final exam Flashcards
Free and appropriate education
all students are entitled to receive an education, it’s the responsibility of the school district
LRE
least restrictive environment
important aspects of IDEA
student strengths and caregiver concerns must be taken into consideration, caregiver participation, evidence based reading instruction, high standards for professionals
UDL
universal design for learning
3 aspects of UDL
multiple means of engagement, representation, action and expression
sections of an IEP
present level of educational performance, annual goals, short-term objectives and benchmarks, services modifications and accommodations, strengths and concerns, LRE, transition services, eval procedures and results, team members
present level of educational performance
assessment across all areas including academic skills, social and emotional development, sensory and motor status, and communication status
Why is familiarity with the Common Core State Standards & other state-specific academic standards important for school SLPs?
a. SLP critical role in schools is to support general curriculum; should be functioning hand in hand with general classroom teacher
2 responsibilities of school SLPs
prevention, program design
RTI
system of supports that help identify students who need support and students who don’t, tier 3 is intensive intervention, tier 1 is general ed
SLP roles in RTI
early identification and prevention of reading disability, collaboration with the RTI team
largest category of special education services in the schools
specific learning disabilities (35% of students with IEPs)
dyslexia
decoding, spelling, and word recognition rooted in phonological skills and word recognition, main issue is decoding but this can lead to comprehension issues
specific comprehension deficit
decoding is fine but meaning behind the text is hard to grasp
phonological characteristics of LLD
speech perception, phonological awareness, and phonological memory
i. Short term memory and production of multisyllabic words
ii. Speech sounds/SSD isn’t the main concern (might be cooccurring)
syntactic characteristics of LLD
understanding and producing complex syntax especially relative clauses, passive sentences, and negation
i. Writing errors are more common than spontaneous speech errors
ii. Speech might sound immature rather than inappropriate
iii. Difficulty following multistep or out of order directions
semantic characteristics of LLD
small vocab, relationships and categories, more use of nonspecific terms, difficulty understanding abstract vocabulary, word retrieval
pragmatic characteristics of LLD
conversational skills below TD peers (initiation, knowing what the listener understands, clarification or asking for clarification), narrative skills are diminished, might have more “problem” behaviors
oral language vs. literate language
oral language is listening and speaking, literate language is reading and writing; involves metalinguistic competence, decontextualized language, specific vocab
how are oral and literate language related?
oral language is the base for literate language
3 foundations for early literacy development
emergent literacy, spoken language comprehension, metalinguistic awareness
emergent literacy
phonological awareness, print concepts, alphabet knowledge, literate language
spoken language comprehension
creates more difficulty with reading comprehension
3 components of literacy instruction according to LEARN of the ESSA
phonemic awareness, reading fluency, and reading comprehension strategies
3 impacts of ESSA on students with disabilities
a. SLPs and stakeholders must ensure academic success of students is being continually monitored
b. SLPs and other stakeholders must familiarize themselves with how ESSA can be allocated to support students
c. Professionals need to work together to align ESSA with IDEA
- What are metalinguistic and metacognitive skills? Examples of each?
a. Metalinguistic: synonyms and antonyms, defining vocab words, recognizing errors and correcting sentences
b. Metacognitive: reflect and think about progress, start a task and follow through, self regulation and inhibition
- What is the relationship between phonological awareness and reading?
a. Significant causal relationship between PA and reading; children with good PA skills have an easier time learning to read
b. Direct PA instruction can improve reading and spelling
- Do children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds require a different method of reading instruction? What methods may be helpful in serving this population?
a. Don’t need a different type of reading instruction, they need more exposure, practice, and more individualized and intensive instruction settings
- How might students be identified for a speech and language evaluation? How are eligibility criteria determined?
a. Formal and informal screenings, teacher referrals
b. Eligibility criteria determined by state/school district
i. Primary criterion: student’s impairment adversely affects educational performance (educational performance includes academics, communication, and participation in school activities)
ii. Likely include some kind of standardized test performance measure
What are the 4 communicative intentions you may observe in a student’s conversation?
a. Directive (directing self and others)
b. Interpretive: reporting on present and past events, explaining
c. Projective: predicting or empathizing
d. Relational: self-expression, relationships with others
What are 2 pragmatic skills that SLPs can observe during a student’s conversation with a peer?
a. Nonverbal communication: use of physical space between speakers
b. Introduction and responsiveness: maintains and changes conversational topics appropriately
- What is the difference between literal and inferential narrative comprehension?
a. Literal: what’s explicitly said in the text
b. Inferential: nonexplicit, reading between the lines
What is the difference between narrative macrostructure and microstructure
a. Macrostructure: organization, cohesion, story grammar elements
b. Microstructure: productivity, complexity
- Be able to briefly describe 1 of the 4 “problems” noted by McGregor (2020) in her paper, How We Fail Children with DLD.
a. DLD is an unknown disorder: 32 different terms, primary diagnosis shifts, comorbidities like ASD and ADHD, persists into adulthoods and difficulties increase as demands on the child increases
What types of products might be used for an artifact analysis?
