Final Exam Flashcards
To initate cell expansion, P must be greater than ______ based on the Lockhart model
Y
The relative rate of cell expansion of an expanding cell mostly depends on ____ based on the Lockhart model
P and M
The relative rate of cell expansion of an expanding cell mostly depends on ____ at a given turgor pressure based on the the Lockhart Model
m
Cells elongate faster at more acidic conditions is possible due to _____
Greateer activity of expansion
IAA treatment causes a ____
A decrease in pH
IAA treatment causes ______
An increase in coleoptile cell elongation
Stimulated cell elongation by IAA is associated with a decrease in pH
True
In phototropism, auxin promotes ____
Cell elongation in the shaded side
Polar transport of auxin in stem include the following
Directional Movement
Movement from apical to basal
Requirement of Transporters
The organ that is the most sensitive to auxin is _____
Roots
The organ that shows the greatest growth promotion to auxin is _____
Buds
The number in the figure indicates the concentration of IAA. Predicate which treatment will result in bending?
B and C
The most effective light inducing phototropism is ______ light
Blue
GAs play roles in
Seed Germination
Stem Elongation
Increasing Fruit
Forming Seedless Grapes
In a generalized signaling pathway, GA can be considered as a ligand. It needs to bind to the ____ first to trigger the signaling cascade
Receptor
Both GA and IAA stimulate
Stem Elongation
Function of Cytokinin
Cell Elongation
Senescence
Cell Divison
In tissue culture, a high ratio of Cytokinin and IAA enhcances
Shoot formation
Function of Cytokinin
Enhance cell division
Promote shoot formation in tissue culture
Delay leaf yellowing
For auxin and cytokinin long distance transport through the plant,
Cytokinin through xylem and auxin through cells
In order to induce the root formation in tissue culture, one usually uses
A high ratio of IAA to cytokinin
Among the phytohormones studied, what hormone is also importnat for seed germination, besides ABA
GA
Considering their function in seed germination, GA and ABA act
Antagonistically
Functions of ABA
Inhibition of Seed Germination
Abscission of Leaves
Maintaining Winter Bud Dormancy
What is the triple response of an Arabidopsis Seedling to ethylene?
Inhibits stem cell elongation
Enhances radial cell expansion
Delaying hook openings
Based on the ethylene response signlaing pathway, a null mutation of CTR will result in _____ in Arabidopsis seedlings
A triple response
Many unique features of water is due to
Hydrogen bonding amond water molecules
Predict the water movement
Water moves into the cell
Predic the water movement
Water moves out of the cell
Predict the water movement
Water moves in and out the cell in equilibrium
Predict the water movement
Can’t be determined
Micronutrients are the minerals that plant only need a small amount and are not essential to plants
False
The nutrient is a component of amino acids, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and hormones. The deficiency of the nutrient usually results in chlorosis to light brown in leaves. Under extreme deficiency, older leaves my drop
Nitrogen
The nutrient is required for pectate or pectin formation in cell walls, stabilizing cell membrane. The deficiency of the nutrient results in meristems and young leaves necrotic. Roots becomes ‘slippery’
Calcium
Main products of PSII reaction
O2 and H+
Main substrate of PSII reaction
H2O
PSII is called because its contains two chlorophyll molecules
False
Main products of PSI reaction
NADPH
Chlorophyll in the center of PSI has the maximum absorbance at ____
700 nm
Compared to a chloroplast in the dark, pH in the thylakoid lumen of an actively photosynthetic chloroplast is
More acidic
ATP is synthesized during light reaction using
H+ Gradient
Main product of cyclic phosphorylation
ATP
Main products of light reaction
NADPH
O2
ATP
Main product of Calvin Cycle
Glucose
Calvin Cycle occurs
In stroma
In actively photosythetic chloroplasts, the glucose synthesized during Calvin Cycle is temporarily stored as starch. Where do you find those starch particles
In stroma
Major photosynthates in transported in phloem
Sucrose
Sap movement in phloem
Bulk flow due to a pressure gradient
Phloem loading uses the symplastic pathway what means _____
Sugars move from cells to phloem through the plasmodesmada
Phloem loading also uses the apoplastic pathway what means
Sugars move from cells to phloem through cell walls
Sugars move from cells to phloem through the intercellular space
Photosynthetic leaves can be a source or a sink
True
Nodulations starts with
Signal recognition and communication
Flavonoids are the signaling molecules released by ____
Roots
Leghemoglobins are synthesized by
Plant Cells
Side product of nitrogenase activies produces
H2
In symbiotic nitrogen fixation, plants provides bacteria with
Carbohydrate
There is almost no need to supply nitrogen fertilizer to corn grown in the field that had soybean in the previous season. This is because of _____
Nodules left behind from soybeans plants contains lots of nitrogen
Whats the major form of nitrogen that plant roots take up from the soil
NO3-
Nitrite reduction occurs in
Chloroplasts in leaf cells
What is the first step to trigger a communication between a non-host plant with a rhizobium
Engineer plants to secrete a specific flavonoid
3 phases in TCA cycle
Condensation
Oxidation
Regeneration
3 phases in Calvin Cycle
Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
Products of the TCA Cycle
FADH
NADH
ATP
CO2
Both photosynthesis (light reaction) and respiration produce ATP
True
ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondra depends on the proton accumulation in the space between inner and outer membrane of the double membrane structure
False
Both photosynthesis (light reaction) and respiration produce NADPH
False
ATP production in mitochondria is called
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP production in chloroplasts includes
Photophosphorylation
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Flower primordia are derived from
SAM
In a pollen tube,
There are one tube nucleus and two sperm nuclei
Double Fertilization means
The egg cell is fertilizer by one sperm nucleus and two polar nuceli are fertilized by the other sperm nucleus
You identified a mutatn that grows bigger than wild type plants. What process can be affected by the mutation?
