final exam

Question 1

Why were the missions secularized by Mexico in 1833? (47-48)

Answer 1

because of their political ties to the king of spain; the mexican government was cutting themselves off; Franciscans were thought to be “too tight.”

Question 2

What does the author conclude about the many different interpretations of the Gold Rush have historians offered? (83)

Answer 2

each of them might have some bit of the truth, but none have the whole truth.

Question 3

In 1879, which field surpassed mining as the leading element in the California economy? (110)

Answer 3

agriculture, also established in these Gold Rush years, was desired to dominate the next sequence of development, employing more people than mining by 1869 (47,863 to 36,339) and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy, remaining so well into the 19th century.

Question 4

What are the leading fields today?

Answer 4

• finance, insurance, and real estate
• professional and business services
• government

Question 5

What technological innovation enabled California to export fruit to distant markets? (151)

Answer 5

the refrigerated railroad cars; not air conditioned for people, but for fruit.

Question 6

What legacy for Muybridge?

Answer 6

studied animal/human locomotion; founder of the field of kinesiology.

Question 7

What legacy for Watkins?

Answer 7

took photos of the california landscape; yosemite in particular; put national parks on the map; legacy is environmental protections.

Question 8

How did Japanese American, Mexican American, and African American communities fare in early 20th century Southern California? (178-180)

Answer 8

Japanese American (Internment Camps)
Mexican Americans (Mass Deportation)
African Americans (Segregation and Racism)

Question 9

What product created the industrial infrastructure of Southern California? (180)

Answer 9

oil in the beginning of 1890

Question 10

How did California benefit from government programs during the Great Depression of the 1930s? (184)

Answer 10

Helped develop statewide infrastructure (waterworks), ambitious programs of public works, and generally completed California we know now. March 12, 1928, St. Francis Dam collapsed creating a tidal wave that killed 400 people and devastating everything in its path to the sea.

Question 11

What trend created pressure to unify the Bay Area through bridges? (186)

Answer 11

The growing automobile culture, however was creating pressure to unify the Bay Area through bridges, mid 1920

Question 12

Why did the Great Depression come late and “more subtly” to California? (193)

Answer 12

The Great Depression came late to California, and it came more subtly because the California economy was diversified into agricultural, industrial, entertainment, tourist, and service sectors; hence it could be crippled as completely as was the case in many of the industrialized states of the Northeast, so dependent upon manufacturing, or midwestern states whose economy was based on agriculture.

Question 13

What components compounded the social strife of 1930s California? (193)

Answer 13

Nevertheless, the Depression did come to California by the early 1930s, and the resulting social strife was compounded by the structural instability of the agricultural workforce; a militant labor movement in the San Francisco Bay Area; a labor- resistant oligarchy, especially in Southern California; and, among working people, a radical tradition going back to the 19th century.

Question 14

What demand by organized labor was pioneered in 1860s San Francisco? (194)

Answer 14

In June 1867, the Chinese struck the Central Pacific, demanding twelve-hour days and $ 40 a month. The demanded by organized labor for an eight-hour day was pioneered in the mid-1860s in San Francisco.

Question 15

After the creation of irrigation districts and the introduction of refrigerated railroad cars accelerated the development of California agriculture, what labor problem emerged? (195)

Answer 15

The problem was that these great fields of grain, these vineyards and hop ranches, these orchards and citrus goves, these fields teeming with potatoes, lettuce, and every variety of vegetables, these cotton fields in the Southern San Joaquin, each required intense seasonal labor at planting an harvest time and only small cadres of permanent workers in between.

Thus a pattern of migratory labor grew in California- starting with the wheat ranches- in which large numbers of migrant workers would converge on an area at harvestime, perform the work, then move on to another crop.

Question 16

During World War II, how did the supply of farmworkers change? What was the state response? (215)

Answer 16

Brosero Program; as WWII progressed, California found itself short of agricultural workers, as opposed to the oversupply in the 1930s. The federally sponsored Braceros Program brought Mexican workers into California by train during the harvest season. This lasted until 1964.

This led into the era where Arizona- born Cesar Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Union in 1962 in a response to California sustaining a tendency to take such labor forces for granted, apply housing workers and moving them along as quickly as possible, and even abandoning some in old age.

