FINAL EXAM

Question 1

What are the characteristics of the P wave?

Answer 1

P wave is no more than 2.5mm high and 3mm long Atrial hypertrophy can change the size to larger height and length.

Question 2

What does the P wave represent?

Answer 2

P wave represents atrial depolarization

Question 3

What are the characteristics of the ORS wave?

Answer 3

ORS is larger than P wave due to muscle mass of ventricles, it is not wider than 3mm (0.12sec) abnormalities would appear wider.

Question 4

What does the ORS wave represent?

Answer 4

QRS wave represent ventricle depolarization

Question 5

In what disease does a CTPA used?

Answer 5

This imaging is used in determining location of PE. It outlines the thrombi in the pulmonary arteries with IV contrast.

Question 6

What is the position of chest x-ray for pleural fluid?

Answer 6

Chest x-ray taken in patient’s supine position in contrast to upright films generally display significant pleural effusions as homogenous increase in density over lung fields. A lateral decubitus view of chest obtained horizontally is the most sensitive for smaller pleural effusions.

Question 7

What is the common cause for empyema?

Answer 7

It is a parapneumonic effusion that has become infected, 50% of all empyema; penetrating chest trauma; undrained hemithoraces, including those secondary to blunt chest trauma; and contamination of wound during needle decompression, chest tube placement, thoracentesis, or thoracic surgery.

Question 8

What are the causes of pulmonary edema and how does it look on a chest x-ray?

Answer 8

Causes depend on the type, could be cardiogenic (cardiomyopathy and vascular disease) or noncardiogenic (ARDS or PE), pneumonia or inhalation injury. Batwing and Kerly b lines can be seen on chest x-ray

Question 9

What is a PVC and how is it treated?

Answer 9

Premature heart beats caused by caffeine, nicotine, and electrolyte imbalance. Also, may be sign of ischemia. Treatment is only given if they become serious Antiarrhythmic medication such as lidocaine can be given.

Question 10

What are the indications of a V/Q scan?

Answer 10

suspected pulmonary embolus and assessment of regional lung function

Question 11

What are the tow test V/Q scan can perform?

Answer 11

Radioisotopes in with ventilation and perfusion with IV isotopes

Question 12

What does atrial fibrillation strip looks like?

Answer 12

Baseline is erratic and no true P waves. Irregular RR intervals.

Question 13

What does MI strip look like?

Answer 13

Tall T waves increase in height and ST segment elevation

Question 14

What does a normal EKG with resting MI description?

Answer 14

T wave regains normal contour, ST segment returns to isometric line, and Q wave remains as evidence of infarct- indicates previous MI.

Question 15

The difference between oral intubation and tracheal intubation?

Answer 15

Orotracheal tubes are inserted through the mouth are faster, easier, and less traumatic and more comfortable. Tracheostomy allows for upper air complication to be eliminated, reduce risk for decannulation, and reduce work of breathing.

Question 16

What respiratory items are in a crash cart?

Answer 16

Oxygen and a bag-valve mask
Nasal cannulas
Intubation equipment, including endotracheal tubes of various sizes, laryngoscopes, catheters, stylets, and carbon dioxide detectors
Magill forceps
Oxygen tank

Question 17

What are the blades used in intubation and how are they troubleshooted?

Answer 17

Macintosh blade is a curve blade and is lifted upward and forward to access epiglottis. Miller blade is placed directly by advancing tip of blade over posterior surface. Change the bulb if light isn’t working replace bulb, then replace blade if bulb does not work

Question 18

What is used to trigger asthma attack while trying to diagnose?

Answer 18

inhale a substance that causes the airways to narrow in people with asthma, such as methacholine

Question 19

What are the values for a sweat chloride test?

Answer 19

Normal is 18 meq/L and Positive is 60 meq/L

Question 20

How can a child acquire cystic fibrosis?

Answer 20

It sis inherited genetically and both parents must carry the recessive gene. It is caused by the mutation of the CFTR gene which helps chloride move across the cell membrane.

Question 21

What is a hemopneumothorax?

Answer 21

Hemopneumothorax is a combination of two medical conditions: pneumothorax and hemothorax. Hemopneumothorax most often occurs as a result of a wound to the chest, such as from a gunshot, stabbing, or broken rib. Chest tube needs to be inserted to treat.

Question 22

What is a drug overdose?

Answer 22

Drug overdose is an overdose of drugs such as fentanyl, heroin or morphine, and some barbiturates that depress the central nervous system.

Question 23

How do drug overdose effect the respiratory system?

Answer 23

By suppressing or stimulating the respiratory center, alteration in the response to chemoreceptors to changes in PCO2.

Question 24

What is CBABEB?

Answer 24

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary diseases: Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchiectasis, Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema, also Bronchiolitis

Question 25

What are the causes of COPD?

Answer 25

Cigarette smoke, Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, Outdoor or pollution, Long-standing Asthma, and biomass and occupational exposures.

Question 26

What is the GOLD classification?

Answer 26

GOLD 1 mild FEV1 greater than or equal to 80% predicted, GOLD 2 moderate 50% less or equal to FEV1, 80% of predicted, GOLD 3 sever 30%less than or equal to FEV1 < 50% predicted, GOLD 4 very severe FEV1 < or equal to 30%of predicted

Question 27

What is TB