Final Exam (12/8)

Question 1

who is the father of modern linguistics?

Answer 1

Ferdinand de Saussure

Question 2

what is the signifier?

Answer 2

the sequence of sounds and letters of a sign.

Question 3

what is the signified?

Answer 3

the image or concept associated with a sign.

Question 4

what type of sign is a literal representation (like a picture of a cat)?

Answer 4

icon

Question 5

what type of sign implies a concept and often relies on context (like a paw print)?

Answer 5

index

Question 6

what type of sign is learned and has an arbitrary relationship with the signified (like the word ‘cat’)?

Answer 6

symbol

Question 7

what type of language are onomatopoeias?

Answer 7

iconic

Question 8

what is the general and universal meaning of something?

Answer 8

denotation

Question 9

what is the more personal meaning of something?

Answer 9

connotation

Question 10

what is the skill of discussing past, future, and hypothetical that animals cannot do?

Answer 10

displacement

Question 11

what is the process in which the output can become the input?

Answer 11

recursion

Question 12

human language has two levels of combining–sounds into words and words into phrases–what is this called?

Answer 12

duality of patterning

Question 13

what is enforced by editors, teachers, dictionaries, language mavens, etc., and is based in societal norms?

Answer 13

standardization

Question 14

when two people from different language can communities can understand each other, what is it?

Answer 14

mutual intelligibility

Question 15

the unconscious knowledge we have about our language community (our competence)

Answer 15

descriptive rules

Question 16

these tell us what we should or shouldn’t do in our language, such as avoiding double negatives

Answer 16

prescriptive rules

Question 17

what is the study of how sounds are produced and perceived?

Answer 17

phonetics

Question 18

what is the study of patterns and rules involved in the sound system?

Answer 18

phonology

Question 19

what are sounds described and classified by their shared features into?

Answer 19

natural class

Question 20

p, t, and k are all what?

Answer 20

voiceless stops

Question 21

what is the abstract, mental category of sounds?

Answer 21

phonemes

Question 22

what is the subcategory of phonemes that are definite and concrete?

Answer 22

allophones

Question 23

what is a set of words that differ by one sound in the same position?

Answer 23

minimal pair

Question 24

sounds that are not separate phonemes and will never be found where another occurs are in what?

Answer 24

complementary distribution

Question 25

a sound becoming more similar to the surrounding sounds is what?

Answer 25

assimilation

Question 26

the process of sounds being omitted from words is what?

Answer 26

deletion

Question 27

the process where sounds are added to words is what?

Answer 27

insertion

Question 28

the process of sounds reversing their order is what?

Answer 28

metathesis

Question 29

what is the study of word structure?

Answer 29

morphology

Question 30

what is the smallest unit of language with meaning or function?

Answer 30

morpheme

Question 31

these morphemes can function as their own word.

Answer 31

free

Question 32

these morphemes cannot function as their own word.

Answer 32

bound

Question 33

this language type is morphologically complex and is made of mostly bound morphemes.

Answer 33

synthetic

Question 34

this language type is easier to dissect as it is mostly made of free morphemes.

Answer 34

analytic

Question 35

these morphemes never change a word's grammatical category and are furthest from the root.

Answer 35

inflectional

Question 36

these morphemes often change a word's grammatical category and alter the meaning of the root.

Answer 36

derivational

Question 37

the process of forming a new word by combining 2 free morphemes

Answer 37

compounding

Question 38

the process of forming a new word by adding an affix (prefix or suffix)

Answer 38

affixation

Question 39

the process of forming a new word by creating an acronym that cannot be said as a word

Answer 39

alphabetization

Question 40

the process of forming a new word by taking a small piece from a larger word (limo from limousine)

Answer 40

clipping

Question 41

the process of forming a new word by removing an affix (beg from beggar)

Answer 41

backformation

Question 42

the process of forming a new word by joining two or more words where at least one is clipped

Answer 42

blending

Question 43

the process of forming a new word when it can be used interchangeably between functions

Answer 43

shifting (or conversion)

Question 44

the process of forming a new word when a company creates a brand name

Answer 44

coinage

Question 45

the process of forming a new word by taking them from another language

Answer 45

borrowing

Question 46

usually short-lived words used in place of the standard for humor and raciness

Answer 46

slang

Question 47

what class of words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs?

Answer 47

open

Question 48

what class of words are prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc.?

Answer 48

closed

Question 49

these words define a relationship between elements like time, location, direction, etc.

Answer 49

prepositions

Question 50

these words connect words, phrases, and clauses

Answer 50

conjunctions

Question 51

these words stand in for noun phrases

Answer 51

pronouns

Question 52

these words introduce clauses that function as a noun phrase

Answer 52

complementizers

Question 53

these words introduce and create noun phrases

Answer 53

determiners

Question 54

these words occur before main verbs

Answer 54

auxiliary verbs

Question 55

clauses are made of a ___ and a ___

Answer 55

subject and predicate

Question 56

what is the entity under discussion in a clause?

Answer 56

subject

Question 57

what is being said about the entity in a clause?

Answer 57

predicate

Question 58

these clauses can be punctuated as a normal sentence; must have tense and a subject, and cannot start with SCONJ, RP, or COMP

Answer 58

independent

Question 59

these clauses modify sentences or word phrases; give reasons

Answer 59

adverbial

Question 60

these clauses modify nouns

Answer 60

relative

Question 61

these clauses act as a noun phrase

Answer 61

nominal

Question 62

what is a word or group of words that behaves as a unit called?

Answer 62

constituent

Question 63

what are the two ways to test for constituency?

Answer 63

substitution and movement

Question 64

these verbs have a direct object with the verb phrase

Answer 64

transitive

Question 65

these verbs have no direct object, predicate nominative, or predicate adjective in the verb phrase

Answer 65

intransitive

Question 66

these verbs have a predicate adjective or nominative in the verb phrase that give a property to the subject

Answer 66

linking

Question 67

words that are conceptually related

Answer 67

lexical fields

Question 68

these are superordinate to their subcategories

Answer 68

hypernym

Question 69

"part of" relation

Answer 69

meronymy

Question 70

words meaning the same thing

Answer 70

synonyms

Question 71

words that mean the opposite of each other

Answer 71

antonyms

Question 72

antonyms that are on a spectrum, like hot and cold

Answer 72

gradeable

Question 73

antonyms that have no in between, like dead and alive

Answer 73

complementary

Question 74

antonyms where the opposite word implies the other, like husband and wife

Answer 74

converse

Question 75

similar word form but distinct, unrelated meaning

Answer 75

homonymy

Question 76

type of homonyms that sound the same but mean different things

Answer 76

homophones

Question 77

type of homonyms that sound different and are spelled the same but mean different things

Answer 77

homographs

Question 78

who noticed similarities between languages in the 18th century?

Answer 78

Sir William Jones

Question 79

who invented the printing press?

Answer 79

William Caxton

Question 80

what did Caxton first publish?

Answer 80

Canterbury Tales