Final Exam Flashcards
What is the act of teaching?
pedogogy
What focuses on adult learning?
andragogy
What are the 4 common learning theories?
- behaviorism
- cognitive
- experiential/problem solving
- social-cultural
What is the process of learning that involves rewarding correct behavior until the behavioral change is consistently demonstrated?
behaviorism
When does behaviorism work well?
- when teaching a skill with a measurable action
- praise/reward given
What is cognitive learning theory?
Learners construct meaningful knowledge by connecting new concepts or knowledge to what they already know.
Learning is an _____ process, moving from simple and concrete to the complex and abstract.
active
What is experiential/problem solving learning theory?
must learn not only what but also how to apply what they know
What type of reflection is involved with experiential/problem solving?
reflection in action
What is social-cultural learning?
learning that occurs in the social or practice setting
In the 2x2 matrix, what asks Why? Why Not?
Diverging - feeling and watching
In the 2x2 matrix, what asks What?
Assimilating - watching and thinking
In the 2x2 matrix, what asks How does it work?
Converging - doing and thinking
In the 2x2 matrix, what asks so what now?
accommodating - doing and feeling
- Oldest male is the decision maker/spokesperson
- Interests/honors of family are more important than those of individual family members
- Strong emphasis on avoiding conflict and direct confrontation
- Mental illness may produce guilt or shame
asian/pacific islander
- Older person should be addressed by their last name.
- Avoid gesturing, some may have adverse connotations.
- the valuing of family considerations over individual or community needs, is strong
- tends to be patriarchal and follow a rigid hierarchical structure
- Family involvement in health care is common
- reluctant to share their beliefs with healthcare providers
hispanic
- Can be either patriarchal or matriarchal, but tends to be matriarchal
Higher percentage of Single moms - Religion/faith play a large part in their culture
- Strong family ties
- Medical healthcare team distrust
African american
- Many elderly Americans would rather live alone and be self-reliant
- Roles and duties in the family are becoming less dictated by a person’s gender
- Strong religious beliefs depending on region
caucasian
What is fictive kin? Who is more likely to have them?
- people that are not blood related but apart of the family
- minorities like AA and Hispanics
silent generation
born 1925-1942
- Value hard work and thriftiness
- Work values of conformity, consistency and uniformity
- Value the system over the individual enterprise
- Emphasize traditional mores
Baby boomers
born 1943-1960
- Have the buy now, pay later mentality
- Equate work with self worth
- Driven and dedicated
Generation X
born 1961-1981
- Do not belong to any group
- Know how to win
- Manage on their own and participate in discussions
- Balance job and leisure time
- Try to attain several goals all at once
Milennials
born after 1982-1996
- Optimistic, assertive, positive
- Accept authority – are rule followers
- Accustomed to structure
- Think of themselves as global
- Prefer to multitask
- Have difficulty honing skills of critical analysis necessary to read between the lines
Generation Z
born 1997-onward
- Search for the truth
- Don’t abide by labels, appreciate individualism
- Solve conflicts and improve the world
Infant mortality _____ as mother’s level of education decreases.
increases
What race has a higher cancer death rate?
AA
What race is most susceptible to diabetes?
Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders
What race is most susceptible to HIV/AIDS?
AA
Who were more likely to have tooth decay?
Mexican and AA poor families
Who is less likely to visit the doctor?
- adults with less than high school diploma
- Asian and Hispanics
Who is less likely to have insurance?
Hispanics
What is reflection?
- process of examining an experience that raises an issue of concern
- an internal process we use to help refine our understanding of an experience
Why is reflection important?
- Raises awareness of own behavior
- Patient feedback
- Helps with patient compliance/patient buy in
Reflection is NOT______. The person has to be the one to do it.
passive
Reflection must be ______.
intentional
What facilitates deeper learning beyond rote memorization?
conscious reflection
Why is reflection important in PT?
Allows us to connect our personal experiences, preferences, and beliefs to the experiences of our patient
What is reflection in action?
- reflection while attending to a task
- Continually questioning, observing, assessing, and adjusting our thoughts and actions throughout the treatment session
What is reflection on action?
- retrospective
- What worked, what did not work, why?
What is reflection for action?
- What can I do differently for the next time? Or what can I continue to do to get the same result?
What is content reflection?
- Analysis of the problem/situation from the perspectives of all those involved
- What is going on? What is the problem?
What is process reflecion?
- Looking at your actions or how you approached the situation
- Determine problem-solving strategies, determine efficacy of strategies chosen, explore other available strategies
What is premise reflection?
