviour
- gambling
- clubbing
- prostitution
- alcohol availability
- urinating in public
- littering
- vandalism
ex. Las Vegas (Sin City)
Philanthropy and Volunteering
Travel can generate an
impulse to ‘give back’ to the
destination
Drawbacks of ‘Volunteerism’
- replaces local labour
- demanding volunteers
- use local resources
- projects remain unfinished
(unfulfilled promises) - poor quality work
The Multiplier Effect
- Measures the economic impact of
tourist expenditures that re-
circulate in the local economy - Tourist spending as direct payment
is re-spent by the business in the
local economy
Backward Linkages
linkages between tourism businesses and suppliers
Forward Linkages
linkages between tourism and businesses in other sectors that benefit from tourism
Leakage
the proportion of revenue from tourism that is lost through the need to import goods to sustain a tourism enterprise as opposed to relying on the local resources
Foreign Ownership
externally financed investment tends to be connected to foreign ownership and control, less likely to align with local community interest
Increased demand
-draws businesses from outside the local economy and create competition for local business
Tourist Enclaves
a tourism development that operates within a clearly demarcated, self contained environment
Enclave Disadvantages
- isolate tourists from local community; local
community cannot access tourists - ‘controlled sightseeing’
- foreign owned developments leads to leakage
- reliance on imports & migrant workers
- limited economic linkages to local suppliers of goods
and services - pronounced lifestyle and wealth differences
Pro Poor Tourism
tourism that brings new benefits to the economically poor, but has achieved little success
For tourism to bring local economic development there needs to be…
extensive local economic linkages, employment opportunities, increasingly skilled employment and dependency needs to be avoided
Non-Local Environmental Impacts
-GHGE from aircraft
-garbage patches in the oceans coming ashore
Local Environmental Impacts vary based on
- nature of the physical environment
- type of tourism
- type of tourist
- resiliency of the local community
- priorities of different stakeholders
and the importance placed on
impact management
