Final exam Flashcards
Child and youth issues factors
- Parents, coaches, and other adults impact
- Emphasis on winning
- Competitiveness
- Specialization
- Unequal access; impact of SES
Leisure
An attitude of freedom or release from the demands of ordinary life
Play
activity that is free separate, uncertain, economically unproductive, and governed by rules of make-believe
Games
Any form of playful competition where the outcome is determined by physical skill, strategy or chance employed singly or in combination
Sport
- derived from play
- has rituals, costumes, symbolic meanings, striving for perfection, a system of rules and a means of enforcing those rules.
What components are involved in the institutionalization of sport?
- Codification of Rules
- Role of Referee
- Organizations
- Importance of Records
Codification of Rules
development of common, codified rules
Role of Referee
need for referees (officials) to ensure fairness (the essence of sport!)
Organizations
emergence of sport organizations (e.g., local, state, national, international)
Importance of Records
tracking of records (standards of performance)
Fair play
how a sportsperson behaves not only during a contest but also before and after
- Opposite of ‘win-at-all-costs’
Five trends in youth sports: Interscholastic issues factors
- Varsity model
- Sport injuries
- Specialization
- Performance enhancing drugs/supplements
- Pay-to-play
Big business of sport factors
- Recruiting violations
- Drug use
- Economic differences
- Pressure to win
- Treatment of student-athletes
Popular Arguments For Interscholastic Sports
- Increases interest in academic activities
- Builds self-esteem, responsibility and teamwork skills
- Fosters fitness and stimulates interest in physical activities
- Generates spirit and unity
- Promotes parental , alumni, and community support
- Gives students opportunities to develop and display skill in activities valued in society
Sports for individuals with disabilities
Tremendous growth as a result of federal legislation (e.g., Rehabilitation Act of 1973)
More than 500MM with disabilities or 10% of population
Broad impact: Schools, recreation and sport involvement
A few states have targeted participation by students with disabilities in interscholastic sports
Intercollegiate sports trends and governance
- Post–World War II – Dramatic growth of college sport
- Formation of Athletic Conferences
- Two National Governing bodies
- US is still only country where sport and college or university education have become so completely linked
Coaching trends
- Many fewer certified teachers now serve as coach; few have many have specific preparation for coaching
- Demand for more coaches; growth of coaching programs
- Number of women coaching interscholastic sport teams has declined dramatically since Title IX in 1972
- 1995: NASPE develops national coaching standards; standards provide educational guidelines and evaluation protocols for administrators
Interscholastic sport participation
- During 2009-10, 4.46MM boys and 3.17MM girls participated in sports; compared to 1971-72 when 3.67MM boys and 300K girls participated
- Football accounts for 1.1MM boys (twice that of any other sport)
What are the five ways youth participate in sport?
Informal game and activity participation (pick-up)
Out-of-school sport programs sponsored by local community agencies or recreation departments
Fee-for-service, sport-specialization instructional programs
Sport-specific, fee-for-service organizations that provide instruction and age-graded competition including “select” teams that travel
Interscholastic sport sanctions by state associations
What are the components of motor performance?
- agility
- balance
- coordination
- power
- reaction time
- speed.
What are the five health related fitness components?
- body composition
- flexibility
- muscular strength
- muscular endurance
- cardiorespiratory endurance
Child and youth issues:
- 70-80% drop out by teenage years
- most cited reasons for dropping out were adults, coaches, and parents
- Most criticism is that it is too competitive
- most experts suggest sports be known competitive for those under the age of 8
Interscholastic issues:
- exclusion and the varsity model
- youth and interscholastic sport injury
- eligibility and pass-to-play rules
- specialization
- performance enhancing supplements
- coaching issues
- funding through pay to play plans and booster clubs
Big business of sports:
- recruiting violations occur because the pressures to attract the best athletes are so strong
- the pressures to have a winning program exist because of economic pressures
What is the socioecological view?
looks to the social contexts within which people live their lives as partial explanations for their levels of health and fitness
What evidence supports the socioecological view?
evidence showing that nations where income inequality id less, life expectancy is higher
According to the socioecological view who is responsible for the poor levels of health and fitness?
both individuals and social issues
Fitness levels for adults:
- difficult to obtain this data for adults
- the best data estimates that 20% of adults get sufficient health-fitness exercise, 40% get some but not sufficient benefits from exercise, and 40% is sedentary
What are the reputable agencies for fitness certification programs?
- ACSM
- NSCA
- ACE
Formation of Athletic Conferences:
Governance of issues such as eligibility, organization of competition for the member institutions, including championships
What are the two National Governing bodies?
NCAA & NAIA
Popular Arguments Against Interscholastic Sports
- Distracts students from academic activities
- Dependence, conformity, and power performance orientation
- Causes too many serious injuries
- Creates sprit that is unrelated to education
- Deprives education programs of resources
- Creates pressure on athletes and supports hierarchal status system
