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Linguistics 315 Final > Final Exam (12/8) > Flashcards

Final Exam (12/8) Flashcards

1
Q

who is the father of modern linguistics?

A

Ferdinand de Saussure

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2
Q

what is the signifier?

A

the sequence of sounds and letters of a sign.

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3
Q

what is the signified?

A

the image or concept associated with a sign.

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4
Q

what type of sign is a literal representation (like a picture of a cat)?

A

icon

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5
Q

what type of sign implies a concept and often relies on context (like a paw print)?

A

index

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6
Q

what type of sign is learned and has an arbitrary relationship with the signified (like the word ‘cat’)?

A

symbol

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7
Q

what type of language are onomatopoeias?

A

iconic

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8
Q

what is the general and universal meaning of something?

A

denotation

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9
Q

what is the more personal meaning of something?

A

connotation

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10
Q

what is the skill of discussing past, future, and hypothetical that animals cannot do?

A

displacement

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11
Q

what is the process in which the output can become the input?

A

recursion

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12
Q

human language has two levels of combining–sounds into words and words into phrases–what is this called?

A

duality of patterning

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13
Q

what is enforced by editors, teachers, dictionaries, language mavens, etc., and is based in societal norms?

A

standardization

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14
Q

when two people from different language can communities can understand each other, what is it?

A

mutual intelligibility

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15
Q

the unconscious knowledge we have about our language community (our competence)

A

descriptive rules

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16
Q

these tell us what we should or shouldn’t do in our language, such as avoiding double negatives

A

prescriptive rules

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17
Q

what is the study of how sounds are produced and perceived?

A

phonetics

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18
Q

what is the study of patterns and rules involved in the sound system?

A

phonology

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19
Q

what are sounds described and classified by their shared features into?

A

natural class

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20
Q

p, t, and k are all what?

A

voiceless stops

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21
Q

what is the abstract, mental category of sounds?

A

phonemes

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22
Q

what is the subcategory of phonemes that are definite and concrete?

A

allophones

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23
Q

what is a set of words that differ by one sound in the same position?

A

minimal pair

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24
Q

sounds that are not separate phonemes and will never be found where another occurs are in what?

A

complementary distribution

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25
Q

a sound becoming more similar to the surrounding sounds is what?

A

assimilation

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26
Q

the process of sounds being omitted from words is what?

A

deletion

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27
Q

the process where sounds are added to words is what?

A

insertion

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28
Q

the process of sounds reversing their order is what?

A

metathesis

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29
Q

what is the study of word structure?

A

morphology

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30
Q

what is the smallest unit of language with meaning or function?

A

morpheme

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31
Q

these morphemes can function as their own word.

A

free

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32
Q

these morphemes cannot function as their own word.

A

bound

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33
Q

this language type is morphologically complex and is made of mostly bound morphemes.

A

synthetic

34
Q

this language type is easier to dissect as it is mostly made of free morphemes.

A

analytic

35
Q

these morphemes never change a word’s grammatical category and are furthest from the root.

A

inflectional

36
Q

these morphemes often change a word’s grammatical category and alter the meaning of the root.

A

derivational

37
Q

the process of forming a new word by combining 2 free morphemes

A

compounding

38
Q

the process of forming a new word by adding an affix (prefix or suffix)

A

affixation

39
Q

the process of forming a new word by creating an acronym that cannot be said as a word

A

alphabetization

40
Q

the process of forming a new word by taking a small piece from a larger word (limo from limousine)

A

clipping

41
Q

the process of forming a new word by removing an affix (beg from beggar)

A

backformation

42
Q

the process of forming a new word by joining two or more words where at least one is clipped

A

blending

43
Q

the process of forming a new word when it can be used interchangeably between functions

A

shifting (or conversion)

44
Q

the process of forming a new word when a company creates a brand name

A

coinage

45
Q

the process of forming a new word by taking them from another language

A

borrowing

46
Q

usually short-lived words used in place of the standard for humor and raciness

A

slang

47
Q

what class of words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs?

A

open

48
Q

what class of words are prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc.?

A

closed

49
Q

these words define a relationship between elements like time, location, direction, etc.

A

prepositions

50
Q

these words connect words, phrases, and clauses

A

conjunctions

51
Q

these words stand in for noun phrases

A

pronouns

52
Q

these words introduce clauses that function as a noun phrase

A

complementizers

53
Q

these words introduce and create noun phrases

A

determiners

54
Q

these words occur before main verbs

A

auxiliary verbs

55
Q

clauses are made of a ___ and a ___

A

subject and predicate

56
Q

what is the entity under discussion in a clause?

A

subject

57
Q

what is being said about the entity in a clause?

A

predicate

58
Q

these clauses can be punctuated as a normal sentence; must have tense and a subject, and cannot start with SCONJ, RP, or COMP

A

independent

59
Q

these clauses modify sentences or word phrases; give reasons

A

adverbial

60
Q

these clauses modify nouns

A

relative

61
Q

these clauses act as a noun phrase

A

nominal

62
Q

what is a word or group of words that behaves as a unit called?

A

constituent

63
Q

what are the two ways to test for constituency?

A

substitution and movement

64
Q

these verbs have a direct object with the verb phrase

A

transitive

65
Q

these verbs have no direct object, predicate nominative, or predicate adjective in the verb phrase

A

intransitive

66
Q

these verbs have a predicate adjective or nominative in the verb phrase that give a property to the subject

A

linking

67
Q

words that are conceptually related

A

lexical fields

68
Q

these are superordinate to their subcategories

A

hypernym

69
Q

“part of” relation

A

meronymy

70
Q

words meaning the same thing

A

synonyms

71
Q

words that mean the opposite of each other

A

antonyms

72
Q

antonyms that are on a spectrum, like hot and cold

A

gradeable

73
Q

antonyms that have no in between, like dead and alive

A

complementary

74
Q

antonyms where the opposite word implies the other, like husband and wife

A

converse

75
Q

similar word form but distinct, unrelated meaning

A

homonymy

76
Q

type of homonyms that sound the same but mean different things

A

homophones

77
Q

type of homonyms that sound different and are spelled the same but mean different things

A

homographs

78
Q

who noticed similarities between languages in the 18th century?

A

Sir William Jones

79
Q

who invented the printing press?

A

William Caxton

80
Q

what did Caxton first publish?

A

Canterbury Tales

Linguistics 315 Final (1 decks)

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