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Childhood Development Final Exam > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotion?

A

They can be a way and a reaction to expressed our feelings

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2
Q

What is the Theory that Charles Darwin has search?

A

Discrete Emotions Theory

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3
Q

What is explained by the discrete emotions theory?

A

emotions are innate (born with)
discrete emotions expressed even before understanding

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4
Q

What is Functionalist perspective on emotion?

A

functional use of emotion
goal directed
envrionmental influences

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5
Q

What are the Big six?

A

1- Happiness
2- Fear
3- Anger
4- Sadness
5- Disgust
6- Surprise

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6
Q

What are the stages of happiness?

A

few days old: smile when touched
first month: Smiling in sleep
3-8 weeks : smile to attention + grabbing stimuli
Early Childhood: Humour

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7
Q

What are the stages of Fear?

A

7 months: stranger anxiety
8-15 months: sepration anxiety
Early childhood: imaginary fear
School-aged: anxieties

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8
Q

What are the stages of Anger?

A

Infancy: Angry-sad
1 year: true anger
18-24 months: react with anger
Preschool; No consideration of others intentions
School-aged: consideration of intention
Adolescence: family tensions

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9
Q

What are the stages of Sadness?

A

Infancy: sadness and lack of control + sadness less expressed through development

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10
Q

What is Disgust?

A

Can be learned from environement
Infancy: mostly food-based

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11
Q

What is Surprise?

A

Startle reflex
When the world surprises us

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12
Q

What is explained as societal influences and requires a sense of self- 2 years?

A

Self-Conscious Emotions

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13
Q

What are the 6 emotions of the self-conscious emotions?

A

Guilt
Shame
Embarassment
Jealousy
Empathy
pride

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14
Q

What is Guilt?

A

Empathy based – regret and remorse (2-3years)

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15
Q

What is Shame?

A

focsue on self – personal failure + shame is not universal

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16
Q

What is explained as the individuals differences in emotion, activity level and attention
it is present since birth and is biologically based?

A

Temperament

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17
Q

What’s the difference between temperament and Personality?

A

temperament: the individual differences in emotion, activity level and attention
Personality:
who the person is / internal sense of self

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18
Q

What are the characteristics that make us different from one another and last over time and situations?

A

Individuals Differences

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19
Q

What is the two biological Differences?

A

Hormones
Brain structure

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20
Q

what is the hormone that is linked to happiness and well-being?

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

What is the hormone that is linked to pleasure?

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

What is the hormone that is linked to aggression?

A

Testosterone

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23
Q

What is the hormone associated with social interest and is most present in childhood?

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

Which part of the brain structure is involved with emotional regulation?

A

Limbic System

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25
Q

What is explained by individuals that are more easily “triggered by emotions?

A

reactivity

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26
Q

what are the 3 methods of measruing temperament?

A

Parent reports
Physiological Measures
Observational data

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26
Q

what are the 3 methods of measruing temperament?

A

Parent reports
Physiological Measures
Observational data

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27
Q

What is the Rothbart’s Temperament?

A

Extraversion/Surgency
Negative Affect
Effortful Control
Affiliativeness

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28
Q

How does temperament change?

A

influence by the environment?
- Caregivers
- Siblings
- Peers
- Culture
Influence by experience
- learning new skills
- encountering a variety of scenarios

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29
Q

What is the Goodness of Fit?

A

The goodness of fit refers to how well the child’s temperament matches the parent’s temperament or even that of his teacher. Adults have specific behavioural styles or temperaments just like children.
Seperates into two categories
1- Caregivers
2- Environement

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30
Q

What is explained by the environmental interactions is not “one size fits all”
and that some children are more easily stressed vs the children that show more resilience.

A

Differential Susceptibility

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31
Q

What is Behavioural Inhibition?

A

it appears early in life and demonstrates stability across development

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32
Q

How does Infants and toddlerhood is affected by behavioural inhibition?

A

negative reactions to novelty
withdrawal from novel/unfamiliar social and nonsocial situations

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33
Q

How do older children is affected by behavioural inhibition?

A

Hyper-vigilance
fearfulness
withdrawal

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34
Q

What are the social difficulties in the Psychosocial Outcomes of BI?

A
  • Poor social skills
  • low quality peer relationships
  • perceived social incompetence
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35
Q

What are the academic difficulties in the Psychosocial Outcomes of BI

A
  • lower academic achievement
  • poorer school readiness
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36
Q

What is the psychopathology in the Psychosocial Outcomes of BI?

