Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Surg > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Dbts: What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Caused by dysfunctional beta cells in pancreas resulting in no insulin produced
AKA Juvenile Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dbts: What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

Caused by an insulin resistance from consistently elevated blood glucose levels
AKA Adult onset diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical manifestations of Type I DM:

A

3 P’s, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, diabetic ketoacidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical manifestations of type II DM:

A

3 P’s, fatigue, recurrent infections, vaginal yeast/candida infections, poor wound healing, numb fingers/toes, blurry vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment of HYPERglycemia:

A 
Insulin therapy + FLUIDS (NS)
Rapid Acting (Novalog, Humalog)
Short Acting (Humalin R, Novalin R)
Intermediate Acting (Humalin N, Novalin N)
Long Acting (Levemir)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment of HYPOglycemia

A

Rule of 15s!
Take BG –> give 15g of carbs (3-4 glucose tabs, 1 glass OJ, 3-5 hard candies) –> wait 15 minutes –> reassess –> Administer carbs again if still low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal Fasting BG vs diabetic

A

74-100mg/dL vs >126mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Normal HA1C vs Diabetic

A

4.0 - 6.0% vs > 6.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Normal 2hr plasma glucose vs diabetic

A

<140mg/dL vs >200mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pna: respiratory assessment of pt w/ pneumonia

A

Crackles on auscultation, tachypnea, dyspnea, increased tactile fremitus, yellow/green secretions (bacterial), clear secretions (viral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pna: Abnormal findings of pt w/ Pneumonia

A

Elevated temp, elevated WBCs, positive C&S, dyspnea, anorexia, chills, fluid in the lungs (x-ray)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pna: Treatments for pneumonia

A
  • get the vaccine
  • IV antibiotics for bacterial
  • Comfort measures (positioning, pain medication, O2)
  • breathing exercise
  • ambulation
  • fluids
  • antipyretics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pna: Nursing priorities for Acute exacerbations of pneumonia

A
  • Culture & Sensitivity if indicated + administer antibiotics
  • Fluids
  • O2 therapy
  • Ambulation
  • Turn cough deep breathe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pna: Pt education for Pneumonia

A
  • Teach to take the full course of medication and how to take the med
  • educate on increasing fluid intake
  • possible follow up x-ray
  • Educate on the importance of the vaccine!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TB: Respiratory assessment

A

adventitious sounds (crackles), hemoptysis, dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TB: abnormal findings for pt with TB

A

night sweats, hemoptysis, fever, increased WBC, positive C&S, anorexia, weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TB: common treatments for pt w/ TB

A
  • fluids
  • RIPES –> rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin
  • Directly-Observed therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TB: nursing priorities for pt w/ TB

A

1) place on airborne precautions (negative pressure room, N95 mask)
2) full medical workup w/ xray and C&S
3) begin treatment with anti-TB drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TB: pt education for TB

A

Meds: take course as prescribed for 6 - 12 months
lifestyle: proper hand hygiene, cover nose and mouth with tissue when coughing or sneezing
Management: must test negative 2 times, stay out of public places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ast: Respiratory assessment for Asthma

A

Expiratory wheezing, hypoventilation, chest tightness, tachypnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ast: abnormal findings for pt w/ asthma

A

Anxiety, increased temperature, hyperinflation of the lungs, air trapping, diminished breath sounds and respiratory alkalosis are bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ast: common short term treatments for asthma

A

Bronchodilators (SABAs)

  • albuterol
  • ipratropium/Atrovent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ast: common long term treatment for asthma

A

LABAs –> salmeterol
corticosteroids –> fluticasone, prednisone
-Theophylline
-Eliminate triggers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ast: Nursing priorities for Acute Asthma attack

A

1) monitor vitals and respiratory status
2) monitor ABGs
3) administer medication as indicated SABA w/ LABA
- reduce anxiety
- fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ast: Pt education for asthma

