Final Exam Flashcards
What is Dorothea Dix known for?
- Creation of asylums
2. Moral treatment
What is Linda Richards known for?
- First American psychiatric nurse
2. McLean Hospital; first to train nurses in psych setting
Hildegard Peplau’s theory?
3 phases: orientation, working, termination
Therapeutic nurse-patient relationship
What is Sigmund Freud’s psych theory?
- All human behavior is caused & explainable
- Repressed sexual impulses, desires as motivation for behavior
- Id, ego, superego
- Behaviors are due to subconscious thoughts
What are differences between Id, Ego, and Superego?
Id: instinctive, for pleasure, immediate satisfaction, subconscious
Ego: rationality, logicality, reality, conscious
Superego: right & wrong, morality, ideal, sub and conscious
Characteristics of Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theories
- Five life stages
- Three develop. cognitive modes:
- Prototaxic (infancy, childhood)
- Parataxic (early childhood)
- Syntaxic (school-aged)
B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory
- All behavior is learned
- rewards or punishments
- recurrence of rewarded behavior
Clubhouse Treatment Model
4 Rights of Members: -place to come to -meaningful work -meaningful relationships -place to return to (lifetime membership) Focus on health, not illness
Assertive Community Treatment setting (ACT)
(one of the MOST effective!!)
- one of the most effective treatment settings
- problem-solving orientation
- direct service instead of referral
- intense; no time restraints
4 “patterns of knowing”
- Empirical (derived from nursing science)
- Personal (from life experiences)
- Ethical (from moral nursing knowledge)
- Aesthetic (from art of nursing)
Components of Orientation Phase
- Meeting nurse, client
- Establishment of roles
- Discussion of purposes, parameters of future meetings
- Clarification of expectations
- Identification of client’s problems
- Nurse–client confidentiality, duty to warn/self-disclosure
Components of Working Phase
•Problem identification: issues or concerns identified by
client; examination of client’s feelings and responses
•Exploitation: examination of feelings and responses;
development of better coping skills, more positive self-
image, behavior change, independence
•Possible transference/counter-transference
Components of Termination phase
•Begins when client’s problems are resolved
•Ends when relationship is ended
•Deals with feelings of anger or abandonment that may
occur; client may feel termination as impending loss.
Nurse-Patient distant zones
- Intimate (0 to 18 inches)
- Personal (18 to 36 inches)
- Social (4 to 12 feet)
- Public (12 to 25 feet)
- Therapeutic communication: most comfortable when nurse and patient are 3 to 6 feet apart
Catharsis
- To alleviate or increase feelings of anger
- Example: watching a movie knowing that it will make you cry, and you go for the purpose of crying
Hwa-Byung Angry Behavior
- Korean; insomnia, depression, somatization in lower abdomen
- Experienced by middle-aged Korean females
Bouffee delirante
-French; short-lived psychosis
Amok Anger
-Malaysian; rage or vendetta against a person, society, or object
Mental illnesses treated with Lithium
- Bipolar
- Conduct disorders
- mental retardation
Mental illnesses treated with Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant)
- dementia
- psychosis
- personality disorders
Mental illnesses treated with atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine)
- dementia
- brain injury
- mental retardation
- personality disorders
Interventions for “Triggering” phase of anger
- Approach in nonthreatening, calm manner
- Convey empathy; listening
- Encourage verbal expression of feelings
- Suggest patient go to a quieter area
- Use PRN medications
- Suggest physical activity such as walking
Interventions for “Escalation” phase of anger
- Take control; provide directions in firm, calm voice
- Direct patient to room or quiet area for time-out
- Offer medication again
- Let patient know aggression is unacceptable; nurse or staff will help maintain/regain control
- If ineffective, obtain help from other staff (show of force)
Interventions for “Crisis” phase of anger
-Inform patient that behavior is out of control, and staff
is taking control to provide safety and prevent injury
-Use of restraint or seclusion only if necessary
Interventions for “Recovery” phase of anger
- Talk about situation or trigger
- Help patient relax or sleep
- Explore alternatives to aggressive behavior
- Provide documentation of any injuries
- Debrief staff
Interventions for “post-crisis” phase of anger
-Remove patient from any restraint or seclusion to
rejoin milieu.