A
  • 4-7 times as likely to develop a social anxiety disorder
  • 50% of children with BI will develop an anxiety disorder
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37
Q

At about 3 month, what infant are starting to distinguish?

A

happiness, surprise, anger

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38
Q

At about 7 months, infants are starting to distinguish which emotion?

A

fear, sadness, interest

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39
Q

at 12 months, Infants are starting to distinguish which emotion?

A

social referencing

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40
Q

At 3 years old, Infants are starting to ..

A

label emotions

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41
Q

Understanding fake emotions

A

3 years old: failure to hide emotions
5 years old: understand fake emotions
4-6 years old: understand deception by others

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42
Q

What is defined by the expert that controls over one’s emotional state?

A

Emotion regulation

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43
Q

What is defined by when the infant is experiencing self-comfort behaviours (thumb sucking, hair twirling) and self-distraction: avoid upsetting stimulus?

A

Behavioural Regulation

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44
Q

What is the expression of appropriate emotions?

A

Modelling emotions

45
Q

What is the developmentally appropriate milestone?

A
  • Crying
  • Separation Anxiety
  • Temper Tantrums
46
Q

Which Milestone of development is defined by communicates needs, wants and fears and often tied to the lack of understanding and language?

A

Crying

47
Q

Which Milestone of Development is defined when the caregivers are the entire world to young children?

A

Separation Anxiety

48
Q

What is defined as often tied to a sense of frustration and lack of control?

A

Temper Tantrums

49
Q

What is defined by the feelings of pressure and being overwhelmed and this can result in internalizing or externalizing emotional effects?

A

Stress

50
Q

What is the Flight response?

A

run away from stressors

51
Q

What is the Fight response?

A

Confront stressors

52
Q

What happens when we can’t run away or fight?

A

stress

53
Q

What is traumatic stress?

A

can be due to one significant event (car accident, school shooting)
trauma can also be continuous

54
Q

What is resilience?

A

the ability to recouvre from trauma, adversité or difficult circumstances.

55
Q

What is defined as the difference between acting out and EBD?

A

Externalizing Behaviours

56
Q

What is defined as often missed and immaturity/withdrawal/depression?

A

Internalizing Behaviours

57
Q

What is Depression?

A

sad or irritable mood
experience mood changes for 2 weeks+
nature and nurture

58
Q

What is Anxiety?

A

Inability to regulate emotions of fear and worry – excessive fear of real or perceived threats
nature and nurture

59
Q

What is defined as the persistent pattern of anger, irritability, and defiance?

A

Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD)

60
Q

What is defined by antisocal Behaviours?

A

Conduct Disorder (CD)

61
Q

What are the 2 socio-emotional characteristics?

A

Externalizing Behaviours (turned outwards)
Internalizing Behaviours (turned inwards)

62
Q

What’s the difference between ODD and CD?

A

ODD = resistance of control by authority
CD = Resistance of control / react with attempts to reverse control – via aggression

63
Q

What is described as The Self?

A
  • Physical Characteristics
  • Personality traits
  • Personal preferences
  • Social and Familial relationships
  • Ethnicity, culture, national origin
64
Q

What is described as the system made up of one’s thoughts and attitude about oneself ad changes over time?

A

Self-Concept

65
Q

Which stage of Freud is when babies have gratification and pleasure via oral activity?

A

Oral Stage (0-1 year)

66
Q

Which stage of Freud is when the infant has gratification and pleasure via control of bowel movements?

A

Anal Stage (1-2 years)

67
Q

Which stage of Freud focused and awareness of genitalia, the rise of gender differences and the start of the superego?

A

Phallic stage (3-6 years)

68
Q

Which stage of Freud is described as the period of relative calm?

A

Latency Period (6-12 years)

69
Q

Which stage of Erikson is when infant has trust in caregivers?

A

Basic Trust vs Mistrust (0-1.5 years)

70
Q

Which stage of Erikson is when it start of balancing autonomy with social demands and reflects increase in motor skills, cognitive abilities and language?

A

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1.5-3years)

71
Q

which stage of Erikson is described as the identification with parents and learning and the development of conscience?

A

Initiative vs Guilt (4-6 years)

72
Q

Which stage of Erikson is when the ego is developing cognitive and social skills to interact with their social world?

A

Industry vs Inferiority?

73
Q

What is defined as the start of self-concept?

