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FSCS 440 (Advanced Crime Scene Investigation) > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

A forensic tool used to reconstruct the crime scene through the size, shape, and distribution of bloodstains caused by bloodshed events.

A

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

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2
Q

injuries where layers of the skin have been removed by scraping against a rough surface

A

Abrasions

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3
Q

shearing or crushing injury caused by a blunt weapon that tears the skin and internal organs

A

Lacerations

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4
Q

cutting injuries caused by sharp objects

A

Incised wounds

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5
Q

injury caused by beating with a pointed weapon often causes little external bleeding

A

Stab wounds

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6
Q

the attraction between blood and a non-blood surface

A

Adhesion

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7
Q

the attractive forces within a drip, pool, or layer of blood

A

Cohesion

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8
Q

What causes the formation of blood?

A

the force of gravity begins to equal or exceed the adhesive and cohesive forces

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9
Q

Is there a relationship between the size of a bloodstain and the surface area of a bloody object?

A

…..

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10
Q

What shape does a blood drop traveling through the air maintain?

A

Spherical

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11
Q

What kind of bloodstain has patterns or stains created w/o significant outside forces other than gravity or friction?

A

Passive bloodstain

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12
Q

What kind of bloodstain has patterns or stains that have undergone a physical or physiological change?

A

Altered bloodstain

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13
Q

What kind of bloodstain has patterns created by forces that cause stains to demonstrate directionality and variable size?

A

Spatter

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14
Q

A type of bloodstain that has flow, transfers, drip(s), and large volume

A

Passive

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15
Q

A type of passive bloodstain that has smear, swipe, contact

A

Transfer

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16
Q

A type of passive bloodstain that has single, multiple, or a trail of blood drop

A

Drip(s)

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17
Q

A passive bloodstain that has saturating and pooling

A

Large-volume

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18
Q

the path blood flows is influenced by gravity and surface contours

A

Flow pattern

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19
Q

What does it mean if the observed blood flow does not appear to follow gravity or surface contours?

A

….

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20
Q

How are blood pools formed?

A

by blood accumulating onto a surface (may have no specific shape or conform to the shape of a container)

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21
Q

What happens if blood cannot absorb into a surface?

A

it will dry, clot, or crust over

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22
Q

produced when a bloody object contacts a non-bloody surface leaving a transfer stain with directionality.

A

Swipe

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23
Q

produced when a bloody object contacts a non-bloody surface leaving a non-descript transfer stain lacking detail

A

Smear

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24
Q

What happens when two stains overlap?

A

…..

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25
Q

If 2 or more stains overlap, can we determine the order they were created?

A

….

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26
Q

How are drip patterns formed?

A

by multiple free-falling drops from a stationary source onto a horizontal surface containing previously deposited wet bloodstains or a small blood pool.

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27
Q

What type of bloodstain satellite spatter or scalloped edges may be present in

A

Drip patterns

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28
Q

Is the shape of a bloodstain influenced by the surface texture?

A

….

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29
Q

A type of drip pattern featuring elongated stains caused by the horizontal motion of the blood source (directionality can be established)

A

Drip trails

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30
Q

Can you determine the distance a blood drop fell based on the size of the bloodstain?

A

….

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31
Q

What are the different types of altered bloodstains?

A

aged, clotted, diluted, diffused, transfers, insects, voids

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32
Q

What are the color changes of blood?

A

red-> red-brown-> greenish-> dark brown-> black

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33
Q

serum separates from the bloodstain to form a solid mass, usually within 1 hour

A

clotted bloodstain

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34
Q

What does clotted spatter mean?

A

lapse in time between impacts

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35
Q

In what ways can blood be diluted?