Authentic analysis of skills; use assignments, worksheets, narratives they’ve written
What is the difference between tier 1, 2, & 3 words?
Tier 1: basic, everyday words used in conversation, usually the first words kids learn
Tier 2: high frequency, more common in writing than in conversation, not context-based but are needed for understanding tier 3 words, best target for vocabulary instruction
Tier 3: context-specific “jargon”, learned in the context of subject matter
List and briefly describe the 3 steps of dynamic assessment. Goal and benefits of dynamic assessment?
pretest, teach, posttest; b. Goal: how does the student respond to different supports and cues? Use evaluation as treatment, benefits: show what the child needs to do well
Give an example of and explain a criterion-referenced assessment task for phonology, semantics, and syntax (appropriate for language for learning period)
Phonology: specific phonological awareness tasks (ex. “if I take the L out of plants, what word do I have?”), helps you see the child’s level of phonological awareness
Semantics: Work with spatial terms (ex. “make dots above the sticker” or “make dots around the sticker”).
Syntax: have students paraphrase a complex sentence (ex. “the boy who’s sister bought him ice cream
Briefly be able to describe at least one activity for semantics, syntax, or morphology, pragmatics, or narrative
Vocab word chart with synonym, sentence, definition, picture
Word maps: making connections between words
Video modeling: view, discuss, rehearse, practice
Narrative: making predictions as to where different elements/words will fit into the story
Summarize at least 2 recommendations for narrative intervention from Spencer and Petersen (2020) article
Arrange for generalization opportunities; Plan for generalization ahead of time, incorporate teacher and curriculum into group, Create activities to practice narratives in other contexts
Use visuals to make abstract concepts concrete, Graphic organizer for understanding elements, Pictures for reference for comprehension and production, but make sure they’re not relying too heavily on them
what is advanced language?
age 12-early adulthood, likely have already mastered or are working on mastering language skills discussed earlier
demands of advanced language
social, cognitive, linguistic
social/interpersonal demands of advanced language
multiple teachers and classrooms, different peers across classes, group work and presentations, higher expectations in conversation
cognitive demands of advanced language
previous knowledge and skills, working memory, longer more complex tasks, monitoring, organization and independence, critical thinking
linguistic demands of advanced language
oral and written expression, advanced morphology, flexible semantic knowledge, narrative/expository/persuasive discourse
adolescents with LLD
difficulties in L4L stage -> disadvantage during middle and HS grades; risk for emotional, behavioral, and attentional challenges
student-centered assessment with language for learning
shift from family as main social unit to independence and peer group as main social unit, student motivation and awareness of what’s being assessed, self-assessment, goal: establish cooperative partnership with student
identification and eligibility
screening, teacher or counselor referral, the student themselves
Eligibility for older students
assess pragmatics and discourse skills in addition to other components of language, whether oral language skills support literate language skills required for curriculum
3 types of vocabulary learning
direct instruction, contextual abstraction, morphological analysis
literate lexicon
critical semantic categories, technical curriculum words and presuppositional verbs
criterion-referenced assessment for word retrieval in advanced language
reading passages followed by word recognition task, familiar and unfamiliar words
supplement one-word vocabulary testing with observation of word-finding in conversational sample
advanced language criterion-referenced assessment for word relations
ask student to describe all the different meanings of a word, artifact analysis, ask questions about vocab during a reading passage
advanced language criterion-referenced tasks for verbal reasoning
using language to problem solve, plan, organize, predict, etc.
t/f: advanced language learners should use comprehension strategies to understand sentence
false, should understand all sentence types
improving complex sentence production leads to
increased reading comprehension
4 types og language sample elicitation
narrative samples, expository samples, persuasive samples, written samples
narrative samples
ask them to describe their favorite movie/TV show
expository samples
tell me about something you know about; tell me the rules of hockey, etc.
