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Introduction to Research Methods > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The idea that scientists must always make assumptions, to some degree, while testing hypotheses is known as:

A

a. the Duhem-Quine principle (CORRECT)
b. falsificationism
c. logical positivism
d. empirical adequacy

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2
Q

In order to continue to investigate possible causes of schizophrenia, researchers must assume that the causes are

A

a. falsifiable
b. probabilistic
c. refutable
d. discoverable (CORRECT)

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3
Q

Generating a prediction based on theory, and testing it, is known as the logic of:

A

a. observation
b. discovery
c. justification (CORRECT)
d. operationalisation

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4
Q

If a church or institution states that ‘the Earth is flat’, and you accept the statement as true, you are acquiring knowledge through

A

a. intuition
b. authority (CORRECT)
c. empiricism
d. rationalism

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5
Q

Meta-analyses and systematic reviews are strong sources of evidence because they examine the following characteristic of research studies

A

a. control
b. discoverability
c. replication (CORRECT)
d. operationalism

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6
Q

Which of the following are the characteristics of a high-quality source of information?

A

a) Authority
b) Coverage
c) Currency
d) Objectivity
e) All of the above (CORRECT)

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7
Q

Your eText mentions that the morality of abortion is not an issue that can be investigated scientifically. How could you alter the research problem to make it more scientific?

A

a. By asking about the health risks, health benefits, or psychological effects of abortion rather than the morality (CORRECT)
b. By asking about the morality of birth control rather than abortion
c. By asking about the morality of abortion in animals other than humans
d. By including the moral rightness of abortion’s impact on the father as well

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8
Q

Once you know the correct answer to Question 2 above: Why was that the correct answer

A

a. Because the new research idea could be confirmed or refuted (CORRECT)
b. Because the new research idea corrected for bias
c. Because the new research idea didn’t require experimentation on humans
d. Because the new research idea was more ethical to investigate

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9
Q

The two most important research conditions stipulated by the Nuremberg Code are:

A

a. informed consent and valid research design (CORRECT)
b. informed consent and potential benefits
c. valid research design and potential benefits
d. valid research design and specific research questions

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10
Q

Debriefing participants that their undesirable behaviour was situational is known as:

A

a. amelioration
b. dehoaxing
c. desensitising (CORRECT)
d. tactics

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11
Q

The type of variable in a study measuring the heights of children is a:

A

a. categorical variable
b. quantitative variable (CORRECT)
c. independent variable
d. extraneous variable

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12
Q

The variables Exam (variable A) and Anxiety (variable B) may be correlated but not causally related because:

A

a. the variables are not inversely related
b. changes in A do not precede changes in B
c. other possible variables impact B (CORRECT)
d. all of the above

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13
Q

The use of several methods for research is known as:

A

a. event sampling
b. laboratory observation
c. naturalistic observation
d. triangulation (CORRECT)

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14
Q

To correct for the age-cohort effect in a longitudinal study, you could

A

a. test participants in an experimental study !
b. test participants in different age groups longitudinally (CORRECT)
c. test participants with a nonexperimental study
d. test participants with pre-created tests and surveys

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15
Q

You decide to use a one-time collection of questionnaires to test the relationship between boredom and problem internet use. Which research approach are you using?

A

a. experimental qualitative research
b. nonexperimental qualitative research
c. experimental quantitative research
d. nonexperimental quantitative research (CORRECT)

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16
Q

Which of the following is known as a rank-order scale of measurement?

A

a. Interval scale
b. Nominal scale
c. Ordinal scale (CORRECT)
d. Ratio scale

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17
Q

From a population of 100 married women and 60 unmarried women, you select a sample of 50 each in order to compare their longevity. You have a:

A

a. proportional stratified sample

b. disproportional stratified sample (CORRECT)

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18
Q

Which of the following variables is exemplified by the IQ scores of children in a school?