A

biological, environmental, intentional, and obscured

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36
Q

Examples of environmental dilution

A

urine, saliva, stomach acids, cerebrospinal fluid

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37
Q

Examples of biological dilution

A

rain, snow excessive moisture ( make stains lighter)

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38
Q

Examples of intentional dilution

A

washing with water, detergent, bleach, etc

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39
Q

Examples of obscured dilution

A

fire/soot, paint, laundering

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40
Q

A type of altered bloodstain that spreads from a high to a low concentration

A

diffusion

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41
Q

A type of transfer that is produced when a bloody stain or pool is altered when an object moves through it and removes blood, detail may be present

A

Wipe

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42
Q

A type of wipe (transfer) is created when the object transfers the removed blood along a path, directionality may be present

A

Drag

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43
Q

Flies and other insects can disrupt a bloody surface or create separate bloodstains

A

Insects

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44
Q

A type of altered bloodstain that has an are within a generally continuous bloodstain pattern that lacks bloodstains (ex. blood on the wall but when removing a bottle from off the wall it has no bloodstains behind it)

A

Voids

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45
Q

What are the different types of spatter?

A

Secondary, impact, and projection

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46
Q

A type of spatter that has satellite spatter

A

Secondary

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47
Q

I type of spatter that may be the result of a gunshot, beating/stabbing

A

Impact

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48
Q

A type of spatter that has arterial, expirated, and cast-off

A

Projection

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49
Q

A dispersion of bloodstains of varying sizes created as liquid blood is disturbed by an external force.

A

Spatter

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50
Q

What do spatter patterns depend on?

A
  1. flight path of spatter [rior to striking the target surface
  2. the target surface material
  3. the shape or angle of the surface struck and the target surface
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51
Q

How can spatter patterns help reconstruct events that unfolded at the crime scene?

A
  1. determine the area or location where the blood source originated
  2. link an object or person to a spatter-producing event or crime scene
  3. corroborate or refute a statement or alibi
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52
Q

a group of individual spatters created by the same implied force radiating outward from the site of impact

A

Pattern

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53
Q

How is spatter formed?

A
  1. a source of blood is stabilized by viscosity and surface tension
  2. a force is applied
  3. droplets are released from the drop or pool and travel through the air in straight or parabolic paths
  4. droplets strike a target surface and produce spots of varying size and directionality
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54
Q

impact spatter is caused when an object strikes a source of liquid blood.

A

Impact mechanism

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55
Q

size and shape patterns are dependent on:

A
  • the shape of the weapon
  • weight and length of the weapon
  • number of impacts
  • the amount of force
  • location of wounds
  • movement of victim and assailant
  • the amount of blood available
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56
Q

During the first blow does spatter happen?

A

No

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57
Q

Is the length of a stain inversely proportionate to the angle of impact?

A

True

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58
Q

A high angle of impact (closer to 90 degrees) creates a

A

rounded stain

59
Q

A low angle of impact (closer to 0 degrees) creates a

A

elongated stain

60
Q

A type of projection spatter produced when blood sprays out from a damaged artery

A

Arterial spatter

61
Q

Arterial spatter presents:

A
  • brighter red

- undulation or arcing

62
Q

What are some of the major arteries?

A
  • Temporal (temples)
  • Carotid (neck)
  • Subclavian (clavicles)
  • Brachial (arms)
  • Radial (wrists)
  • Femoral (upper thighs)
  • Popliteal (legs)
  • Tibial (ankles)
63
Q

A type of projection bloodstain that is created when a volume of blood mixed with air escapes from the nose, mouth, or an opened wound in the lung(ex. coughing, sneezing, wheezing, spitting)

A

Expirated

64
Q

projection mechanism whereby blood is thrown onto a surface from a moving bloody source (ex. a bloody bat swinging)

A

Cast-off

65
Q

How is cast-off formed?

A
  1. weapon swung toward the victim from overhead or from the side
  2. weapon swung in the reverse direction: blood projected from the weapon tangentially away from the victim
  3. weapon swung again toward the victim. Cessation pattern- weapon abruptly stops traveling upon impact but blood projected from the weapon toward the victim
66
Q

spatter patterns produced by means other than a bloodletting event

A

secondary spatter

67
Q

small droplets deposited around the periphery of a larger parent stain

A

satellite spatter

68
Q

the area on the wall where the stains converge around

A

area of convergence

69
Q

the are in from the bloodstain to where in the room the attack took place in the room. The area in the room where the blood is coming from.