persuasive samples
convince me of something
written samples
can be artifact analysis
3 aspects of analysis
length, complexity, correctness
conversational pragmatics in advanced language stage
- initiating and responsiveness
- turn taking and repair
- topic structure
- cohesion/coherence
shortcuts to conversational analysis
- norm-referenced instruments
- structured behavioral observations
- nonstandardized role playing
norm referenced conversational assessment
highest content validity of assessment
examples of norm-referenced conversational assessments
CCC-2, CELF observation scale and pragmatic checklist, teacher assessment of competence
social responsiveness scale-2
used for students with significant pragmatic concerns, older children can self-report
structured observations use
probes for eliciting conversational behavior
types of probes for structured observations
topic initiation, questions, requests for repair, sources of difficulty
skills that contribute to conversational competence
negotiation strategies, register variation
negotiation strategies
ability to persuade, talk about points of view and resolve conflices
register variation
use and understanding of age-appropriate slang, hinting something to somene, talking to different people differently
examples of secondary classroom discourse
academic performance, strengths and challenges/problems, organization, participation, narrative skills, clarification, perspective-taking, listening
narrative text in earlier grades
story structure/story grammar (ex. graphic organizer, identify beginning/middle/end, multiple exemplars, multiple readings
narrative text in later grades
character analysis, inferencing, summarizing, cohesion, literate language forms
potential prompts for personal narrative gneeration
tell me a story about a time you were with your family or friends that you wanted something and they wanted something else; what were you thinking and how did you solve the problem?
macrostructure
overall structure, initiating event, setting, characteristics, plan, beginning/middle/end
microstructure
words and sentences that support macro (mental/linguistic words, subordinating /coordinating clauses)
assessing narrative macrostructure
gains in structural complexity and interpretive understanding in narratives; asking questions related to characters’ problems, plans, solutions, emotions
6 abilities for summarizing a narrative
- understanding individual propositions and events
- understanding connections among events
- identifying story grammar elements that organize the story
- remembering the sequence of events in the story
- selecting the most salient information to be included in the summary
- generating a concise and cohesive vision of that information
Why is summarizing an important skill in the advanced language period?
much more information, kids need to know how to pick out the most important events
examples for assessing narrative inferencing
- presenting a “crucial point” in a literacy text and asking student what they think will happen text
- presenting a description of a character and asking student to infer something about them
cohesive markers
lexical cohesion, reference, substitution
artful storytelling
quality of narrative, result of full assessment of micro and macrostructure
components of artful storytelling
- use of literate language forms
- metalinguistic and metacognitive verbs
- adverbs, conjunctions
- connectives
potential areas of difficulty for expository texts
literal comprehension questions, inferential comprehension questions, short summaries of text/paraphrase
methods of assessing expository comprehension
adaptations of reading comprehension tests, dynamic assessment, curriculum-based materials
skills to probe when assessing expository comprehension
memory, strategic processing, domain-specific knowledge
memory
recalling details from text; make sure to take text away to test if it’s the comprehension of reading or memory
strategic processing
comprehension monitoring
domain-specific knowledge
background knowledge of topic and terms
how to assess artifact analysis of expository writing
premise, reason, elaboration, conclusion
norm-referenced tests for expository texts
OWL-2
methods of assessment for expository production
artifact analysis, norm-referenced test, analysis of literate language from writing sample
phases of writing
- prewriting
- drafting
- revising
- editing
- publication
assessing the writing process
“think aloud” protocols, dynamic assessment
think aloud protocols
can student identify the goal/purpose of writing assignment? can student account for the reader? Does student plan writing and revise thinking as needed?
