Final Exam

Question 1

linear DNA

Answer 1

occurs in eukaryotes

Question 2

circular dna

Answer 2

genetic material of prokaryotes, as well as mtDNA and cpDNA. does not have an end

Question 3

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Answer 3

prokaryotes have no memebrane bound organelles and are usually unicellular

Question 4

van der waals

Answer 4

relatively weak electric forces that attract neutral molecules to one another

Question 5

nucleoside vs nucleotide

Answer 5

Nucleotides are simply a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached

Question 6

phosphate

Answer 6

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Question 7

deoxyribose

Answer 7

pentose sugar with an aldehyde functional group in position 1. An aldehyde group consists of a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 8

ribose

Answer 8

Ribose is an aldopentose (a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms) that, in its open chain form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end

Question 9

chargaffs rule

Answer 9

there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C.

Question 10

chromatin, chromatids, chromosomes, and nucleosomes

Answer 10

Chromatin is a long chain of DNA. Chromosomes is rolled up DNA when it is going through cell division. Sister chromatids are the branches of the same chromosome. structure of a nucleosome consists of a segment of DNA wound around eight histone proteins

Question 11

splicing

Answer 11

The process by which introns, the noncoding regions of genes, are excised out of the primary messenger RNA transcript, and the exons (i.e., coding regions) are joined together to generate mature messenger RNA.

Question 12

start codon

Answer 12

ATG

Question 13

stop codons

Answer 13

UAG, UAA, and UGA

Question 14

exons

Answer 14

coding regions of dna

Question 15

introns

Answer 15

non-coding regions of dna

Question 16

point mutation

Answer 16

where one nucleotide is replaced with a different one

Question 17

transition

Answer 17

point mutation from purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine (A-G)

Question 18

transversion

Answer 18

point mutation between pyrimidine and purine (A-T)

Question 19

purine dna

Answer 19

A,G

Question 20

nonsense mutation

Answer 20

encodes stop codon prematurely

Question 21

missense mutation

Answer 21

causes change in amino acid. Conservative: properties of the amino acid remain the same

Question 22

hypomorphic

Answer 22

A type of mutation wherein the change in gene leads to the partial loss of the normal (wild-type) gene function

Question 23

hypermorphic

Answer 23

altered gene product possesses an increased level of activity, or in which the wild-type gene product is expressed at a increased level.

Question 24

heterologous

Answer 24

expression of a gene or part of a gene in a host organism which does not naturally have this gene or gene fragment.

Question 25

homologous

Answer 25

overexpression of a gene in a system from where it originates.

Question 26

BRCA1

Answer 26

tumor suppressor gene

Question 27

sickle cell amino acid changes

Answer 27

glu to val