Final Exam Flashcards
What are the normal levels of Sodium?
135-145
What are the normal levels of Potassium?
3.5-5.0
What are the normal levels of Magnesium?
1.8-3.0
What are the normal levels of Calcium?
8.5-10.5
What are the normal levels of Phosphorus?
2.5-4.5
What are the types of bone fractures?
open, transverse, greenstick, comminutes, sigmental, closed, spiral, linear, impacted
The nurse understands that knowledge of appropriate laboratory values is important. The nurse asks a group of nursing students to state the appropriate ranges for potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, pH, CO2, and HCO3.
Potassium: 3.5 - 5.0
Magnesium: 1.8 - 3.0
Calcium: 8.5 - 10.5
Sodium: 135 - 145
Phosphorus: 2.5 4.5
pH: 7.35 - 7.45
CO2: 35 - 45
HCO3: 22 - 26
What is Vaginitis?
Inflammation and itching of the vagina
What are the s/s of trichomoniasis (trichomonas vaginalis)?
Itching/irritation
burning after peeing
clear,white, yellowish, or greenish discharge
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism responsible for?
it’s a kidney mechanism that is responsible for the short term and long-term management of blood pressure
How does blood flow through the heart?
Blood flows through the heart in the following pathway:
Superior/ inferior vena cava
right atrium
Tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary vein
left atrium
mitral valve (aka bicuspid valve)
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic circulation
A client in the hospital who has been on bed rest for the last 4 days rises from a lying position to standing. Upon standing the client experiences a syncopal episode (passes out) and falls to the floor. The nurse understands that what has most likely happened to this client?
The client has orthostatic hypotension. To assist in confirmation of this the client should have their blood pressure checked in the lying, sitting, and standing positions. The client should be advised to not get out of the bed or chair without assistance.
What is orthostatic hypotension (BP)?
Abnormal drop in blood pressure when standing
What are the s/s of hypocalcemia?
numbness, muscle cramps, tetany, bone pain, positive Chvostek & Trousseau
How do you test for hypocalcemia?
Positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs
The nurse understands that hypocalcemia can have serious adverse effects. When caring for a client with suspected hypocalcemia the nurse understands that these two non-invasive tests can assist in identifying a client with hypocalcemia.
Positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs are indicative of hypocalcemia.
How does herpes simplex type 2 spread (HSV 2)?
the virus is passed during intimate sexual contact prior to and following the outbreak of ulcers
A client reports to the client symptoms of painful blisters in the genital area. Some of these blisters have developed into ulcerations. The client reports that this happens periodically and she has had 3 occurrences of these blisters over the last 4 months. Does the nurse understand what the most likely diagnosis is?
The most likely diagnosis is HSV 2 (herpes simplex virus type 2, genital herpes). This virus will result in painful outbreaks of these blisters followed by periods of the patient appearing asymptomatic. The client can transmit this infection at all times not only during symptomatic outbreaks.
What is urinary incontinence?
can’t control bladder; involuntary loss of urine
A client is being diagnosed with urinary incontinence which is the involuntary loss of urine. The nurse understands that the different types of urinary incontinence include:
Stress incontinence: involuntary loss of urine from increased intra-abdominal pressure such as when coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting objects.
Urge incontinence: involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void (urgency).
Overflow incontinence: involuntary loss of urine that occurs when the patient is unable to completely empty the bladder which leads to an overflow of urine, that then leaks out unexpectedly.
Mixed incontinence: this is a combination of stress and urges incontinence.
What are the causes of hypovolemic shock?
15% blood loss, severe burns, severe dehydration
A client presents to the emergency department after an MVA in which the femoral artery has been severed. The nurse understands that this client is most at risk for this type of shock:
Hypovolemic shock due to a diminished blood volume resulting in inadequate filling of the vascular compartment. This type of shock occurs after 15 to 20% blood loss.
Who is at the highest risk for developing chronic kidney disease?
those with preexisting renal insufficiency, diabetes, and elderly persons
The nurse understands that client education is very important to client care. In discussing chronic renal failure with a client what would the nurse include as potential causes?
Potential causes include hypertension, diabetes, polycystic kidney disease, obstructions of the urinary tract, glomerulonephritis, cancer, autoimmune disorders, disease of the heart/lungs, and chronic usage of pain medications.