4 methods of assessing writing samples
- holistic
- primary trait
- analytic
- curriculum-based measurement
holistic writing assessment
numerical score, overall impression, compare to grade level
primary trait writing assessment
assess based on predetermined criteria (ex. MISL)
analytic writing assessment
microstructure, sentence complexity, lexical diversity, type-token ratio
curriculum-based measurement
timed sample about a curriculum-related topic, based on curriculum goals/CCSS
areas of assessment for writing
- fluency/productivity
- lexical maturity
- sentenial syntax
- grammatical and mechanical errors
portfolio assessment
tracking progress of written samples from assessment and intervention, best work selected by student, teacher, and SLP
4 meta areas
- metalinguistic skills
- metapragmatic ability
- comprehension monitoring
- metacognition
Flynn (2013) main points of IEPs for middle and high schoolers
- determine LRE
- goals should be tied to educational standards
- goals should be written with the student
Flynn (2013) roles of IEP team for middle and high schoolers
- Determine the child’s needs before you determine the personnel
- functional intervention, meet students where they are
misc. main points from Flynn (2013)
- individualize services
- considerations across domains
- we can’t just stop seeing students after elementary school
rationale for services to adolescents
- higher demants requires treatment to maintain adequate performance
- abstract thinking and language
- communication and functional skills not addressed in the classroom
- literacy crisis in secondary schools
- communication programs
educational demands for adolescents
self-initiate learning, lots of learning from reading
social demands in adolescents
understanding differences between going between classrooms, expectations, rules between teachers
roles of SLP in secondary curriculum
oral language skills, written language skills, metacognitive skills, pragmatics
things that aren’t SLP roles in secondary
teaching basic decoding skills, teaching spelling lists, homework/assignments not related to intervention plan of providing oral language
4 Ss of student-centered intervention
student buy-in, skills, strategies, schoolwork
student buy-in
treatment should be collaborative buy-in, students need to be aware of and interested in their goals for speech and language, understand what students want to do after HS/what goals they need to be able to do
teaching learning
change or eliminate underlying problem, make child a normal language learner; change the disorder, teach compensatory strategies, change learning environment
new intervention purposes in adolescence
shift from eliminate to compensate; remediate deficits and teach compensatory strategies
learning strategies approach
average intelligence (think about what you’re doing and monitor performance) , start introducing these skills in middle school so students have time to learn them
knowledge
things we know
skills
things we know how to do
strategies
attempts to use the knowledge and skills we have effectively
most effective intervention for adolescents
strategy-based approaches
academic skills
important for students to complete formal schooling and for those pursuing higher education
functional skills
necessary for home, job, community, and school settings
process of intervention
- describe the strategy
- activate and develop background knowledge
- discuss current performance level
- model the strategy and self-instructions
- collaborative practice
- independent practice and mastery
- generalization
how many words do student know in 3rd grade vs. high school gradtion
13,000 words vs. 40,000 words
after 4th grade, most new vocab is learned through
reading
reading at grade level gap is caused by
large gap in what students are reading
improving vocabulary knowledge improves
overall reading comprehension
basic skills approaches
literate language, direct vocabulary instruction, building on existing knowledge, word retrieval, figurative language, verbal reasoning
basic skills approach for literate language
preteaching -> identification and meaning of key words with words that occur across academic contexts
basic skills approach for direct vocabulary instruction
looking up definitions, oral definition, use in sentences, synonyms, important to provide (definitions, multiple exposures and contexts, spoken and written)
basic skills approach for building on existing knowledge
diagrams, graphic organizers, concept maps, semantic feature analysis
basic skills approach for word retrieval
concept enhancement, similar strategies
basic skills approach for figurative language
repeated exposure, identification and discussion of figurative language in poetry and other literaure
learning strategies approach for learning new words
context clues, morphological analysis, polysemy, word consciousness, metalinguistic skill, appropriate word choice
learning strategies approaches for word retrieval
reflective pausing, figurative language
basic skills approach for syntax
direct instruction for sentence combining, lexicon-syntax interface, complex talk requires complex thought
scaffolding complex talk and thought
use classroom texts and assignments, scaffold comprehension of vocab and complex syntax, model combining simple sentences to make complex sentences using curriculum vocabulary, have students discuss
2 broad syntactic goals
multiclausal sentences with adverbial, object complement, and relative clauses; verb structures (tense agreement, aspect)
6 sequenced steps for teaching syntactic
- define
- identify
- combine
- unscramble
- expand
- combine to imitate
- write your own
learning strategies approach for syntax
- teaching self-cueing
- showing students where and what needs editing
- Identifying and analyzing complex sentences from texts
7 elements of social skills instruction
- introduction
- guided instruction
- modeling
- rehearsal
- feedback
- planning
- generalization
modeling
video modeling, intensive interaction, peer-mediated interventions, behavioral intentions
EBP for adolescent social and conversational skills
video modeling, intensive interaction, peer-mediated interventions, behavioral intervention
what to do after pragmatics intervention with adolescents
construct opportunities to apply in skills in naturalistic settings, clinician “coaches” during or after interactions, student helpers and peer networks
SLP consultation in classroom discourse
graduated task sequences, multimodal instruction
importance of strengthening background knowledge
activating or strengthening is the most important thing we can do to support comprehension