A

Meds: take medication as prescribed, do not overuse SABAs (palpitations)
Lifestyle: physical activity + sleep, reduce allergens, smoking cessation
Management: learn to use Peak flow Meter and have an action plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

copd: respiratory assessment of patient with COPD

A

Auscultation may show diminished breath sounds, hyperresonance, wheezing, prolonged exhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

copd: abnormal findings –> emphysema “pink puffer”

A

barrel chest, dyspnea, prolonged expiration, tripod position, pursed lip breathing, weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

copd: abnormal findings –> Chronic bronchitis “blue bloater”

A

cough, dyspnea on exertion, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, mild cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

copd: common treatments for COPD

A
  • O2 therapy w/ nasal cannula or venturi mask
  • bronchodilators
  • corticosteroids for management
  • smoking cessation
  • fluids!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

copd: Nursing prioritis for accute COPD exacerbation

A

1) treat the underlying cause (pneumonia, infection, heart failure)
2) O2 therapy (keep sat at 90% on low flow)
3) rescue inhaler (SABAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

copd: pt education for COPD

A

Meds: do not overuse bronchodilators (palpitations), store O2 away from flames
Lifestyle: smoking cessation, infection prevention
Management: take medication as prescribed, teach pursed lip breathing
Rest 30 minutes before eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cor Pulmonae Progression…

A

The right side of the heart has to pump/work harder to get blood flow to the lungs caused by pulmonary hypertension which is a normal complication of CHRONIC BRONCHITIS –> the increased workload of the heart causes it to increase in size and decreases its contractility which leads to right sided heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

htn: Risk factors for hypertension

A

Age, Race, Family Hx, gender, stress, cholesterol, high sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcohol, smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

htn: Assessing BP

A 
Normal BP: <120/80
-make sure the cuff size is correct
Stage 1 = 130-139 or 80-89.
Stage 2 = 140+ or 90+
Hypertensive Crisis (call your doctor immediately) = 180+ and/or 120+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

htn: Clinical Manifestations of hypertension

A

Asymptomatic in the early stages

-headache, flushing, epistaxis (nose bleeding), increased BP

36
Q

htn: disease progression of hypertension

A

*think: BP affects ALL systems in the body and can cause ALL bad things
CV: damage to blood vessel walls leads to inflammation and cholesterol deposits in the damaged areas, these harden and lead to atherosclerosis and CAD
Kidney: nephrosclerosis leads to CKD
PVD: atherosclerosis leads to PVD, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and intermittent claudication
Eyes - retinal damage

37
Q

htn: Common treatments for hypertension

A 
ACEs: "-pril"
ARBs: "-sartan"
Beta-Blockers: "-lol"
Calcium Channel Blockers: "-dipine"
DASH diet + lifestyle changes
38
Q

htn: Nursing priorities for hypertension management

A
  • give antihypertensives as prescribed and monitor BP
  • Promote healthy lifestyle changes!!
  • Smoking cessation
  • Encourage low sodium and low saturated fat diet
  • Increase exercise
  • Lose excess body weight
  • Medication compliance!
  • EMERGENCY: >180 SBP and >120 DBP
39
Q

cad: risk factors for CAD

A

High blood triglycerides, Low HDL, Sedentary lifestyle, Obesity, Smoking, High fat diet, Hypertension, diabetes

40
Q

cad: assessment of CAD

A

Pain assessment: chest pain (when, where, quality, duration, etc.)

