Final exam Flashcards
Sample is
a subset of your population
A sample should represent
the diversity of the population
Types of probability sample
Simple random
Systematic sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
How many types of sample
Two
All probability samples require ___ and ____
A sampling frame and a way of randomly selecting the sample
Multiple whys is used to
identify cause vs symptoms
Four parts of research question
Best practice question
Background question
Improvement question
Specific improvement question
A population is
all the people/objects/ideas/places that you could possibly collect data from
Non-probability sampling does NOT require ____ and _____
A sampling frame and random selection
In non-probability sampling, each element ____ have an equal opportunity of being selected as part of your sample
doesn’t
Types of non-probability samples
Convenience sampling/Opportunity sampling/Accidental or haphazard sampling (names for the same thing)
Snowball sampling
Judgemental Sampling or Purposive sampling
Quota sampling
Assumptions and limitations are concerned with the ____ and ____ of their methodology
validity and reliability
Validity
Correctness
Reliability
Consistency
Assumptions and limitations are not about ____ issues
logistical
Ethical considerations
Avoiding harm to participants Informed consent Privacy Confidentiality Professionalism Insider researcher status Conflict of interest
Reflection
Is when you’re directly involved in a process
Convenience/opportunity/accidental/haphazard sampling is used for
collecting data from elements of population that you have ease of access to
Convenience sampling is often used to get data from
general public
snowball sampling is only used for
hidden populations (illegal, anti-social activities)
insider researcher status is when you
have informal or formal power in organisation
conflict of interest is when you could
benefit or be harmed by outcome
content analysis is defined as
“systematic, replaceable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding” (Stemler, 2001)
content analysis enables a researcher to sort through
large volumes of data simply and systematically
What source material can content analysis be applied to?
Interview transcripts Legislation Policy documents Process documents Checklists Websites Blogs Social media pages Hard copy promotional material Videos Recorded radio advertisements Recorded television advertisements
What types of information and content analysis provide?
Compliance issues Alignment of policy/process Identify sections of a policy Layout of printed source material Structure of non-printed material Ideas contained in material
Content analysis won’t tell me
Why/how
To understand why/how something was done
Pair content analysis with interview
A frame work is a
set of dimensions applied to source material
Internal validity/reliability concerns
primary data collection method
External validity/reliability concerns
sampling method
Difference between survey and questionnaire
Survey done with researcher present, questionnaire done without researcher
We use a survey/questionnaire when
Need quantitive and qualitative data
Need specific info that is familiar to respondents
Researcher has prior knowledge of the likely responses
Free-response or open ended question
Respondent free to give whatever answer they’d like
Dichotomous question
respondent chooses from two options
Closed questions
Dichotomous questions
Multiple-choice
Checklist
Rating
Surveys should include a maximum of ___ options in multiple-choice questions
5
Interviews are needed for ___ data
rich
Types of interviews
Structured
Semi-structured
Open or non-directive
Assumptions for interviews
Questions based on theory relevant to problem
Respondents will not misinterpret interview questions
Respondents will be honest
Accurate recall
Engage consistently
Observation is a data collection method utilised when you are ____ of a phenomenon
outside
Reflection is appropriate when researcher is ____ the phenomenon
inside
Information that observation can provide
Steps in a process
How to complete steps
The order in which individuals complete steps
Alignment of behaviour vs standards
Physical layout of workspace
Environmental factors of customer area/workspace
Observation needs to be conducted ethically, therefore Ara students will need to supply subjects an ____
observation consent form
Observational data may be recorded ____ or utilise a ____
chronologically, framework
Assumptions and limitations of observation
Usefulness of dimensions (validity)
Accurate application of framework (validity)
Apply framework consistently (reliability)
Accurate recording (validity)
Consistent in focus of factors recorded (reliability)
Consistent in how factors recorded (reliability)
Assumptions and limitations of reflection
Usefulness of dimensions in the framework (validity)
Accurately apply reflection (reliability)
Accurately record experiences (validity)
Memory is accurate (validity)
Consistent in how they record experiences (reliability)
