Final Exam

Question 1

What is Cognitive Development

Answer 1

How children learn to think, reason, understand, organise and remember

Question 2

Three influences of social development

Answer 2

maturation
Activity - the cognitive processing expediated by children moving
Social transmission - learning concepts and procedures from others

Question 3

How do children respond to the three influences on development

Answer 3

By organisation (schemes/schemas)

Question 4

What are schemes or schemas

Answer 4

Building blocks of thinking. How we organise what we know.

Question 5

Adaptation

Answer 5

The process of creating a good fit between what we know (schemes) and what we’ve just encountered

Question 6

The process of creating a good fit between what we know (schemes) and what we’ve just encountered

Answer 6

Adaptation

Question 7

Assimilation

Answer 7

Fits new item into existing schema

E.g Scheme is a bird based on a budgerigar. Child sees a sparrow which looks similar but brown. Says bird is a brown budgerigar.

Question 8

Accommodation

Answer 8

Creates new schema for new information

Child knows a bird called a budgerigar. Sees a sparrow. Through experience realizes it is not a brown budgerigar but a sparrow. A separate species of bird all together. Child changes schema.

Question 9

What is equilibration

Answer 9

Balance of organising, assimilating and accommodating

Question 10

Applies scheme to existing situation but it does not work

Answer 10

Disequilibration

Question 11

What are the 4 major stages in Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development

Answer 11

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational

Question 12

What ages are covered by the four stages?

Answer 12

Sensorimotor - birth to 2
Preoperational - 2 to 7
Concrete operational - 7 to 11
Formal operational - 11 to 15 ?

Question 13

What is Piaget’s two stage theory of moral development

Answer 13

Moral realism - children see rules as concrete and absolute.
Moral cooperation - See things from others perspectives, realise rules aren’t set by parents but rather they are set by society - need to cooperate and get along

Question 14

What type of theory is Lawrence Kohlberg’s?

Answer 14

Development theory - took Piagets work and turned it into a full blown theory

Question 15

What are Kohlberg’s three stages of moral reasoning?

Answer 15

3. Postconventional reasoning
4. Conventional reasoning
5. Preconvential reasoning

Question 16

Name the two stages of preconventional reasoning. Describe these stages

Answer 16

1. Stage 1 Heteronomous morality
2. Stage 2 Individualism

Egocentric, it is wrong to steal a gun I might get caught.

Question 17

Name the 2 stages of conventional reasoning. Describe these stages

Answer 17

Stage 3 Mutual interpersonal expectations
Stage 4 Law and order orientation

Desire to be good and nice and seek approval. Laws and civic laws hold uphold society.
Still concedes it is wrong to steal, but now because it is against the law. Must pay it back. Retribution’s

Question 18

Name the 2 stages of postconventional reasoning. Describe these stages

Answer 18

Stage 5 Social contract orientation
Stage 6 Universal ethical principles

Human life must be saved at all costs, universal ethics but individual conscience has to work hand in hand, abstract thought, abstract fantastical reasoning, understand how will impact on others, notion of right and wrong is abstract.

Question 19

Name 4 criticisms of Kohlbergs theory

Answer 19

1. Moral reasoning versus moral behaviour
2. Stages may not be reflected in real-life dilemmas people face
3. Cultural differences in moral reasoning
4. Gender bias in Kohlbergs research

Question 20

Vygotskyian stages of development

Answer 20

1. Social Speech - Controls the behaviour of others, e.g. an infant saying milk or juice and expecting the caretaker to get it for them
2. Egocentric Speech - the bridge between the external and the inner speech, it serves to control one’s own behaviour but is spoken aloud. e.g. kids talking to themselves while they play.
3. Inner Speech - “self-talk” we use it to direct our thinking and behaviour. e.g. the thoughts in your head that make you do stuff and let you function as a person.

Question 21

three characteristics of Ecocentric Speech

Answer 21

1. children should expect their speech to be heardby those around them
2. They will likely not be as talkative if they believe no one is listening or can hear them, i.e. talking less if at all when playing alone
3. the volume of the speech should resemble that of Social speech in that it is neither Inaudible or a whisper.

Question 22

Pivot

Answer 22

an object used in play as a prop to help extract and operate on the meaning

Question 23

Mens Rea

Answer 23

Guilty Mind

Question 24

Actus Revs

Answer 24

Guilty Act

Question 25

What is intelligence?

Answer 25

“Intelligence is what Intelligence tests, test for.” Boring, 1923

Question 26

How many Intellegenes are there?

Answer 26

There are approximately 9 of them ranging from Music to Science from understanding those around you as well as your self