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Animal Behaviour > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

A regular day for horses is spent:

A

45% eating
35% resting
15% moving

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2
Q

Groups of horses splint themselves into

A

Bands controlled by a stallion

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3
Q

How long to young colts and fillies stay with the band

A

2-3 years

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4
Q

What do young colts and fillies do when they leave the band

A

Join a new band
Stay in the same band
Live alone
Stallions will form bachelor bands

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5
Q

True or false

Stallions tend not to breed with their own daughters

A

True

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6
Q

When there is a group of mates and geldings and no stallions

A

The group together under a boss mare or gelding

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7
Q

Dominance is determined

A

Within the first month following the intro of a new horse

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8
Q

True or false

If the dominant mare is done drinking at the waterer, horses will follow even if they are still thirsty

A

True

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9
Q

True or false

Dominance determines order in which horses obtain resources

A

True

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10
Q

How many hours will it take for a horse to get the sufficient amount of food needed for nodule functions on good pasture

A

4 hours

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11
Q

Time spent grazing in daylight hours

A

60-80% of the time

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12
Q

Two things horses will avoid when grazing on pasture

A

Feces

Forages with lots of stem

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13
Q

Latrines

A

Where they defecate and urinate regularly

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14
Q

Pheromones

A

Given off by an individual horse to help identify it to others. Often signals sexual receptivity

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15
Q

True or false

You should use loud voices around horses

A

False

Quite, low voices

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16
Q

What is the degree of rotation of a horses ear

A

180 degrees

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17
Q

Flat and backwards ears indicate what in horses

A

Anger

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18
Q

Degree of a horses vision

A

340 degrees

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19
Q

Where are a horses blind spots

A

Directly in front of them (1m)

And directly behind them

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20
Q

True or false

Horses have a large range of binocular vision

A

False

They have a small range of binocular vision

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21
Q

How do horses adjust their head to focus on distant objects

A

Extend their head

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22
Q

How do horses adjust their head to focus on close up objects

A

Flex their head

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23
Q

Horses have limited color vision

What colors do they see

A

Blues and greens

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24
Q

True or false

Horses have good monochromatic vision

A

True

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25
Q

What are 3 things that occur due to monocular vision combined with poor focusing

A

1: black mats or water puddles look like deep holes
2: fear of objects they’ve seen before in new positions or places
3: different, bright colours may spook them

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26
Q

A squeal or screen indicates

A

A threat

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27
Q

A snort indicates

A

Fear

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28
Q

Whinny neighs indicate

A

Greeting

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29
Q

A blow indicates

A

Curiosity

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30
Q

A nicker is

A

Quiet communications often between mates and foals

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31
Q

True or false

Horses are most sensitive to touch around their head

A

True

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32
Q

How does a horse lay down

A

Places all 4 feet beneath the body and collapses

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33
Q

How does a horse stand up

A

Extends front legs first
Pushes up with hind legs
(Need a lot of room)

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34
Q

Where should you stand when a horse lies down

A

By the withers
More in front with the neck
Back/to the side 1 meter

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35
Q

How far can a horses kick range

A

6-8 feet

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36
Q

True or false

You can stand at about an arms reach away from horses when walking behind then

A

False

Stand very close or very far

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37
Q

True or false

You should not touch the horse or speak when your walking behind them because it could scare them

A

False

Always have a hand on the horse and speak calmly so the horse knows where you are

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38
Q

A horse strikes with

A

It’s front legs

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39
Q

How to prevent a horse from biting you

A

Hold the lead close to the head/mouth and arm rigid

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40
Q

True or false

Horses will always try to escape perceived danger and the will run over anything in its way

A

True

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41
Q

True or false

Horses are okay with separating from their band/herd

A

False

Separation causes anxiety

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42
Q

How do you prevent separation anxiety during check ups

A

Bring a companion horse

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43
Q

How far is a horses flight zone

A

3-10 meters

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44
Q

True or false

It is okay to bring treats out to bribe a stubborn horse while with the rest of the herd

A

False

All the horses will Mob you

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45
Q

True or false

You should never stand directly in front of a horse

A

True

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46
Q

How should you approach a horse

A

At a curve to the withers

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47
Q

True or false

You can look at a horse directly in the face

A

False
This is predatory
Look at their withers

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48
Q

Why is scratching the withers of a horse a calming gesture for them

A

Because it is seen often in mutual grooming which is a important social aspect for horses

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49
Q

First step when trying to capture a horse with a halter

A

Attach the lead rope to the halter

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50
Q

True or false

Horses should be tied to a post for a vet check

A

False

They should always be held by a handler

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51
Q

True or false

The handler can stand on whatever side of the horse when the horse is getting a vet check

A

False

They should always stand omg the same said as the vet

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52
Q

True or false

The lead shank should always be attached with a snap or a knot

A

True

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53
Q

If the horse acts up and the handler pulls the head to wards them, where will the hind end go?