-Calmly discuss behavior (no lecturing or chastising);
allow patient to return to activities, groups, and so
forth.
-Focus on appropriate expression of feelings, resolution
of problems or conflicts in non-aggressive manner
Cycles of abuse/violence
- Violent episode
- Honeymoon phase
- Tension building
- Violent episode
Elements of PTSD
1. Dreams or intrusive, recurrent thoughts of the trauma 2. Emotional numbing (feeling detached from others) 3. Hyper-arousal (being on guard, irritable)
PTSD vs. Acute Stress Disorder
PTSD: event occurred >3 months
Acute Stress Disorder: event occurred <3 months
PTSD Treatment Options
- Psychotherapy (individual or group)
- Medications (antidepressants, anxiolytics, sleep aids)
- Self-help groups
- Exposure therapy
- Relaxation techniques
- Adaptive disclosure
- Cognitive processing therapy
- Mental health promotion
General Adaptation Syndrome
Physiological changes the body goes through in response to stress
Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
-Alarm reaction stage (preparation for defense)
-Resistance stage (blood shunted to areas needed for
defense)
-Exhaustion stage (stores depleted; emotional
components unresolved)
Mild Anxiety
- Special attention
- Increased sensory stimulation
- Motivational
- Anxiety is not bad, but rather a warning sign
Moderate Anxiety
- Something definitely wrong
- Nervousness/agitation
- Difficulty concentrating
- Able to be redirected
Severe Anxiety
- Trouble thinking and reasoning
- Tightened muscles
- Increased vital signs
- Restless, irritable, angry
Panic anxiety
- Fight, flight, or freeze response
- Increased vital signs
- Dilated pupils
- Cognitive processes focusing on defense
How to work with patients with anxiety
- Low, calm, soothing voice
- Safety during panic level
- Short-term use of anxiolytics (Benzos: Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazapam)
Anxiety experiences for different cultures
Asian: often with somatic symptoms; koro
Hispanics: Susto (high anxiety as sadness, agitation,
weight loss, weakness, heart rate changes); due to supernatural spirits or bad air from dangerous places and cemeteries invading body
Anxiety Treatment options
- Medications (anxiolytics; antidepressants)
- CBT:
- Positive reframing (turning negative messages into positive ones)
- Decatastrophizing (making more realistic appraisal of situation) - Assertiveness training (learn to negotiate interpersonal situations)
- Positive reframing (turning negative messages into positive ones)
Elder Anxiety
- Phobias (generalized anxiety is most common)
- Usually have other condition (dementia, physical illness)
- Treatment: SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline)
Obsession vs. Compulsion
- Obsessions = recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses
- Compulsions = ritualistic or repetitive behaviors that a person carries out continuously in an attempt to decrease anxiety
Self-soothing OCD behaviors
- Excoriation (skin picking)
- Onychophagia (nail biting)
- Trichotillomania (hair pulling
Reward-seeking OCD behaviors
- Kleptomania (compulsive stealing)
- Oniomania (compulsive buying)
- Hoarding (excessive acquisition)
- Pyromania (fire setting)
Body identity integrity disorder
Feeling alienated from a part of the body to the extent of seeking amputation of the identified body part
Ages of people with OCD
- common in kids
- usually occurs between 18-25
*Rare for it to start after age 50; usually a sign of underlying illness
OCD Patient/Family teaching
- Teach family to avoid giving advise.
- Teach family to avoid trying to “fix the problem.”
- Teach family to be patient with its own discomfort.
- Teach family to monitor its own anxiety level.
- Give family permission to “take a break” from the situation, as needed