Final Exam

Question 1

Augustine

Answer 1

Was made Bishop of Hippo

Wrote Confessions, Against the Donatists, and City of God

Was the most important theologian of the first 5 centuries, maybe second only to the Apostle Paul

Question 2

Confessions

Answer 2

Written by Augustine while in the midst of a midlife crisis

Represents one of the first autobiographies ever written

Is presented as an extended prayer

Question 3

Against the Donatists

Answer 3

Written by Augustine in 400 AD

Is about the doctrine of the Church (ecclesiology)

Deals with baptism

Question 4

City of God

Answer 4

Written by Augustine from around 413-426 AD

Is written in the aftermath of a terrorist attack in Rome, causing mass migration and a loss of faith in the Roman Empire

Romans began blaming Christianity for the weakness of the Empire; City of God was written as a response to these pagan apologists

Question 5

Donatism

Answer 5

Believed that the efficacy of baptism depended on the morality and teaching of the priest who performed it; they believed that the wheat and the tares could be separated this side of glory

Far outnumbered orthodox Catholics in Hippo

Augustine reported this controversy much like a journalist and began to question the notion of a pure Church

Question 6

Pelagius (360-418)

Answer 6

Frequently debated Augustine

Believed that Christians had the ability to keep all of God’s commands, rejected the doctrine of Original Sin, and rejected that death was the just consequence of sin imposed by God

Pelagianism was eventually condemned as a heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431

Question 7

Enchiridion (420 AD)

Answer 7

Written by Augustine to be a handbook of faith, hope, and love

Defines piety as wisdom in service of God

Details Augustine’s fourfold understanding of love

Question 8

Augustine’s Paradigm of Love

Answer 8

Love is the enjoyment of God for His own sake

Love prior to the Law
Love under the Law
Love under grace
Love in full and perfect peace

Question 9

What is an Ecumenical Council?

Answer 9

An official, ecclesiastical meeting, called by a Pope, usually with the approval of the Emperor, for the purpose of defining the doctrine and practice of the Church

Are divided into 4 periods: Early, Medieval, Reformation, Modern

First 7 are widely regarded as true by most denominations

Question 10

Anselm (1033-1109)

Answer 10

Credited as the father of scholasticism

Archbishop of Canterbury

Came up with the ontological argument

His life was based off of the phrase Faith Seeking Understanding

Wrote Monologion, Proslogion, and Cur Deus Homo

Believed he could prove God’s existence, character, and the basic contours of the Trinity from reason alone

Question 11

Scholasticism

Answer 11

Is theology studied in the schools

Teaches how to know what you believe, why you believe it, and how to teach that view to others

Is a means of theological discourse by means of question and answer

Question 12

Monologion

Answer 12

Written by Anselm in 1075

Is a response to the question “How should a person meditate on the divine essence?”

Was a pattern of meditation of the reason for faith, arguing from reason alone

Question 13

Proslogion

Answer 13

Written by Anselm from 1077-1078

Is the clearest example of Faith Seeking Understanding, as it is an address to God

Defines God as “a being that then which nothing greater can be thought”

Question 14

Cur Deus Homo

Answer 14

Written by Anselm

Means “Why the God-Man?”

Is an apology for the necessity of the incarnation and the work of Christ

Question 15

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)

Answer 15

Lived and died as a monk

Anselm, Peter Abelard, Hugh of Saint Victor, and Peter Lombard heavily influenced his thinking

Was defined by Faith Seeking Experience

Question 16

Peter Abelard (1079-1142)

Answer 16

Had an affair

Heavily relied on Aristotle

Wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No)

Question 17

Hugh of Saint Victor (1096-1141)

Answer 17

Viewed all creation as a sign that points toward a Creator

Believed that theology was greater than philosophy, which in turn was greater than the liberal arts

Advocates for medieval mysticism, the idea that creation leads to a spiritual encounter with God (this is not inherently wrong)

Question 18

Peter Lombard (1096-1160)

Answer 18

Most known for his Four Books of Sentences

Believed in 7 sacraments

Attempts to resolve all of the issues that Abelard brought up

Question 19

Loving God

Answer 19

Written by Bernard of Clarivaux from 1136-1141

Describes 4 stages of love:

Learning to love oneself for one’s own sake
Loving God for one’s own benefit
Loving God for God’s sake
Loving oneself for God’s sake

Question 20

Sermons on the Song of Songs

Answer 20

Written by Bernard of Clairvaux from 1135-1153

Deals with finding mystical union with Christ along the lines of love

Was a favourite work among the Puritans

Question 21

The Quadriga of Interpreting Scripture

Answer 21

A literal reading of the text that promotes faith, hope, and love

Literal (Historical Context)

Allegorical (Doctrinal reading that provokes faith and response)

Tropological (the moral application of the text that promotes love)

Anagogical (the hopeful eschatology of the passage)

Question 22

Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274)

Answer 22

Represents the height of the medieval Church, being the most important theologian between Augustine and Luther

Was heavily influenced by Augustine and the Dominicans

Wrote Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Theologiae

Question 23

Summa Contra Gentiles

Answer 23

Written by Thomas Aquinas

Is an evangelistic tool against Pagans, Jews, and Muslims

Focuses on the knowledge of God, creation, providence and the problem of evil, and revelation

Question 24

Summa Theologiae

Answer 24

Written by Thomas Aquinas from 1265-1274

Clearest example of the scholastic method

Deals with creation and it’s God, our relationship with God as we pursue holiness, and the person and works of Jesus Christ

Question 25

John Wycliffe (1328-1384)

Answer 25

Educated at Oxford

Became critical of certain tendencies in the Church, saying that Christ is the only Head of the Church and how the Church is only the elect of God

He even called the Pope Antichrist

Raised questions on the forced celibacy of the priesthood

Wrote on the nature of the Lord’s Supper against the Pope’s will because it was “settled” at a church council

Was declared a notorious heretic after his death in prison

Question 26

John Huss

Answer 26

Was a follower of Wycliffe

Was very popular in the public’s eye as well as with the nobility

Was burned at the stake in 1416

Question 27

Staupitz

Answer 27

Was a teacher and friend of Martin Luther and tried to keep him safe

Never left the Roman Church

Revolutionized the teaching on the grace of God

Question 28

Photius

Answer 28

Bishop of Constantinople

Criticized papal celibacy

Rejected filioque clause

Question 29

Grace and Free Will

Answer 29

Written by Bernard

Evidence of Bernard’s scholasticism

Grace moves the will of God

Question 30

Essay Question #1: Why Study Church History?

Answer 30

Learning from history helps us become better pastors, elders, missionaries, teachers, etc.

History helps us develop a better grasp of heresy

History can inspire us to become courageous and faithful

History helps us to love God more

Question 31

Essay Question #2: How was Augustine so influential?

Answer 31

Augustine’s doctrines of grace made the Reformation possible

Is a testament to the love of God

Reflects the love of God in beautiful ways

Question 32

Council of Nicea

Answer 32

325

Governed by Constantine

Condemned Arianism

Question 33

First Council of Constantinople

Answer 33

381

Called by Pope Damasus

Governed by Theodosius I

Condemned Macedonianism and Apollinarianism

Question 34

Council of Ephesus

Answer 34

431

Pope Celestine I

Emperor Theodosius II

Condemned Nestorianism

Question 35

Council of Chalcedon

Answer 35

451