Final exam

Question 1

What are 4 types of quantitative methods?

Answer 1

Observation, experiments, surveys and content analysis.

Question 2

What are the 3 types of data?

Answer 2

Nominal, ordinal and interval

Question 3

What is nominal data?

Answer 3

Categories with no set order. (categorize)

Question 4

What is ordinal data?

Answer 4

there needs to be an order. There are no intervals between. (Ordering)

Question 5

What is interval data?

Answer 5

Has precise intervals and the distance between them is equal. (ordering according to intervals)

Question 6

What is a frequency table?

Answer 6

A table that shows the data in order and the number of times each data appears.

Question 7

what is f?

Answer 7

Frequency, the number of cases in a category

Question 8

what is the difference between a bar graph and a histogram?

Answer 8

a histogram has no gaps between the bars

Question 9

What is n?

Answer 9

the total

Question 10

What z value does a 95% confidence interval have?

Answer 10

+/-1.96

Question 11

What z value does a 99% confidence interval have?

Answer 11

+/-2.58

Question 12

how do you calculate standard error?

Answer 12

divide standard deviation of the population by the square root of the sample size

Question 13

what is μ

Answer 13

population mean

Question 14

what is σ?

Answer 14

population standard deviation

Question 15

what is 𝑥̅ ?

Answer 15

sample mean

Question 16

what is the chi square test used for?

Answer 16

comparing frequencies,, proportions or percentages. not means.

Question 17

what is the formula for the chi squared tests

Answer 17

x squared = the sum of observed frequencies minus expected frequencies, squared. then divided by the expected frequencies.

Question 18

what’s the difference between a chi squared “one sample goodness of fit” and “test for independence”?

Answer 18

goodness of fit is for one variable for a sample to see if they’re different from the population. Independence is when you have two or more groups and want to know if they are different.

Question 19

How do you calculate degrees of freedom on a chi squared test for independance?

Answer 19

of rows -1 multiplied by the # of columns -1

Question 20

what does it mean to be in the 60% percentile?

Answer 20

you’re better than 60% of others

Question 21

What is cross classified data?

Answer 21

data that is organized by two or more categorical variables. Each category of one variable is cross-classified with each category of the other variable(s), resulting in a table that displays the frequency of observations that fall into each combination of categories.

Question 22

what is r

Answer 22

the correlation coefficient. It is used to see the strength and relationship between two variables.

Question 23

What is r^2

Answer 23

The determination coefficient. It shows how accurate your regression line is. How much of the dependant variable can be explained by the independent variable.

Question 24

What are the 3 types of association between variables?

Answer 24

Causation, (one causes the other.), correlation (the two are connected but not clear which causes which.), interdependent (they do not have a relationship)

Question 25

What is extrapolation?

Answer 25

Estimating unknown variables, based on a pattern or trend.

Question 26

what is a contingency coefficient

Answer 26

it’s used in a chi squared test to see how strong the correlation is. if it’s over 0.3 it’s strong .