A

a. Interval-level variable (CORRECT)
b. Nominal-level variable
c. Ordinal-level variable
d. Ratio-level variable

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19
Q

When is a relationship considered statistically significant?

A

a. When the relationship between IV and DV is not due to chance (CORRECT)
b. When changes in IV affect DV and vice versa
c. When the researcher has a statistical background
d. When proper statistical tools are used

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20
Q

In selecting a control group for research, which among the following is important in order to minimise the threat to internal validity? The control group:

A

a. must have the same demographic characteristics
b. should be exposed to the same history event
c. must benefit from the same maturation effect
d. all of the above (CORRECT)

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21
Q

What should be the only difference between the experimental groups?

A

a. Levels of the dependent variable
b. Levels of the extraneous variable
c. Levels of the independent variable (CORRECT)
d. all of the above

22
Q

If you wanted the research conditions to appear identical to both the experimenter and the research participant, you would:

A

a. devise manipulations that would ensure that both experimenter and participant are blind to the treatment condition received by the participant (CORRECT)
b. explain that they have to avoid some of the possible situations that could arise during the experiment
c. provide participants and experimenters with an unrelated hypothesis
d. question the participant and experimenter after the study regarding their perception of the different aspects of the experiment

23
Q

A selection threat occurs when

A

a. a differential selection group is not used
b. a differential selection group is used (CORRECT)
c. the selection group is predisposed to the result
d. the selection has not been done by experts

24
Q

For a group of employees in a data-processing centre, you want to test the effect of training on their speed and accuracy, for which you decide to use a pretest-posttest control-group design. When the pretest is given, you find that the participants’ scores on the speed of data processing are very high. What is this effect known as?

A

a. Ceiling effect (CORRECT)
b. Competency effect
c. Floor effect
d. Sequencing effect

25
Q

You plan to conduct an experiment on some high-school children to study the effect of sleep on their performance in sports by experimenting on three categories—sound sleep, disturbed sleep, and no sleep. The difficulty that you anticipate in using the within-participants design is that:

A

a. a sequencing rival hypothesis is possible
b. the design can be taxing on participants
c. the sequencing effect may occur
d. all of the above (CORRECT)

26
Q

The magnitude of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is:

A

a. alpha level
b. beta level
c. effect size (CORRECT)
d. power

27
Q

When giving consent to participate in a study, all of the following statements are true except:

A

a. participants can refuse to answer any uncomfortable questions later
b. participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty
c. participants could receive monetary compensation
d. participants’ records can be used for other studies. (CORRECT)

28
Q

In a selection group, when the two groups are from different populations, what is the possible threat to internal validity?

A

a. Selection-history bias
b. Selection-instrumentation bias
c. Selection-maturation bias
d. Selection-regression bias (CORRECT)

29
Q

A single-case design is experimental because it permits us to introduce a planned intervention into the research program. The design includes

A

a. a before-after comparison
b. evaluation of the effect of the independent variable
c. uninterrupted time-series design
d. all of the above (CORRECT)

30
Q

If we want to avoid the carry-over effect where the treatment resulted in relatively permanent changes, we should

A

a. reverse the changes
b. control the type of change
c. use multiple-baseline design (CORRECT)
d. withdraw treatment condition

31
Q

Which of the following is different from both cross-sectional and longitudinal research, taking independent samples from a general population over time?

A

a. Panel study
b. Parallel study
c. Prospective study
d. Trend study (CORRECT)

32
Q

What is the main difference between a questionnaire and an interview?

A

a. Interviews don’t require trained administrators
b. Participants can complete a questionnaire on their own (CORRECT)
c. Questionnaires are paper-pencil instruments
d. Questionnaires can be used for follow-up questionnaires

33
Q

‘What is your opinion on the progressive views of the actor?’ is an example of a _____________ question:

A

a. closed-ended
b. double-barrelled
c. leading
d. loaded (CORRECT)

34
Q

You must ensure that your response categories are both _____________ and _____________:

A

a. closed-ended and exhaustive
b. closed-ended and exploratory
c. mutually exclusive and exhaustive (CORRECT)
d. mutually exclusive and open-ended

35
Q

In order to avoid social desirability, you should:

A

a. tell participants that their responses will be anonymous
b. tell participants to be open and honest
c. use equally desirable binary forced-choice responses
d. all of the above (CORRECT)

36
Q

Which characteristic of qualitative research encourages understanding without judgement?