A

Away from them

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54
Q

Important tips for tying a horse to a post

A

Rope should be shoulder level or higher
Tied to a solid post
Rope should be relatively short
Tied with a quick release knot

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55
Q

True or false

You can leave a horse tied to a post alone

A

False

Never leave a tied up horse alone

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56
Q

2 reasons Why should an escape door in a trailer be open with a rope across it?

A

1: so you can escape
2: so it lets light into the trailer (horses will not walk into an area they cannot see)

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57
Q

True or false

When loading horses into a trailer, you should load stubborn horses first

A

False

Always load the “easy” horses first and the stubborn horses will likely follow

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58
Q

True or false

Horses respond to pressure from behind better than pulling them forward

A

True

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59
Q 
Ears flat and backwards 
Rapid tail movement 
Snaking the head
Pawing
Squealing 
Threats 
Raising hind legs 
Are all signs of:
A

Aggression

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60
Q

2 Reasons why horses have aggression towards humans

A

1: stalled horses
2: due to dominance or fear from a bad experience

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61
Q

3 reasons why horses may have aggression towards other horses

A

1: breeding (overused, not ready)
2: dominance
3: territorial

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62
Q

How should you introduce two new horses

A

With two fences in between them

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63
Q

Does castration help with aggression and dominance problems

A

Potentially

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64
Q

Why may a mare have maternal aggression towards people

A

Protection of the foal

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65
Q

How to prevent maternal aggression or deal with it

A

1: accustom mare to foals caregivers prior to delivery
2: minimize contact during the first few days after delivery (when maternal aggression is really high) a

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66
Q

3 reasons for stallion aggression

A

1: overused for breeding
2: breeding out of season
3: when the stallion doesn’t like the mare

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67
Q

True or false

Stallions tend to not want to mate with mares they were stabled with

A

True

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68
Q

How do you rest stallion aggression

A

Change and rotate stallions more
Use artificial insemination
Physical restraint with hobbles
Desensitization/clicker training

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69
Q

What are stereotypic behaviours

A

Behaviours that are Repetitive with invariant patterns with no obvious goal, function or benefit

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70
Q

Are stereotypies harmful?

A

Not always

Can predispose horses to disorders but not the direct cause

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71
Q

What are the two main causes of stereotypies

A

Feed related

Boredom

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72
Q

What is Cribbing/wind sucking/aerophagia

A

Stable vice/oral stereotypy

Grasps object with upper incisors and suck air into the esophagus and stomach

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73
Q

What are the predisposing factors of cribbing/wind sucking

A

Weaned in a stall and kept in a stall after weaning
Fed concentrates
Eating very fast (like to be grazing most of the time)
Lack of time at pasture
Lack of straw bedding in stall
Common in thoroughbreds

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74
Q

What can cribbing/wind sucking cause

A

Colic

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75
Q

What is wood chewing

A

Eating wooden fence posts or building material in stall

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76
Q

What are the predisposing factors of wood chewing

A

Horses kept indoors
Fed concentrates or hay cubes (eat very fast)
Common in thorough needs

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77
Q

How can you treat wood chewing

A

Provide roughage (long stem hay)
Pasture time
Find ways to slow them down when eating (put hay in a box with holes in it)
Turn out more

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78
Q

What is weaving

A

Repetitively moving head from side to side and may shift weight on forelegs

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79
Q

Predisposing factors of weaving

A

Stalled horses
Boredom
Usually done in front of a window

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80
Q

What can weaving cause

A

Wear and tear on joints

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81
Q

What is box walking

A

Repetitively walking around the edges or side of a stall
Similar to weaving but less common
Often seen prior to turn out or feeding