Question 17

What elevated California’s military importance around the turn of the 20th c.? (218)

Answer 17

At the Presidio in San Francisco, the Army maintained its Pacific Coast headquarters. Starting in 1891, the 4th Cavalry had responsibility for patrolling the Yosemite Valley. — As the United States moved in the direction of becoming a global military power— especially a sea power, as was being advised by naval theoretician Alfred Thayer Mahan— The military importance of California increased.— The Spanish- American War of 1898 formally established the United States as an Asia- Pacific power

Question 18

What allowed the SF Bay Area and metropolitan LA to expand their defense-industrial capacity? (220)

Answer 18

The San Francisco Bay Area and metropolitan Los Angeles had each finally developed important port and ship repair facilities, both military and civilian, and secured the sources of water and hydroelectricity necessary for an expanded defense-industrial capacity.

Question 19

What declaration gave the military great power – a “proconsular” – on the West Coast after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? (226)

Answer 19

In February 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, allowing the War Department to remove suspicious or possibly dangerous people from military areas. Lieutenant General John L. De Witt head of the Western Defense Command, had already make up his mind that the Japanese should be evacuated. —Since the entire West Coast had been declared a “Theater of War”, De Witt possessed proconsular authority,— which had remained latent in his dealings with civilians officials but now came to the fore as DeWitt acted out of his own instincts and reluctance to become another Admiral John Kimmel, who was demoted following Pearl Harbor.

Question 20

Which three groups of previously unwelcomed workers were hired “en masse” by the Bay Area shipyards during the war? (236)

Answer 20

More than 150,000 African- Americans, most recent immigrants to the West Coast; this industrial was formerly closed to them at the beginning of the war.
- Women workers, folkorized as “Rosie the Riveter”— became increasingly crucial to shipbuilding efforts.
Both male and female white workers, included a high number of —dust bowl migrants or Okies.—
All gave rise to social experiment fraught with ensign and indicative of the unfinished social business of the US that would preoccupy the postwar era.

Question 21

In what ways did the Southern California aircraft industry “represent a great leap forward” for industrial culture? (236)

Answer 21

— Women, and efficient, socially responsible management — emerged via the aircraft
Women took their place on the line taking eight hour shifts at one or another of the prominent aircraft distributors. Later generations of women came into new identities as they mastered ins and outs of airplane manufactured and supervisory roles. Young and attractive aircraft workers such as Norma Jean Dougherty (Marilyn Monroe) had been granted starlet status; the linked that aircraft factories and film studios.
— Social sophistication had depth—, as there were transportation pools (carpools) daycare centers for children, women were represented on the line within middle management showing growing equality.
- There were also —support services— which provided medical care and food services. —Social events— such big band dances and concerts were also integrated into factory cultures.

Question 22

Which sector of California’s cultural infrastructure did taxpayers and legislators upgrade after the war? What was the justification? How did postwar California thus “conceptualize itself”? (243-244)

Answer 22

The University of California System. It was the taxpayers that voted for it and created it. Some people believe it to be the best education system in the world. The university would be an in-house think tank to better our own situation. “Education Utopia”

Question 23

What goals stimulated scientific, engineering, and technological advances in 20th c. California? (247)

Answer 23

“discover a truth, solve a problem, make a profit, make productive use of one’s time, and in the process make the world a better and more interesting place”

Question 24

What did Ansel Adams mean by “visualization”? (294 & video)

Answer 24

he visualized a photograph before he actually took it; He would later describe his technique as “visualization” : the full and complete integration of the photographer, the object photographed, environmental conditions, and the photographer’s conception of the print he wished to see. Guided by the visualization the judgment of light and shadow, the photographer, Ansel believed, would instinctively choose the appropriate technology of lens and filter, and then wait - seconds, minute, hours, as long as it took- for the right moment to come before pressing the shutter

Question 25

What project was Dorothea Lange working on when she photographed Migrant Mother? How did the photo come about? (294 & video)

Answer 25

depression-era work; she was working for farm security administration; she drove past the family then came back to stage a photo

Question 26

According to the author, what contribution has California made to sport on a national level? (299)

Answer 26

the democratization of pursuits that were previously the prerogatives of elites; Progressivism; climate allows people to train year round

Question 27

To what political movement does the author credit this contribution? (299)

Answer 27

Progressivism parks and playgrounds to keep kids safe. They advocated recreational policies and municipality for kids to play.

Question 28

How did California-based media help promote the state?

Answer 28

the weather, leisurely lifestyle, “you can come to california and get rich and live out your dreams;” become famous

Question 29

The author asserts that Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, the driving creative force behind the album Pet Sounds, was one of the most important American composers of the twentieth century. But what confluence of factors led to the creation and success of this record in 1966?

Answer 29

demographic change after wwII, babyboom created kids that became a market force, technology, fm radio, southern california was already home to the film industry, electrified instruments

Question 30

What common denominators might there be in the Watts riots (1965), the Rodney King riots (1992), and the OJ Simpson trial (1995)? (308)

Answer 30

All events stemmed from violence related to racially- motivated arrest and overly aggressive acts; the trial was representative of an African- Americans perspective throughout trials which captured the attention of many during the era.

Question 31

According to the author, why were Mexican Americans particularly sensitive to the anti-illegal immigration campaigns of the 1990s? (311)

Answer 31

They saw the anti-illegal crusade as a masked effort to express a persuasive dislike towards the new demographic makeup of California.

Question 32

What did Census 2000 reveal about…? (318-319) the effect of immigration on the social structures of the state; younger Californians at the time; California society as a whole.

Answer 32

The effect..- Immigration has actually shored up the social structures of the state.

Younger- “weaving a tapestry” combining disparate elements and common values.

California- It has become a society where the minority constitutes the majority

Question 33

What opposing narrative does California-born writer Joan Didion suggest regarding the way Californians have traditionally envisioned themselves? (323, 287)

Answer 33

californian’s like to think of our state as self-reliant, but we have taken tons of money from the federal government; Californians began envisioning themselves as independents as independent minded pioneer people prizing self reliant energy and basing their culture upon it.

Question 34

What were the 20th century Progressives all about? Whom did they mistrust? What systems and processes are part of their legacy? (324-325)

Answer 34

Distributed big corporations big government and big labor, they saw the seal as a reforming elite professional men in the upper middle class serving authoritative roles with nobility.

Question 35

According to the author, what is one of the few things Democrats and Republicans agreed on through much of the 20th century? (325-326)

Answer 35

Build up the infrastructure, including schools, colleges, universities, freeways, roads, and public buildings. The dot com burst in the 90’s caused the state to lose revenue and created deficits.

Question 36

What explains San Francisco’s the “lavender-friendly” openness to gay culture? (330)

Answer 36

Live and let live attitude, lots of different people coming in and out so they accepted may people. Also, if people were caught for homosexual activities authorities would relocate them to San Francisco. Areas, where LGBTQ moved to, would become gentrified; the lavender-friendly nature of the city was intensified during the Second World War as thousands of gay and lesbian service personnel passed through San Francisco, where they had positive experiences despite intermittent clampdowns by the military police, shore patrol, and local cops. The gay character of the city steadily increased through the 1950s, and by the mid 1960s word was out across gay America that San Francisco was a good place to be.

Question 37

How does the digital economy – as represented here by companies such as Google, Apple, and Oracle – affect state tax revenues and housing prices? (346)

Answer 37

Turbo-charged the state revenues, but they dropped housing prices and companies like Google had to bus their employees in and out of San Francisco; it also caused problems in government because some companies can take over an entire town (Apple); some high-tech companies have become bigger than the government; mention that there are many high tech company and they affect the state tax revenue is by putting a lot of money in it; The effect is the housing price moves up.

Question 38

In addition to agriculture, what other sectors of the California economy are dependent on immigrant-based workforce? (348)

Answer 38

hotels restaurants hospitals elderly care

Question 39

According to the author, what was the influence of the Berkeley Free Speech controversy on American campuses in the 1960s? (1)

Answer 39

student disobedience, inspired by civil rights movement

Question 40

What was Ronald Reagan’s opinion of San Francisco hippies? What did his teenage daughter wish to become?

Answer 40

He didn’t hold a high opinion of them, he compared them to monkeys.

Question 41

What kind of tone does the author employ in the first three paragraphs? What is her purpose/topic? (3-5)

Answer 41

eerie

Question 42

What does the author imply about people in Southern Californian stories? (7)

Answer 42

“of course she came from somewhere else, came off the prairie in search of something she had seen in a movie or heard on the radio, for this is a southern california story.”

Question 43

How does Didion describe the breakup of Lucille’s extramarital affair? (17)

Answer 43

“it was not the breakup that the affair ceased to be in the conventional mode and began to resemble instead the novels of james m. cain, the movies of the late 1930s, all the dreams in which violence and threats and blackmail are made to seem commonplaces of the middle-class life. what was most startling about the case that the state of california was preparing against lucille miller was something that had nothing to do with law at all, something that never appeared in the eight-column afternoon headlines but was always there between them: the revelation that the dream was teaching the dreamers how to live.”

Question 44

What does the author conclude about time past in “the golden land”? What metaphor does she end with? (28)

Answer 44

“for time past is not believed to have any bearing upon time present or future, out in the golden land where everyday the world is born anew.”

“a cornet of seed pearls held her illusion veil.”