Cell Division Only
Cell Expansion Only
Both Cell Division and Expansion
Drought stress stuns plant growth. What process can be affected by drought?
Cell Division
Cell Expansion
Cell shape or direction of a cell expansion mainly depends on ____
Orientation of cellulosic fibril
C4 plants show higher water use efficiency and are more drough tolerant due to its C4 pathway and Kranz anatomy compared to C3 plants. This is an example of ____
Adaptation
Many desert plants close stomates during the day and open stomates in the evening. This is an example of _____
Adaptation
When corn plants are experiencing low temperatures, they accumulate more unsaturated fatty acid in the membrane. This is an example of _____
Acclimation
Under drought stress conditions, the root/shoot ratio is greatly increased. This is an example of ____
Acclimation
Some marsh plants are salt tolerant and have glands on leaf surface to excrete salt. This is an example of ____
Adaptation
Acclimation
Reflects the ability of plants adjust to the stress in timely fashion, resulting in stress resistance or stress tolerance
Nonheritable
Capacity of a plant to acclimate is, of course a genetic trait. However the specific changes brought about in resposne to stress are not themselves passed on to the next generation
Adaptation
heritable modifications in structure or function that increase the fitness of the organism in a stressful environment
Natural Selection
The plant adaptation to the enviornemnt takes place over a much longer time scale than acclimation
Since adoption is a consequence
In phototropism, auxin promotes _____
Cell Elongation in the Shaded side
Osmotic Adjustment
Maintenance of water on cells
Osmotic Ajustment
Major Osmotica
Accumulation of osmotica in vacuoles
- Inorganic Salts
- Organic Salts
Second Messenger
A mobile signaling molecule that is formed or released inside the cell in response to the binding of a first messenger - e.g. a hormone or othe ligand - to a receptor or the activation of a receptor by an enviornmental signal
Function → relay information from the primary receptor to the biochemical machinary inside the cell
Cytokinins
A plant hormone primarily respnsible for regulating cell division and delayed senscenece, amond other effects
Major Function of Cytokinins
Promote the synthesis or activation of cytokinesis proteins
Abscisic acid (ABA)
A plant hormone primarily involved in regulating seed development and stomatal closure at times of water stress
Tropism
A differential growth response that is related to the direction of the stimulus
Nastic Movement
A plant movement that is not obviously related to any vector in the stimulus
Florigen
A hypothetical flower-promoting hormone
Short Day
Long Night > 8hrs
Long Day
Short Night < 8 hrs
Phototropism
Differential growth of a plant within a light gradient
(Towards or away from a light source)
Gravitropism
A differential growth response to gravity
The integrators of flowering pathways are ____
SOC1, FT
What is the consequence of FLC activation or having more FLC protein
Delay flowering
After vernalization, the expression level of FLC will
Decrease
After spraying plants with GA, the expression level of FLC will ____
Remain the same
After vernalization, the expression level of SOC1 will ____
Increase
After vernalization, the expresion level of FT will
Increase
This is a ____ flowering plant
Short Day
Which organ is sensing the day lenth for flowering?
Leaf
Short day (SD) plants will flower when the day length is shorter than 12 hours
False
Long day (LD) plants will flower when the day length is longer than 12 hours
False
Florigen is a ____
Protein
If a long day plant is moved to the short-day conditions, you will expect the level of CO ____
Decrease
If a short day plant is moved to the long day conditions, you will expect the level of CO ____
Decrease
FT is a ______
Protein and Florigen
FT is transported through ______
Phloem
In ABC model, a mutation in _____ gene leads to this phenotype showing below
Petaloid Stamens
In ABC model, a mutation in ____ gene leads to this phenotype
Carpeloid Sepals
In ABC model, a mutation in ____ gene leads to this phenotype
Sepaloid petals
ABA - Induced Stomatal Closure