41
Q

cad: clinical manifestations of CAD

A
  • MI: SOB, nausea, arm/jaw pain
  • High CK, BNP, troponins
  • Chest pain (unstable, stable, prinzmetal angina)
  • ST elevation in STEMI
42
Q

cad: disease progression of CAD

A

Eventually the coronary arteries won’t allow enough blood flow to the heart muscle –> This can cause a myocardial infarction due to hypoxia and damage the heart

43
Q

cad: common treatments for CAD

A

-Cardiac catheterization
-Stent
-Coronary bypass
-Statin medications
incase of MI…
M-morphine
O-oxygen
N-nitro
A-aspirin

44
Q

cad: Nursing priorities for CAD

A

1) administer Nitro in the case of chest pain and assess for MI of an EKG
2) if having an MI –> MONA
- educate on lifestyle changes
- medication compliance is important

45
Q

pvd: risk factors for peripheral artery disease

A

atherosclerosis, arterial insufficiency, diabetes (#1)

46
Q

pvd: risk factors for peripheral venous disease

A

venous stasis, increased coagulability, varicose veins, diabetes (#1)

47
Q

pvd: assessment of peripheral arterial disease

A

Neurovascular assessment: pale, cool, dry, thin skin on the lower legs, slow capillary refill, hairless

48
Q

pvd: assessment of peripheral venous disease

A

Neurovascular assessment: warm, red, erythematous, swollen lower leg

49
Q

pvd: manifestations of peripheral arterial disease

A

punched out ulcers on the foot and ankle and bony protrusions, sharp pain, relief from pain while standing

50
Q

pvd: manifestations of peripheral venous disease

A

seeping ulcer on lower leg above the ankle, brown with a lot of drainage, dull pain, worsens when standing

51
Q

pvd: disease progression or peripheral vascular disease

A
  • Eventually the lower limbs could lose their function
  • DVT
  • Infection
  • Wounds/necrosis
  • amputation
52
Q

pvd: common treatments for peripheral arterial disease

A

dangling the legs (dependent), stent in artery, aspirin, statin medications, VTE prevention like “lovenox,” smoking cessation, lifestyle change

53
Q

pvd: common treatments for peripheral venous disease

A

elevate the legs above heart level, aspirin, statin medications, VTE prevention like “lovenox,” smoking cessation, lifestyle change

54
Q

pvd: nursing management for peripheral vascular disease

A 
Treat the underlying cause!
Medication education (aspirin, statins, diabetes management), Promote comfort at rest
55
Q

hf: risk factors for heart failure

A

COPD, Pulmonary hypertension, Hypertension, Obesity, Smoking, Dyslipidemia, Physical inactivity, gender, diabetes

56
Q

hf: assessment labs for heart failure

A

Increased BUN, creatinine, high BP

Ejection fraction!

57
Q

hf: manifestations of Right Heart Failure

A

“Rest of body” - distended jugular veins, ascites, peripheral edema, hypertension, oliguria

58
Q

hf: manifestations of Left Heart Failure

A

“Lungs” - crackles in the lungs, pink frothy sputum, low O2, dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis

59
Q

hf: disease progression

A

RHF will lead to LHF

  • decreased heart contractility will decrease the body’s ability to perfuse blood to vital organs
  • this lessens the O2 delivered to the body and damages vital organs
60
Q

hf: common treatments for heart failure

A

“UNLOAD FAST”

Upright position, nitrates, Lasix or spironolactone, O2, ACE inhibitors (“-pril”), Digoxin, Fluids (decrease), Afterload (decrease), Sodium restriction, Test (digoxin, ABGs, K+)

61
Q

hf: nursing priorities for heart failure

A
  • Improve myocardial contractility/systemic perfusion
  • Reduce fluid volume overload (monitor I&O)
  • monitor Fluid and electrolytes
  • Prevent complications
  • Provide information about disease/prognosis, therapy needs, and prevention or recurrences
62
Q

Cancer: Delivering chemotherapy agents

A
  • Protection!! Always wear gloves and proper PPE
  • Be careful when handling body fluids
  • Monitor for adverse effects
63
Q

Cancer: Psychosocial assessment associated with Cancer

A
  • Assess support system
  • Provide education on potential side effects of chemo-agents
  • Decide on prosthetics if needed
  • Promote positive self-concept
64
Q

heme: treatment for Cobalamin deficiency

A

B12 supplementation (parenteral, intranasal)