what can we do to work on strengthening background knowledge
pre-teaching/push-in services, collab with teachers, reading and telling good stories, repeated reading
narrative comprehension instruction involves
direct instruction of new vocabulary, oral summary of the text, and/or providing related experiences/activities
importance of reading and listening to good stories
gives multiple exemplars of complex, rich narratives puts them in a better position to understand their own
pre-reading discussion topics
- author’s purpose
- activate prior knowledge
- make predictions
- ask questions
- visualize
- make connections during reading
- review story elements
follow-up activities
sequencing (usually for younger students/most basic task; know if they understand the order the main events happened in the story), story mapping, mock interviews, role playing
scaffolding narrative composition
- role of student as author
- visual support and discussion of story elements
- draw story sequence
- brainstorm main characters
- dictate before writing
brainstorming main characters
helps students understand the connection between this is how we understand vs. this is how we produce
benefits of dictating before writing
allows the student to talk to you, guide them on how we can say a sentence better or add more detail, etc. (won’t work for all students)
writing mechanics
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and handwriting
SLP role in writing mechanics
not our role to directly instruct on these things but “embed this instruction in a language-based context”
3 phases of instruction for expository and argumentative tasks
- modeling
- joint construction
- independent construction
learning strategies approach for writing mechanics
encourage conscious planning, self-cueing, and self-monitoring to give students tools for improving their own performance
learning strategies approaches for conversational discourse
teaching self-cueing strategies after directly addressing through basic skills approaches
classroom discourse
dialogic mentoring, postscript modeling, control complexity of reading
dialogic mentoring
offering verbal cues/choices to support students in solving a problem - goal is for students to scaffold themselves
steps for dialogic mentoring
predict, question, summarize, clarify
postscript modeling
review discourse and determine what they can provide or describe afterwards
narrative comprehension strategies before reading
- activate prior knowledge
- identify author’s purpose
- set a goal for reading
- predict
- preview
narrative comprehension strategies during reading
- identify main idea
- self-question
- visualize
- monitor comprehension
- relate ideas to existing
narrative comprehension after reading
- paraphrase
- summarize and retell
- use graphic organizers
- think aloud strategy
SPACE
setting, elements, problems, actions, consequences, emotions
story grammar cue-cards can target
setting, problem, internal response, plan, attempt, consequence, reaction
goal of expository text
convey new information that’s meant to be learned/expressed to demonstrate understanding
evidence based strategies for expository comprehension
- comprehension checks
- cooperative learning
- graphic organizers
- generating and asking questions
- identification of macrostructure elements
- summarization
6 types of macrostructures for expository text
sequence, enumerative, cause-effect, descriptive, problem/solution, compare/contrast
expository comprehension during reading
note-taking forms, controlling complexity, match expository text with genre, comprehension monitoring, compare/contrast example
RAP
read a paragraph, ask questions, put it in your own words
strategies for expository comprehension after reading
RAP strategy, lookback, SQ3R learning strategy, POSSE
SQ3R learning strategy
survey (peruse the text), question (ask prelim questions based on survey), read, recite, review
POSSE program
predict, organize, search, summarize, evaluate
effective strategies for expository production
- set specific goals
- teach and model pre-writing activities
- allow the opportunity to dictate first drafts
- peer collab groups
- teach basic skills as they come up
- provide feedback and progress
- Pneumonics
- revise
secondary classroom discourse
skills student needs in a classroom to succeed
POWER
plan, organize, write, edit, revise
COPS
capitalization, overall appearance, punctuation, spelling
POWER - plan
visual organizers
POWER - organize
define structure, instruct and model different types, work together to write a paragraph, individually write a paragraph, eventually became more flexible in using different expository structures
WRITE - write
pr
POWER - edit
read what they wrote aloud, review important aspects, COPS; correcting mechanical errors and mistakes
POWER - revise
improving overall quality of writing
SCAN
does it make sense, is it connected to main idea, can I add more, note errors
persuasive text - STOP and DARE
suspend judgement, take a side, organize ideas, plan more as you write, develop your topic sentence, add supporting ideas, reject at least one argument, end with conclusion
agents of intervention in language
mostly SLP in collaboration with other professionals or peers; peer tutor training
peer tutor training
learning strategy instruction, student with LLD in role of tutor for younger students
crucial elements across settings
individualized, responsive, dynamic, systemic, intensive,
where can SLPs intervene with adolescents
explicit vocabulary instruction, explicit instruction in comprehension strategies, metalinguistic and metacognitive skills
service delivery methods
pull-out, push-in, course for credit, consultation, collaboration
problems with pull-out model
taking time away from free periods and study halls, less connection to curriculum/decontextualized, less interprofessional communication and collaboration
push-in
small groups or whole class, not individual
course for credit model
an “elective” for students with LLD that counts towards graduation, students with similar needs and language levels, students understand purpose and assist in curriculum and goal setting
consultation
offer in terms of advice, helpful materials and resources
6 effective consultation practices
- mnemonic strategies
- visual aids and organizers
- guided notes
- class-wide peer tutoring
- linking current knowledge to new information
- reciprocal teaching
goal of consultation
modify presentation of material, make accommodations for students
collaboration
reach out to teachers and other professionals who work with your students, talk to teachers about what you can work on with students, clear roles for SLP and teacher