A

Physical Self
Environmental learning

74
Q

What is the Childhood Self-Concept?

A

Susan Harter: observations and evaluations of others (direct / indirect)

75
Q

What are the characteristics of Self-concept of Early to Middle Childhood?

A
  • concrete, observable characteristics
  • physical activities and abilities
  • psychological traits
  • preferences
  • confidence
76
Q

What are the characteristics of Self-Concept of Middle to Late childhood?

A
  • higher-order concepts
  • self-representations can conflict
  • social comparison
  • more balance
  • more realistic
77
Q

What is the social comparison?

A

Comparing oneself to others

78
Q

What is described as the social construct that is politically historically, and socially informed.

A

Race

79
Q

What is described as the Multi-dimensional social construct that refers to a sense of group belonging based on shared characteristics such as geographic origins, cultural traditions, language and/or religion?

A

Ethnicity

80
Q

What are the benefits of strong identity?

A
  • higher self-esteem , well-being
  • less emotional and behavioural problems
  • buffered from negative effects of discrimination
81
Q

What is the process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one’s culture or origin?

A

Acculturation

82
Q

What is described as the minority group culture comes to resemble majority culture?

A

Assimilation

83
Q

What is the term described by comfortable identification wih majority culture and own ethnic culture?

A

Bi-cultural

84
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

The overall subjective evaluation of their own worth and the feelings they have about the evaluation (low self-esteem / high self-esteem)

85
Q

What are the sources of Self-esteem?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • other’s approval and evaluation (parents/peers)
86
Q

What is social cognition?

A

how children play a role in their own development
previous theories: psychoanalytic/behavioural…

87
Q

How many stages are they in the infancy social-cognitive?

A

4
stage 1 = 6-8 years
stage 2 = 8-10 years
stage 3 = 10-12 years
stage 4 = 12+

88
Q

Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is when other people have different perspectives and others are limited by a lack of information?

A

stage 1

89
Q

Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is when other people have different perspectives and have reason about other’s perspectives?

A

Stage 2

90
Q

Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is when there is a comparison of own and others’ perspectives?

A

Stage 3

91
Q

Which of the 4 stages of infancy social-cognitive is the understanding others via comparison to “generalized other”?

A

Stage 4

92
Q

What is defined as the “searching” for evidence of hostile intent in others and has a self-fulfilling prophecy risk?

A

Hostile Attribution Bias

93
Q

Who created the Information Processing Theory of social problem-solving?

A

Dodge

94
Q

Who created the theory of self-Attribution and Achievement?

A

Dweck

95
Q

What is defined as learning goals and performance goals?

A

Achievement motivation

96
Q

What is defined as when the intelligence is fixed, we have an outcome-focused and failure results in helplessness?

A

Entity theory

97
Q

What is defined as when intelligence develops, success is achieved through effort and the process focused?

A

Incremental theory

98
Q

From who this theory is taking: “social development comes through taking others’ perspectives?”

A

Selman & Role Taking

99
Q

From who this theory is taken: “ taking social information and processing through individual unique perspectives?”

A

Dodge & Information Processing

100
Q

From who’s theory is taken: “ development can be viewed through motivation and concept of fixedness vs change”?

A

Dweck & Self-Attribution / Motivation

101
Q

What is defined as the evolution based on behavioural patterns that have adaptive or survival value?

A

Ethology

102
Q

What is the Evolutionary Psychology?

A

is when certain genes interact with environment, in an adaptive way.

103
Q

What is the Investment Theory?

A

The continuation of genes - cost of raising child

104
Q

What are the 4 systems in the Bioecological Model?

A
  • Microsystem
  • Mesosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Macrosystem
105
Q

Which system from the Bioecological Model is defined as the immediate environment and the direct participation?

A

Microsystem

106
Q

Which system from the Bioecological Model is defined as the interconnections among microsystems?

A

Mesosystem

107
Q

Which system from the Bioecological Model is defined as the environmental settings and the do direct contact but is still influential?

A

Exosystem

108
Q

Which system from the bioecological Model is defined as the society and the general beliefs, values, customs and laws?

A

Macrosystem

109
Q

What are the benefits of Media?

A
  • Educational media
  • Sesame street
110
Q

What are the negatives effect of Media?

A

Exposure to:
- violence
- pornography
- Social media
Developmental outcomes:
- academics
- screen time

Childhood Development Final Exam (1 decks)

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