82
Q

What are the predisposing factors of weaving and box walking

A 
Common in warmbloods and thorough breds 
Stalled horses
Weaned in a stall
Not pasture time
Lack of multiple open windows 
Lack of straw bedding
Lack of forage
83
Q

What can weaving and box walking cause

A

Colic

84
Q

How can you treat weaving and box walking

A

Provide mirrors
Pasture time
More social contact
More forage

85
Q

When are horses sexually mature

A

2-3 years old

86
Q

True or false

Horses are seasonally polyestrous

A

True

87
Q

True or false

Horses do not cycle in the winter and fall unless under artificial lighting

A

True

88
Q

What is a horses gestational period

A

340 +/- 20 days

89
Q

True or false

All thorough breds are born January 1st

A

True

90
Q

How are mares determined if they are in heat

A

Brought to a stallion

Or determined by ultrasound

91
Q

Courtship of a stallion

A

Prances
Sniffs mare
Flehmen
Nuzzles and grooms mare with mouth

92
Q

What is flehmen

A

The horse lifts head, curls upper lip and sniffs

93
Q

Signs a mare is not ready to mate

A

Ears pinned back
Squeal
Kicks at stallion
Moves away

94
Q

True or false

You should always tease a stallion with a solid barrier in between them

A

True

95
Q

Signs a mare is in heat

A 
Stands still
Lifts/moves tail for stallion
Urinates 
Squat
Winks 
Turns hind quarters towards stallion
96
Q

If a mare has a foal while the stallion is trying to mate:

A

She will keep the foal out of the way and on the other side of her

97
Q

What is a “wink” during horses mating

A

Eversion of the vulvar labia

98
Q

What is waxing

A

When beads of colostrum dry on the ends of teats

99
Q

When a sticky, white milky secretion comes from the teats

A

Parturition is within 24-48 hours

100
Q

When the vulva swells and relaxes

A

Parturition is within days

101
Q

First stages of labour for a horse

A 
Restless
Kicking at belly
Looking at flanks
Sweating
Looks for a quiet area
102
Q

True or false

A mare may not foal if people are watching

A

True

103
Q

True or false

Foals are often born at night when no one is around

A

True

104
Q

Second stage of labour in horses

A

Rupture if the allantois (embryonic membrane)

Then the delivery of the foal

105
Q

How long does parturition take in horses

A

20-40 minutes

Any longer is potentially dangerous

106
Q

Third stage of labour for a horse

A

Passage of the placenta

107
Q

How long does it take to pass the placenta for a horse

A

Within 3 hours of foaling

108
Q

True or false

You can pull out the placenta of a horse

A

False

You can tie a not in it while it hangs out of the horse to assist passage. Never pull it out

109
Q

Signs of bonding between a mare and foal

A

Mare licks the foal

Nickers

110
Q

When does a foal typically stand after birth

A

Within an hour

111
Q

When does a foal drink colostrum after birth

A

2 hours

112
Q

Why is it common to give a foal an enema

A

To get out the neonatal poop than can cause impaction

113
Q

Period of dependence of a foal

A

First month

Stays very close to dam

114
Q

Socialization period of a foal

A

2-3 months

115
Q

True or false

Colts and fillies with groom both sexes

A

False
Colts with only groom fillies
Fillies with groom both sexes

116
Q

How should a foal be handled for the first 42 days of life

A

Gently and frequently

Daily training and desensitization to human, halters. Etc

117
Q

Period of increasing independence for a foal

A

4 months

118
Q

True or false

Horse neonates are picky about who they suck from

A

False

They are promiscuous suckers

119
Q

True or false

Dams don’t care who sucks from them

A

False

They are very picky

120
Q

3 principles that assist fostering a foal

A

1: Foal to a mare that has recently lost a foal
2: make it difficult for mare to identify new foal
3: restrain the mare for she has to allow sucking

121
Q

How can you make it difficult for mare to identify foster foal

A

1: put a strong smelling ointment in the muzzle of the mare to restrict sense of smell
2: blindfold mare
3: cover the foster foal with the dead skin of the dead foal
4: wash the dead foal and then put the water onto the dead foal

122
Q

Why do you need two people to assist the foal in sucking from mare

A

One to restrain the mare

One to assist the foal

123
Q

True or false

A foster foal should be kept away from the mares head when she is restrained for sucking

A

True

124
Q

How often should the process of restraining a mare to allow a foster foal to suck be repeated

A

Every 2 hours

125
Q

If the attempt to foster a foal to a mare, when will it happen?

A

24-48 hours

126
Q

How much more sensitive is a horses sense of smell to humans

A

Their olfactory centre is 20x bigger

127
Q

Two methods a cow smells

A 
Nostrils
Vomeronasal organ (jacobsons’s organ)
128
Q

What and where is the vomeronasal organ

A

Located on the roof of the mouth
Must do the flehmen response to use this duct
Nerves connect it to the brain
Important in the recognition of individual (pheromones)

129
Q

Balk

A

Stops, Won’t move

130
Q

What will cows do if they hear a noise coming from the area you are moving them to

A

Balk

131
Q

Do cows prefer old, strong and bitter flowers or Fresh feed

A

Fresh feed

132
Q

True or false

Cows may balk at colour changes

A

True

133
Q

True or false

Cows have poor binocular vision and poor ability to focus their vision

A

True

134
Q

True or false

Cows are not sensitive to sharp contrast of dark and light

A

False

There are sensitive to it

135
Q

What is a cows field of vision

A

330 degrees

136
Q

Where is a cows blind spot

A

Directly behind them

137
Q

True or false

Grazing animals have a slit shaped pupil and a visual system that is most efficient at scanning things at a distance

A

True

138
Q

What happens if you enter a cows blind spot

A

The cow will stop and turn so they can see you

139
Q

True or false

Cows will balk at very bright lighted areas

A

True

140
Q

Why are solid fences and alleyways better for cows

A

Because an open fence would create alternating light and dark patterns which they are sensitive to and distracted by

141
Q

Amount of time spent grazing depends on

A

Environmental conditions
Quality and availability of feed
Distance between water and feed

142
Q

When do cows graze the most

A

Early morning and evening

6am and 6pm

143
Q

When do cows ruminate and rest the most

A

Noon (hottest hours of the day)

144
Q

True or false

Cows carry a long term memory of the best grazing areas and it may take them up to a year to adjust to new pasture

A

True

145
Q

True or false

Cows tend to graze together

A

True

146
Q

Signs of limited forage for cows

A

Will graze for a very long time
If they are grazing during a hot sunny day
If they aren’t grazing as a herd (scattered)

147
Q

How do cows lay down

A

Fold the front limbs and then hind end goes down

148
Q

How does a cow stand up

A

Hind end up first and then the front legs

149
Q

Signs of a threat from a bull

A 
Lowering the head 
Hind legs draw forward 
Eyes and horns on object 
Pawing
Snorting
Rubbing head neck and horns on the ground
150
Q

True or false

Cows will lose interest in you once they run you over or knock you down

A

False

They will continue to toss, kneel on, or smash on the victim

151
Q

What are the most dangerous breeds of cows

A

Dairy breeds like jersey and Holstein bulls

152
Q

Cow tameness depends on

A

Frequency of handling
Breed
The Handler

153
Q

Breeds of cows that are often gentle

A

Hereford

Simmental

154
Q

True or false

It is okay for you to stand between a cow and a calf

A

False

NEVER stand between a cow and her calf

155
Q

True or false

Calves are inquisitive creatures, but when the dam is around they will always follow her

A

True

156
Q

Dairy cows are normally bred by

A

Artificial insemination

157
Q

Beef cows are normally bred

A

Naturally

158
Q

Females will tend to form a sexually active group. What are some signs that they are in heat

A

Stays in site of bulls
Females will mount each other to attract a bull
Vaginal mucus discharge at estrous

159
Q

Female cows will mount each other to attract bulls. The cow that stands still to be mounted is likely

A

In heat

160
Q

When a bull approaches a cow in heat

A

Chin rests on the back
Licks and sniffs perineal region
Tried to mount

161
Q

True or false

Intermission in mating of cows is a long process

A

False

It is often only seconds long

162
Q

If a cow is about to give birth they:

A

Seek a sheltered area away from the herd
Stands up more (stress)
Lies in semi sternal recumbent to calve

163
Q

Cows frequency stand a lot more before parturition. When does this start before calving