A

a. Context sensitivity
b. Empathic neutrality and mindfulness (CORRECT)
c. Naturalistic inquiry
d. Personal experience and engagement

37
Q

The use of multiple research methods to study a phenomenon is called:

A

a. data triangulation
b. investigator triangulation
c. methods triangulation (CORRECT)
d. theory triangulation

38
Q

What type of information is primarily expected from a quantitative research report?

A

a. Mixture of statistics and qualitative data
b. Narrative and contextual
c. Particularistic findings and claims
d. Statistical and correlational (CORRECT)

39
Q

Which of the following is most likely to use social construction of reality as the research objective?

A

a. Generalisable research
b. Mixed-methods research
c. Qualitative research (CORRECT)
d. Quantitative research

40
Q

In ethnography, the objective outsider’s perspective of culture is called:

A

a. emic perspective
b. etic perspective (CORRECT)
c. holism
d. macro perspective

41
Q

All of the following statements about a case study are true except:

A

a. it tries to access the participant’s life world (CORRECT)
b. it emphasises the environment in which it exists
c. it is an intensive and detailed description
d. it is common in clinical and counselling psychology

42
Q

Mode is a good indicator of central tendency for all of the following sets of numbers, except:

A

a. 0,2,2,3,4,5,5,5,6,7,8
b. 1,3,5,7,7,7,9,9
c. 1,2,2,5,7,10,10,10 (CORRECT)
d. 2,4,6,6,8,10,12

43
Q

You have collected data about how frequently PSY10005 students take coffee breaks after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours of study. Which display is the best choice for your data?

A

a. Bar graph
b. Histogram (CORRECT)
c. Line graph
d. Scatterplots

44
Q

Variance can be measured as the:

A

a. average distance from the mean
b. centre point in a set of ascending numbers
c. highest minus lowest number in a set
d. square of standard deviation (CORRECT)

45
Q

A correlation coefficient is a numerical index:

A

a. of cases falling within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean on a normal distribution
b. ranging from –1.00 to +1.00 (CORRECT)
c. that falls within one standard deviation from the mean on a bell curve
d. that is represented by the square root of variance

46
Q

A regression coefficient is defined as:

A

a. a linear relationship in a set of data
b. a single independent or predictor variable
c. the point where the regression line crosses the Y axis
d. the predicted change in the dependent variable Y for every one-unit change in the independent variable X (CORRECT)

47
Q

The goal of inferential statistics is to:

A

a. calculate the averages of the experimental and control groups
b. go beyond the immediate set of data (CORRECT)
c. summarise key numerical characteristics of the data set
d. summarise the research data

48
Q

The numerical index such as mean or correlation coefficient calculated from a sample data is known as the:

A

a. alpha level
b. parameter
c. proportion
d. statistic (CORRECT)

49
Q

If the researcher stated a hypothesis that the population mean is greater than the control group mean, it is:

A

a. an alternate hypothesis
b. a directional alternative hypothesis (CORRECT)
c. a non-directional hypothesis
d. a null hypothesis

50
Q

If you want to study the relationship between two or more categorical variables, you will use the ______________.

A

a. chi-square test
b. contingency table (CORRECT)
c. regression coefficient
d. t test

51
Q

The second rule in hypothesis testing is that if the p value is less than the alpha level, then the researcher will:

A

a. accept the alternate hypothesis
b. accept the null hypothesis
c. conclude that the finding is statistically significant (CORRECT)
d. conclude that the finding is not statistically significant

Introduction to Research Methods (1 decks)

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