A

area of origin

70
Q

individualizing evidence collected to establish the identity of the persons involved

A

Fingerprints

71
Q

What is the name of the system used to compare fingerprints from a crime scene

A

AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems)

72
Q

What is the name of the system used to compare DNA from a crime scene

A

CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)

73
Q

What are examples of physical evidence?

A
  1. Fingerprints
  2. Impressions (tool marks, footprints, footwear impressions)
  3. Biological ( blood, semen, saliva, tissue, hair, etc)
  4. Firearms (pistols, revolvers, shotguns, and rifles)
  5. Trace
  6. Arson
  7. Explosives
74
Q

What type of lighting is used to help visualize the impression of the scene?

A

oblique lighting

75
Q

What can be used to preserve impressions?

A
  • photographs
  • casting
  • dust prints
76
Q

What type of light can be used to help recognize semen evidence?

A

Ultraviolet light (ALS)

77
Q

How are blood and semen stains collected?

A

DNA swab should be dried and placed in an envelope or cardboard swab container and sealed

78
Q

What evidence may be found on the surface of a firearm?

A

DNA or fingerprints

79
Q

How are guns packaged?

A

cardboard box

80
Q

What are examples of trace evidence?

A 
fibers (textiles, rope, cordage)
hairs
paint
soil
tape
glass
botany (pollen, leaves, grasses, woods)
81
Q

How do you package arson evidence to preserve ignitable liquids?

A

clean metal paint can or glass jars

82
Q

What are some examples of psychoactive drugs?

A
  1. CNS depressants
  2. CNS stimulants
  3. Hallucinogens
  4. Cannabis
  5. Designer drugs
  6. Nonprescription drugs
  7. Inhalants
  8. Steroids/Performance enhancing
83
Q

Drugs prescribed to induce sleep, reduce muscle spasms, pain or anxiety.

A

Depressants

84
Q

Opium-derived narcotics

A

analgesics derived from the opium poppy that have a high potential for abuse and addiction.

85
Q

Naturally derived opioids:

A

morphine, codeine, oxycodone

86
Q

Chemically synthesized opioids:

A

heroin, dilaudid, percocet, percodan, fentanyl

87
Q

The device failed to fully function

A

Low order explosion

88
Q

The device functioned as designed

A

High order explosion

89
Q

a non-military, non-commercial, or modified explosive device designed by the builder with knowledge and materials available to them (FBI)

A

IEDs ( improvised explosive devices)

90
Q

materials capable of rapid conversion from either solid or a liquid to a gas with resultant heat, pressure, and loud noise

A

Explosives

91
Q

What are chemical explosives composed of?

A

fuel and oxidizer

92
Q

This type of explosive:

  • explode slow
  • push or heave objects
  • need to be contained to explode
A

Low explosives

93
Q

This type of explosive:

  • explode fast
  • shatter and destroy objects
  • do not need containment to explode
A

High explosives

94
Q

Low Explosives:

A

Black powder, smokeless powder, pyrotechnics (used in fireworks),

95
Q

Used in firearms ammunition

A

Smokeless powder

96
Q

A mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal

A

Black powder

97
Q

High Explosives:

A 
Ammonium Nitrate
Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)
98
Q

a mechanical, electrical, or electronic device used to detonate an explosive device.

A

Fuzing

99
Q

mousetrap, clothespin

A

Mechanical fuzing

100
Q

battery, Christmas tree light

A

Electrical fuzing

101
Q

remote, cellphone, RC controller

A

Electronic device

102
Q

houses the explosive charge and may disguise the. device

A

Containment

103
Q

lose material added to cause bodily harm (ex. glass, nails, metal fragments, etc)

A

Shrapnel

104
Q

a device with components designed to initiate an explosive charge

A

Fuze

105
Q

a cord packed with material to transfer energy to an explosive.

A

Fuse

106
Q

What are examples of biological evidence in an explosive?

A

Shrapnel
Containment
Concealment

107
Q

What are some things that can survive an explosion?

A

Fingerprints
DNA
Hairs

108
Q

What does the laboratory use to determine what residues of explosives are present at a bombing scene?

A

swabs or gauze that is dry or damp with acetone.