- analyze and question our own assumptions or assumptions underlying the problems we face
- Enables us to recognize these assumptions and question them before we make judgments or decisions
Ex: MD always does weight baring as tolerated for total knee patients
What is key to self-assessment?
reflection
Most patient fall in the ____ or ______ level for adult literacy.
basic or intermediate
What are the 3 major learning domains?
- cognitive
- psychomotor
- affective
What are the 6 progressive levels of cognitive domain?
1) Knowledge
2) Comprehension
3) Application
4) Analysis
5) Synthesis
6) Evaluation
What is the development of knowledge?
cognitive domain
What is the development of motor skills to be mastered?
psychomotor domain
What is the Development of attitudes, feelings, beliefs and values
affective domain - being open to making a change
What is perceptual and spiritual domains?
perceptual - Involves use of the senses in how patients receive and use information
spiritual - Various beliefs related to spirituality
What are the ABCD’s of Objective Writing?
- Audience (WHO)
- Behavior (What)
- Condition (When/HOW)
- Degree of Mastery (HOW WELL/HOW MUCH)
What is the rule of 7’s?
Working memory has limited capacity and can only process 7 items or “chunks” of information +/- 2 at a time
What is the precontemplation stage of change?
- no intention of making a behavioral change
- Provide information about potential risk of continuing and benefits of change
What is the contemplation stage of change?
- Beginning to think about making a positive change in behavior within next 6 months
- not entirely committed
- Clarify possible risks involved in resisting change and highlight the benefits of making it
What is preparation stage of change?
- making plans to change
- assist in goals
- realistic strategies and goals
What is action stage of change?
- actively participating in change
- promote self confidence and outline steps to reach goals
What is maintenance stage of change?
- Behavior change has persisted for more than 6 months
What is the 5A’s Behavioral Intervention Protocol?
1) address the issue
2) assess the issue
3) advise the patient
4) assist the patient
5) arrange for follow-up
What is Helping patient find their behavior change by letting them explore and find their mixed feelings to make the change that they need to make?
motivational interviewing
What are the 5 R’s?
1) Relevance
2) Risks
3) Rewards
4) Roadblocks
5) Repetition
In what environment is acquisition of knowledge done?
classroom
In what environment is acquisition of skill done?
Lab
In what environment is the use of knowledge and skill for clinical decision making and patient management done?
clinic
Learning takes place in a _______ of practice.
community
What are the 3 points of the learning triad?
- learner
- instructor
- clinical community
What are 3 distinct functions of mentors?
- support/affirmation
- challenge
- vision
What is assertiveness in managing conflict?
Focused on the task or own goals.
What is cooperativeness in managing conflict?
Focus on the relationship or others.
What is combos in managing conflict?
Compromise and Collaborate/Integrate
What is acquisition of a skilled movement?
motor learning
What are the 3 stages of motor learning?
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
What stage of motor learning has a basic understanding of skill, frequent errors, and still learning movments?
cognitive
What stage of motor learning doesn’t have to think about technique anymore and is difficult to correct improper form?
autonomous
What stage of motor learning automatically has technique, can recognize errors themselves, and errors are no longer major?
associative
What is open vs closed task?
open - occur under variable conditions requiring instantaneous adaptations.
- ex: walking in a busy street
closed - occur in a constant environment with minimal variations
ex: walking in parallel bars
What is discrete vs continuous task?
discrete - has inherent start and end point
ex: walking to cone and back
continuous - no inherent start or end
ex: driving, propelling a wheelchair
What is stability vs mobility task?
stability - require a stable base of support
ex: lying down, sitting, standing
Mobility - task demands associated with a mobile base of support
ex: running, jumping
_______ leads to mobility.
stability
What is massed vs distributed practice?
massed - more practice, less rest
distributed - more rest, less practice
Massed practice enhances ____ term recall
short
Distributed practice enhances _____ term recall
long, retention
What is constant vs variable practice?
constant - uniformed practice, skill practice same way each time
variable - skill practiced different ways each time
What is random vs blocked practice?
random - practice skills in an unpredictable order
blocked - practice skills in a set order
Random practice enhances ______ and ______.
retention and generalizability
Blocked practice enhance ____ performance
early
_______ practice is important to ensure learning
variable
______ practice will improve the transfer or tasks to novel conditions.
random
_________ feedback is critical to error detection and learning or relearning motor movements
Intrinsic
________ feedback is helpful in motivating patients/clients and reinforcing movements
Extrinisic