65
Q

heme: treatment for Folic Acid deficiency

A

replace Folate in diet (green leafy veg, enriched grain products, breakfast cereals, orange juice, peanuts, avocado

66
Q

heme: CMs of megaloblastic anemias

A 
sore, red, beefy, shiny tongue
anorexia
nausea/vomiting
abdominal pain
weakness + paresthesias
ataxia
67
Q

heme: Anemia (lab values, signs & symptoms)

A

labs…
hgb: 12 - 15.5
Hct: 35 - 47%
RBC: 4.35 to 5.65/mcl

68
Q

heme: Priorities for transfusion therapy preparation

A
  • Begin transfusion within 30 minutes of receiving blood
  • Crossmatch blood with patient
  • Observe patient for 15 minutes and finish transfusion w/in 4 hours
  • Watch for warning signs such as lower back pain, wheezing, flushing, etc.
  • Take vitals every 15 minutes (can be delegated)
69
Q

hiv: Outcomes/goals of treatment for HIV/AIDS

A
  • To reduce the amount of virus in circulation to an undetectable level
  • Manage symptoms
  • Keep patient free of infection
  • Improve quality of life
70
Q

hiv: HIV wasting syndrome

A

unintentional loss of 10% or more of your body weight

-caused by malnutrition and anorexia

71
Q

ckd: importance of I&Os

A
  • In CKD there can be a fluid overload due to the kidneys not filtering out enough fluid
  • Monitoring I&O also gives an idea of the function of the kidneys
72
Q

ckd: relationship between HTN and CKD

A
  • Managing HTN keeps the kidneys from increased workload

- Also reduces the stress and scarring of the nephrons in the kidneys

73
Q

ckd: Labs measuring renal function

A

BUN: 10 - 20mg/dL
Creatinine: 0.5 - 1.2mg/dL
Protein: negative in urine
GFR: >60%

74
Q

ckd: Treatment and care of AV fistula

A
  • prevent infection by proper cleaning and dressing changes
  • Takes 6 months to heal fully
  • Must wait 3 months to use fistula
  • Bruit heard on auscultation, palpable thrill, strong radial pulse, normal appearance
75
Q

gu: Kidney stone prevention

A
  • Increase fluid 2L-3L every day
  • Decrease type of food dependent on type of stone
  • limit alcohol consumption and caffiene
76
Q

gi: assessment findings of a small bowel obstruction

A

distended bowel (sometimes), abdominal pain, constipation, nausea/vomiting

77
Q

gi: treatment of a small bowel obstruction

A

Treat with surgery, fluids, monitor F&E for metabolic acidosis enema, pain medication, surgery

78
Q

gi: assessment findings in peritonitis

A

increased tem, increased WBCs, abdominal pain, muscle guarding, rebound pain

79
Q

gi: treatment of peritonitis

A

antibiotics!

NPO

80
Q

gi: Post op care for abdominal surgery

A
  • protect from infection
  • use of bear hugger to prevent dehiscence
  • semi-fowler’s position
  • assess pain frequently
  • assess site of surgery
81
Q

fx: surgical intervention and nursing care for fracture

A
  • stabilize broken bone (prevent fat embolism syndrome)
  • perform neurovascular assessment
  • manage pain
82
Q

fx: surgical intervention for fractures

A

-internal fixation

83
Q

fx: post-op complications of fractures

A

Fat Embolism syndrome: keep stable

Compartment syndrome: due to cast being on too tight (never remove the cast w/out an order from a provider

84
Q

fx: Nursing assessment for fractures

A 
Neurovascular assessment distal to the injury
-color
-sensation
-capillary refill
-temperature
-mobility
Pain assessment
85
Q

fx: priorities for fractures

A

mobility: stabilizing the fracture is important to prevent mobility deficits
Infection: if it is an open wound, or after a surgery (internal fixation/fasciotomy), infection prevention!
Pain: pain assessment can indicate complications

Med Surg (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions