Final Exam Flashcards
coaching association of Canada (what, when, goal)
- governs coaching and development.
- created in 1970 (65 sports)
- goal is to provide coaching skills knowledge and attitudes
community sports stream
introductory level sports (skill development, interactions, and participation.
competition stream
development for competition, coaches are instructed in physical, technical, tactical and mental areas.
instruction stream of sports
skill proficiency in non-competitive situations.
NCCP coaching competences
-problem solving
- valuing
- critical thinking
- leading
- interacting
what is coaching
a collaborative method of training, counselling or instructing an individual or a group how to develop skills to enhance their productivity or overcome a performance problem
what is ICCE
mission is to lead and support the development of sport coaching globally.
what is elite coaching
elite coaches have started with the love of the sport and have usually played at high levels.
woman and elite coaching
61% of Canadian olympians are female but only 25% of coaches are female in Canada
female leadership skills (actual traits)
- strong communication
- team building
- multi-tasking skills
- high emotional intelligence
- challenges historical gender stereotypes
The glass ceiling
WNBA’s top 15 of all time Becky Hammon, first woman to be a full time assistant coach in NBA, first to act as NBA head coach
what is mentoring
the assistance of the more experienced or well respected colleague who ensures growth and development in and environment that is designed to minimize errors and build knowledge and confidence.
what have mentors done
- mentors have helped acquire less tangible skills, facilitated life-long learning, and help acquire coaching and development knowledge.
youth sport coaches characteristics
- mostly male in his 30s
- few as 10% coach for more than 10 years
- almost all competed in sport as above average athletes
- love sport, desire to help, serve as a leader
- most had a child on the team
characteristics of youth coaches
- reluctant to share knowledge for fear of giving away secrets
- complain of isolation and few chances to meet and engage with other coaches
ideal behaviours (2 phases)
phase 1: model of development and categorization of coaching behaviours
- mediational model of leadership
- coach behaviour assessment system
Phase 2: implementation of intervention program
- coach effectiveness training, later renamed mastery approach to coaching
effective coaching practices in youth sport
- reinforce effort as much as results
- give encouragement in a positive way
- establish clear expectations
- set a good example and encourage athletes to support each other
- positive, clear, concise instructions
- two-way communication to respond to players needs
Multidimensional model of leadership (7 characteristics)
- situational characteristics
- leader characteristics
- member characteristics
- required behaviour
- actual behaviour
- preferred behaviour
- member satisfaction and group performance
situational characteristics
- club/ league rules
- recreational vs competitive
- contact vs non contact
- gender specific vs co-ed
leader characteristics
- age, gender, training, personality
- woman vs man
- community vs competition
- friendly vs closed off
member characteristics
- age, gender, training, personality
- sport age groups
- type of competition
required behaviour (coach)
- minimum expected behaviour for the coach
- coach cannot make physical contact with the athletes
preferred behaviour (coach)
- how the coach would prefer to act can be based on athletes preferences
- not socializing with athletes after games/ practice
actual behaviour (coach)
- the way the coach actually behaves
- team goals, experience, gender, ability
3 + 1 C’s model
closeness: an emotional, trust and respect
commitment: cognitive element, intention to maintain an athletic relationship
complementarity: behavioural element, cooperative interactions between player and coaching
co-orientation: degree of symbiosis, degree of common ground in their relationship
coaching efficacy
sources: experience, prior success, perceived skill, support
dimensions: strategy, motivation, technique, character building
outcomes: behaviour, team satisfaction, team performance, team confidence
athlete centred coaching
leads to increased sports engagement, communication, competence, motivation and promotes autonomy by empowering athletes to make choices and share responsibility
coaching model (mentality)
coach’s mental model to promote training, organization, and competition through taking into account the athletes needs, and characteristics.
Five C’s PYD
Competence, character, connection, confidence, caring/ compassion
what is deliberate play
maximize inherent enjoyment, flexible rules adapted, monitored by adult
deliberate practice
requires effort, no rewards immediately, motivated by performance, performance over enjoyment, structured environment
what is coaching effectiveness (slide 30/31 from the 14th lec)
how well they apply what they know from a professional, interpersonal, and interpersonal perspective
what is the role of coaches
professional knowledge, interpersonal knowledge, intrapersonal knowledge
true competition
Competitive situations that serve the interest of all participants and focus their efforts and concentration toward a particular goal
decompetition
Competitive situations that occur when athletes seek to demonstrate their superiority over opponents
what is parental modelling
parents behaving as a moral or behavioural example to their children
what is parental expectations
parents sets of beliefs regarding their children’s behaviours
what is respect in sport for parents
program that aims to address parents issues and concerns by offering an online certification program to empower parents to reinforce their positive roles
what does PA in older adults consist of
walking, household chores, gardening, exercising at home
the compensation model for age skill maintenance (theory based on what?)
A theory of aging based on the notion that age-related losses in one area can be offset by improvements in another area
selective maintenance model
Cognitive and motor skills are more resistant to age-related decline than physiological factors
what is the model of successful aging
avoiding disease and disability, engagement with life, high cognitive and physical functioning
motives in masters sports (mental reinforcement)
knowing they can still do it, improving general health, gaining meaning in life
masters athletes vs others (traits)
master runners have higher self-esteem, lower consumption of alcohol, better sleep patterns and fewer physical problems
barriers for older adults
physical or psychological barriers, the most common is health problems or pain
democratic leadership (coach)
whether the coach allows athletes to participate in the important decisions about the teams strategies
social support (coach)
coach’s concern for the welfare of his/her athletes emotions
transformational teaching
improves beliefs and attitudes, increased satisfaction, improved engagement, improved involvement
social identity
people’s self-concept in social groups
athlete leader
team member acting in a way that influences the team to a common goal
seven traits of leadership
persistence and focus
aggressive play
willingness to take on tasks
practical approach to communication
ability to motivate
courageous
self control
followership
to what extent is leadership dependent on personal characteristics of those being led
productive follower
collective orientation, active independent thinking, transparency, respective to all viewpoints
what do leaders do?
articulate a compelling vision on how to operate and responds to individuals differences and needs
what should leaders do?
assist in viewing challenges as opportunities to approach from different perspectives, discuss philosophy and standards, demonstrate enthusiasm and optimism
group dynamics
study of nature of groups development and the interrelationships of individuals and other groups
what is a team
a group of people who must interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives
interactive sports
where members need to interact to be successful, high levels of cohesion will enhance performance
coactive sports
where members do not need to directly interact, level of group cohesion does not affect performance
group cohesion
process which reflects the tendency of a group to stick together and remain united for team satisfaction
characteristics of group cohesion
dynamic, multidimensional, instrumental in nature, groups stay together because they have strong emotional ties
what are group aspects (belief)
beliefs that members hold the group collectively
what are individual aspects
beliefs that group members hold personal benefits of group membership
what is task cohesion
people’s willingness to work together to achieve common goals and objectives
social cohesion
orientation towards developing and maintaining social relationships within groups
normative discontent
majority of people have some sort of discontent with their appearance
body schema
representation of position and form of their body
body image boundaries
meaning attached to specific body parts and overall body awareness
body cathexis (evaluate)
subjective evaluations of someones body that reflects their degree of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with it
body esteem
people’s self evaluation of their body or appearance
multidimensional construct (emotions)
reflects feelings, perceptions, thoughts, cognitions and behaviours
social physique anxiety
anxiety from perceived or actual judgement by others
body-related shame
negative emotion focused on self (who I am)
body related guilt
negative emotion by failing to complete an action or behaviour (viewing emotion/actions)
authentic pride
focus on behaviours and outcomes
hubristic pride
focus on self-attributes
perceptual body image
mental representation or reflection on body appearance and function
cognitive body image
beliefs and evaluation of body appearance and function
behavioural body image
choices and actions based on perceptions
body reality
our actual physical characteristics
body ideal
how we think our body should look
affective measure
assess feelings of worry, shame, guilt, anxiety in relation to the body
avoidance behaviours
actions performed to divert attention away from the body or to prevent other people from seeing one’s body
lifestyle behaviours
actions performed to alter the body or that reflect extensive body image concern
tripartite influence model of body image
proposes media, parents and peers influence on body image to the “ideal” body
impressive motivation
how motivated individuals are to control other’s perception
impressive construction
creating an image to convey to others and choosing strategies to do so
self-presentation efficacy
probability of successfully conveying one’s desired impressions to others
downward social comparison
comparing to others who are worse off on valued attributes
upward social comparison
comparing to others who are better off on valued attribute
ideal self
reflects hopes and aspirations of what people want to be
ought self
reflects what they think they should be
actual ideal discrepancy
occurs when perception is current state and discrepant is from their ideal state
actual ought discrepancy
occurs when perception is current state and discrepant is from the state they feel they should be
physical activity motivation (features that lead to this)
body image concerns are a powerful motivator, desire to lose weight or increase muscle tone
physical activity setting
people with high dissatisfaction exercise in private or further away from people
cognitive dissonance training
involves individuals arguing against body ideals in ways incongruent with they beliefs
cognitive-behavioural therapy
problem based and action oriented approach to address dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviours, and cognitions
tolerance effects
increased amounts of physical activity are required to achieve the desired effect or the individual experiences
withdrawal effects
symptoms such as anxiety or fatigue are when not exercising or exercise is used to relieve or forestall the onset symptoms
intention effects
physical activity is undertaken with greater intensity, frequency, or duration then was intended
