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Molecular Cell Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Cytosol compartment function

A

contains many metabolic pathway; protein synthesis; the cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Nucleus compartment function

A

contains main genome; DNA and RNA synthesis

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3
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) compartment function

A

synthesis of most lipids; synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and to the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Golgi Apparatus compartment function

A

modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for either secretion or delivery to another oganelle

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5
Q

Lysosomes compartment function

A

intracellular degradation

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6
Q

Endosomes compartment function

A

sorting of endocytosed material

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7
Q

Mitochondria compartment function

A

ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

Chloroplasts (in plant cells) compartment function

A

ATP synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis

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9
Q

Peroxisomes compartment function

A

oxidative breakdown of toxic molecules

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10
Q

what is the fate of each protein after synthesis?

A

Protein Sorting

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11
Q

Protein Sorting

A

Energy-dependent mechanisms for protein entry into an organelle from the cytosol

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12
Q

Proteins are transported into organelles by three mechanisms

A
  1. Transport through nuclear pores
  2. Transport across membranes
  3. Transport by vesicles
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13
Q

What do Signal sequences do?

A

The signal sequence is a “flag” bound to an amino acid terminus and directs proteins to the correct compartment

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14
Q

Signal sequences are ___________________ to direct a
protein to an organelle

A

necessary and sufficient

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15
Q

Necessary (signal sequences)

A

removing a signal peptide from a protein that should go to the ER, the
protein remains in the cytosol (default location)

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16
Q

Sufficient (Signal Sequences)

A

adding an ER signal peptide to a cytosolic protein, makes it move to
the ER

17
Q

Small molecules can freely diffuse through the nuclear pore but large
molecules like proteins cannot pass without _________________________

A

an appropriate sorting signal

18
Q

To pass through the nuclear pore
_________ need to present

A

proteins

19
Q

nuclear localization signal

A

(short stretch of lysines/arginines,
positive charges)

20
Q

nuclear transport receptors

A

recognize the nuclear transport
signal and help the protein
through by disrupting the gel-like
meshwork of nuclear fibrils

21
Q

Proteins remain in their fully
folded conformation (as they were in the ribosome)
throughout the _________ _________

A

transport process

22
Q

What drives nuclear transport?

A

Energy supplied by GTP hydrolysis

23
Q

Ran-GTP

A

high affinity for Nuclear Import Receptor; Nuclear

24
Q

Ran-GDP

A

low affinity for Nuclear Import Receptor; Cytoplasmic

25
Q

True or False: Proteins must be unfolded during transport.

A

true

26
Q

What helps re-fold the protein after transport

A

Chaperone Protiens

27
Q

What do N terminal signal sequences target?

A

proteins to specific site within the organelle

28
Q

What is the most extensive membrane in the cell that is also the entry point for proteins destined for several other organelles and the cell exterior?

A

The ER

29
Q

What kinds of proteins are transferred by the cytosol to the ER?

A
  1. Soluble Protein
  2. Transmembrane Protein
30
Q

Soluble Proteins

A

-Transferred completely to the ER lumen
-Destined for secretion out of the cell or to the lumen of another organelle (not mitochondria or plastid)

31
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

-Partly translocated into ER, embedded in the membrane
-Destined to reside in ER or the membrane of another organelle or plasma membrane

32
Q

What is happening while the proteins enter the ER?

A

While being synthesized

33
Q

What do the Membrane-bound ribosomes do?

A

make proteins that are translocated to the ER

34
Q

What makes all the other proteins?

A

Free ribosomes

35
Q

Steps of Signal Recognition in the cytosol

A
  1. ER signal sequence on the growing polypeptide chain
  2. Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)
  3. SRP receptor in the ER membrane
  4. Translocation channel

Molecular Cell Biology (3 decks)

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