Final Exam Flashcards
What is Cognitive Development
How children learn to think, reason, understand, organise and remember
Three influences of social development
maturation
Activity - the cognitive processing expediated by children moving
Social transmission - learning concepts and procedures from others
How do children respond to the three influences on development
By organisation (schemes/schemas)
What are schemes or schemas
Building blocks of thinking. How we organise what we know.
Adaptation
The process of creating a good fit between what we know (schemes) and what we’ve just encountered
The process of creating a good fit between what we know (schemes) and what we’ve just encountered
Adaptation
Assimilation
Fits new item into existing schema
E.g Scheme is a bird based on a budgerigar. Child sees a sparrow which looks similar but brown. Says bird is a brown budgerigar.
Accommodation
Creates new schema for new information
Child knows a bird called a budgerigar. Sees a sparrow. Through experience realizes it is not a brown budgerigar but a sparrow. A separate species of bird all together. Child changes schema.
What is equilibration
Balance of organising, assimilating and accommodating
Applies scheme to existing situation but it does not work
Disequilibration
What are the 4 major stages in Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
What ages are covered by the four stages?
Sensorimotor - birth to 2
Preoperational - 2 to 7
Concrete operational - 7 to 11
Formal operational - 11 to 15 ?
What is Piaget’s two stage theory of moral development
Moral realism - children see rules as concrete and absolute.
Moral cooperation - See things from others perspectives, realise rules aren’t set by parents but rather they are set by society - need to cooperate and get along
What type of theory is Lawrence Kohlberg’s?
Development theory - took Piagets work and turned it into a full blown theory
What are Kohlberg’s three stages of moral reasoning?
- Postconventional reasoning
- Conventional reasoning
- Preconvential reasoning
Name the two stages of preconventional reasoning. Describe these stages
- Stage 1 Heteronomous morality
- Stage 2 Individualism
Egocentric, it is wrong to steal a gun I might get caught.
Name the 2 stages of conventional reasoning. Describe these stages
Stage 3 Mutual interpersonal expectations
Stage 4 Law and order orientation
Desire to be good and nice and seek approval. Laws and civic laws hold uphold society.
Still concedes it is wrong to steal, but now because it is against the law. Must pay it back. Retribution’s
Name the 2 stages of postconventional reasoning. Describe these stages
Stage 5 Social contract orientation
Stage 6 Universal ethical principles
Human life must be saved at all costs, universal ethics but individual conscience has to work hand in hand, abstract thought, abstract fantastical reasoning, understand how will impact on others, notion of right and wrong is abstract.
Name 4 criticisms of Kohlbergs theory
- Moral reasoning versus moral behaviour
- Stages may not be reflected in real-life dilemmas people face
- Cultural differences in moral reasoning
- Gender bias in Kohlbergs research
Vygotskyian stages of development
- Social Speech - Controls the behaviour of others, e.g. an infant saying milk or juice and expecting the caretaker to get it for them
- Egocentric Speech - the bridge between the external and the inner speech, it serves to control one’s own behaviour but is spoken aloud. e.g. kids talking to themselves while they play.
- Inner Speech - “self-talk” we use it to direct our thinking and behaviour. e.g. the thoughts in your head that make you do stuff and let you function as a person.
three characteristics of Ecocentric Speech
- children should expect their speech to be heardby those around them
- They will likely not be as talkative if they believe no one is listening or can hear them, i.e. talking less if at all when playing alone
- the volume of the speech should resemble that of Social speech in that it is neither Inaudible or a whisper.
Pivot
an object used in play as a prop to help extract and operate on the meaning
Mens Rea
Guilty Mind
Actus Revs
Guilty Act
What is intelligence?
“Intelligence is what Intelligence tests, test for.” Boring, 1923
How many Intellegenes are there?
There are approximately 9 of them ranging from Music to Science from understanding those around you as well as your self