lack of control
maintained despite a persistent desire to cut down
time (spent in what)
considerable time is spent in activities
reduction in other activities
other social, occupational, or recreational pursuits are reduced or dropped
what is continuance
despite the awareness of a persistent problem, physical activity is maintained
domains of self (3 types)
actual self, ideal self, ought self
exerciser schematics
view themselves as exercisers and this is important to them
non exerciser schematics
do not view themselves as exercisers but find this description important to them
aschematics
do not view themselves as exercisers, not important to them
self concept model (2 categories)
describing self concept as hierarchical in nature, two categories: academic self concept, nonacademic self concept
physical self concept
individuals judgements of both general physical abilities and physical appearance
social self concept
enhanced by positive interaction with others
emotional self concept
cognitive or emotional states
physical self perception profile
superordinate, domain, subdomain, facet, subfacet
what is EXSEM
physical acceptance is the extent to which an individual accepts his/her level of physical competence
mastery/self efficacy
based on the degree to which a person feels he or she has mastered necessary skills he/she will report improvements in physical self efficacy
determinants of physical activity
genetic, psychological well being, social, program, physical environment, socioeconomic status
what is intervention research
evaluates how manipulating the different factors affects research
theory-based research
interventions that are not based on theoretically proposed relationships
non-theory-based research
interventions that are not based on theoretically proposed relationships
five models that lead to effective interventions
theory of planned behaviour, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, self-determination theory, health action process approach
action planning
interventions that are translated into action when people specifically plan when, where and how to execute the bahaviour
what is goal setting
identification of achievement of goals followed by the identification of specific and doable action plans to obtain the goals
behavioural monitoring
keeping track of exercise behaviour of each week
what is action planning
have people specifically plan when, where, and how to execute the behaviour
what is coping planning
strategies that are developed to effectively manage potentially problematic or challenging situations
what is cognitive function
mental processes involved in the acquisition of knowledge, manipulation of information, and reasoning
6 cognitive domains
executive functioning, memory & learning, complex attention, perceptual & motor functions, language, social cognition
what is executive functioning
planning, decision making, responding to feedback, cognitive flexibility
what is memory and learning
free and cued recall, recognition memory, semantic and episodic memory, implicit learning
what is complex attention
sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention, processing speed
what is perceptual and motor
visual perception, visuo-constructional reasoning, perceptual-motor co-ordination
what is language
object naming, word finding, fluency, grammar & syntax, receptive language
what is social cognition
recognition of emotions, theory of mind, insight
how to measure cognitive function
self-report, cognitive tests, neuroimagaing
what is self report
most common measure: questionnaires/interviews, perceived cognitive function, poorly-correlated with objective measures
what is neuroimaging
non-invasively capture structure and function using CT, MRI, fMRI, PET, and EEG scans
common cognitive disorders
aging related, chronic illness-related, injury-related, neurodegenerative
aging related cognitive disorders
reducing risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, treatment can be done through regular treatment to cognition resistance
chronic disease related disorders
parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer
neurodegenerative disorders of cognition
ADHD, various functions, sustained attention, and processing speed is reduced
self management strategies of physical activity (what does it do)
- helps reduce the burden of cognitive impairment
- too much can fatigue cognitive function
- belief in physical activity as a strategy
what is the education phase
athletes recognize importance of mental skills and performance impact
what is the acquisition phase
athletes require various psychological skills and learn to employ them
what is practice phase
implement skills in practice and competition
what is a goal
target or objective that people strive to attain
what is goal setting
the practice of establishing desirable objectives for one’s actions
outcome goals
focus on social comparison and competitive results
performance goals
focus on improving and attaining personal performance standards
process goals
focus on specific behaviours in which athletes must engage throughout a performance
what is performance profiling
flexible assessment tool to identify athletes performance-related strength and weaknesses
analytic imagery
cognitive and motivational functions that operate on general and specific levels
what is compliance
people appear to agree with other, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private
what is identification
when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected
what is internalization
when people accept a belief or behaviour and agree both publicly and privately
what is social support
structural dimension, functional dimension, and perceptual dimension
types of social support
instrumental support, emotional support, informational support, companionship, validation
socially supportive leadership
encouragement, verbal reinforcement, praise, showing interest in participants, engaging in casual conversation before/after class
bland leadership
verbal criticism of individuals who make mistakes, no encouragement, no interaction before/ after class
what is actual effort
people increase effort and performance when other are watching
self-reported effort
presence of others and the desire to make a good impression can influence self-reported effort