A

3 days

164
Q

First stage of labour for a cow

A

Standing a lot
Separated from herd
Mucus discharge from vagina

165
Q

Second stage of labour for a cow

A

Amniotic membrane bursts
Calf is born
Cow is usually lying down

166
Q

How long does parturition last in cows

A

1-2 hours

167
Q

Third stage of labour for a cow

A

Expulsion of the placenta

168
Q

How long does it take to birth the placenta

A

4-12 hours

Anything longer is a retained placenta

169
Q

Licking a calf is important for

A

Bonding
Breathing
Warmth

170
Q

Why do cows eat the placenta and lick up all the amniotic fluid

A

To hide signs that a calf was born

Probably from predators

171
Q

What is Non nutritional sucking

A

Calf will suck on other calves, itself, appendages, skin tags or inanimate objects

172
Q

Why do calves suck on things other than teats

A

Poor nutrition
Not enough food
The calf WANTS to suck it is a instinct

173
Q

What does NOT help with non nutritional sucking

A

Penning or isolating the calf

174
Q

What does a device that prevents a cow from sucking help with and what does it not help with

A

It prevents the cow from licking on itself and others

But does not get rid of the motivation to suck

175
Q

What is the best way to stop non nutritional sucking

A

Redirection

Provide a dry test next to the feeding area

176
Q

What are the disease risks of selling a foster calf to another farm

A

Risk of transferring a disease between herds

177
Q

Silent heat (biggest concern in dairy herds)

A

The physical signs of heat are all minimal (discharge, vulvar relaxation, behavioural)

178
Q

How to prevent or catch silent heats in cows

A

Frequent observation

Teaser bulls

179
Q

Nymphomania in cows

A

Increased sexual behaviour in high producing dairy cows that are 4-6 years old and have had calves

180
Q

What happens in nymphomania

A

They mount other cows excessively

Decrease in milk production

181
Q

True or false

In most cases, nymphomania is associated with follicular cysts on their ovaries

A

True

182
Q

True or false

Poor libido can be from painful feet

A

True

183
Q

What happens when bulls have poor libido

A

Bulls refuse to mount
avoid estrous cows
And fail to develop erections

184
Q

What can cause poor libido in cows

A

Inexperienced young bulls that attempt to breed with aggressive cows
Bulls that are used to frequently
Stress if environment

185
Q

How to deal with poor libido

A

Make bulls watch other bulls mount cows
Rotate teaser bulls
Get the bulls feet trimmed in the spring to prevent this for breeding season

186
Q

True or false

Masturbation is seen in 3% of all feedlot steers

A

True

187
Q

What contributes to masterbation and excessive mounting in feedlots

A

Hormonal factors
Over Crowding
Dominance

188
Q

True or false

The buller cow is the one being mounted

A

True

189
Q

True or false

The buller and the mounting steer may have poor growth because of stress and increased activity

A

True

190
Q

What is the most common solution when dealing with buller steers

A

To separate the buller steers and put all the bullers together

191
Q

Why might hand reared bulls be more aggressive?

A

Inadequate socialization
May imprint to humans and think it is a human
Dominance problems

192
Q

True or false

Cows typically kick backwards

A

False

They typically kick forwards

193
Q

Why might cows be reluctant to enter a milking parlour

A

Previous bad experiences
Electric shock
Mastitis
Rough handling

194
Q

When is food throwing onto a cows back more common

A

When the cow is fed a total mixed ration

195
Q

Signs a cow is unwell

A 
Little interest in their environment 
Dull eyes
Sluggish movement 
Poor grooming 
Drool 
Poor appetite
196
Q

Signs a cow is well

A

Alert
Stretches upon standing
Vocalizes pain and distress
Good grooming

197
Q

True or false

It is easier to get a halter on a cow than to put into a chute

A

False

It is easier to drive cows into pens and chutes

198
Q

The size of a cows flight zone depends on

A

The tameness of a cow

199
Q

A cows flight zone can range from

A

Extensively hand raised cows: 50 meters

Feedlot cattle:2-5 meters

200
Q

Best direction to move with cows to make cows move forward down a chute

A

From head to butt

201
Q

When herding cows

A

WALK in a zig zag motion from behind

202
Q

True or false

You have to catch all of the stragglers when herding cows or else they won’t come

A

False

If you herd the majority the stragglers will follow (herd animals)

Animal Behaviour (1 decks)

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