109
Q

What are visible explosives, fuels, or oxidizers packaged in?

A

anti-static bags

110
Q

Smaller debris can be packaged in:

A

paint cans

111
Q
  • walls bulging out or laying down, virtually intact
  • roof slightly lifted, windows dislodged, sometimes with no broken glass
  • large debris close to the structure
A

Low-Order damage

112
Q
  • shattering/demolishing the structure
  • walls and roof broken
  • small debris spread out near and far from the structure
A

High-Order damage

113
Q

How can you retrieve evidence from a large bombing scene or multiple

A

Drone

Police helicopter

114
Q

What are some crimes committed in the vehicle?

A
  • homicide
  • car-jacking
  • sexual assault
  • robbery
  • illegal transport
    drive-by shooting, etc
115
Q

What are some hiding places on the vehicle?

A

Crossbeam
Tires
Trunk

116
Q

international searchable automotive. paint database

A

Paint data query

117
Q

Hit-and-Run

A
  1. damage to vehicles or property

2. death or injury

118
Q

Hit-and-Run investigative goals:

A
  • determine the identity of the suspect
  • establish connections between vehicles and ppl involved
  • reconstruct the collision
119
Q

Can. the class characteristics of an unknown paint transfer be compared to a known?

A

Yes, through the different layers of paint transferred to that object

120
Q

What do you call the class characteristics of the known and unknown paint samples different

A

Elimination (samples could not originate from the same source_

121
Q

What do you call the class characteristics of the known and unknown paint samples indistinguishable

A

Association (samples. could originate from the same source)

122
Q

the vehicle’s front window has this type of glass (bendable)

A

Laminated glass

123
Q

the vehicle’s sides and back window have this type of glass (diced when broken)

A

Tempered glass

124
Q

the vehicle’s rearview mirrors have this type of glass

A

mirror/coated glass

125
Q

What is used to preserve tire impressions?

A

Ink
Indicator pad
Adhesive lift

126
Q

Class characteristics of a tire:

A
  • brand name
  • tread pattern
  • wear pattern (individualizing traits)
  • width of the tire
  • defects of tire treads
127
Q

bruised areas caused by a blunt object, internal bleeding, changes in color over time, form when alive

A

Contusions

128
Q

skin breaks between blunt object and the underlying bone

A

Crushing wounds

129
Q

bones can fracture due to impact with blunt objects

A

Bone injuries

130
Q

projectile enters but does not leave the body

A

Penetrating gunshot wound

131
Q

What directly influences the type of injury observed on a victim and bloodstains observed at a scene

A

The distance between muzzle to target

132
Q

blood droplets directed outward from the entry wound toward the energy source

A

Back spatter

133
Q

projectile enters and leaves the body through a separate wound. Forward spatter is produced when the projectile leaves the body.

A

perforating gunshot wound

134
Q

Bloodstain patterns caused by bullet injuries are influenced by:

A

the caliber of firearm, muzzle to target distance, number of shots, wound characteristics, the position of victim, etc

135
Q

circular or elliptical damaged areas on the surface caused by a bullet

A

bullet defects

136
Q

What do trajectories tell us about the shooting?

A
  1. height of the shooter
  2. location/angle of the shooter
  3. type of weapon used
137
Q

Modes of death (suffocation):

A

hanging groove

suffocation groove

138
Q

caused by the contraction and stiffening musculature forcing the body into a “praying” position

A

Pugilistic attitude (posture)

139
Q

What are classic poisons?

A

arsenic
strychnine
atropine
cyanide salts

140
Q

Visuals cues that a sexual assault may have occurred:

A

missing clothing
injuries on the victim
mutilation
search for biological fluids

141
Q

Psychological changes after death

A 
dull cornea (hours after death)
algor mortis (18hrs)
rigor mortis (2-3 days)
livor mortis (1 to 4 hours)
142
Q

this process begins immediately after death and is caused by autolysis and bacterial action

A

Putrefaction

143
Q

How do you transport a body to the morgue?

A

body bag
sheets
box

FSCS 440 (Advanced Crime Scene Investigation) (1 decks)

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