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Medical Imaging > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ROI means

A

region of interest

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2
Q

Smallest unit of space on an image is ac called

A

pixel

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3
Q

Gamma rays ..

A

can be used to produce images

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4
Q

Calcification of an organ will appear

A

whiter

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5
Q

2 bit image will have how many grayscale shades?

A

4

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6
Q

Air in an x-ray will appear

A

black

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7
Q

X-rays are most often used to provide information on

A

structure

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8
Q

An image process in which the minimum and maximum pixel intensities between neighboring pixels are averaged to make a new image is called

A

Gaussian smoothing

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9
Q

CT scans are composed of multiple xrays called

A

tomographs

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10
Q

A ramp edge of an image has

A

a smooth transition from one pixel value to another

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11
Q

Grayscales are stored in the computer as

A

numbers

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12
Q

An imaging TIFF is an

A

image file storage method

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13
Q

The wavelength of light that can be seen by the human eye is

A

400-700 nm

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14
Q

A saturating color is

A

all one wavelength

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15
Q

A method of imaging that can analyze function is

A

PET

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16
Q

Pixel noise in an image

A

describes differences in pixel values that are not related to anatomy or function

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17
Q

If the pixels in an image are small, the image is likely to look

A

fine

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18
Q

The best tissue to be analyzed for structural changes with X-ray would be

A

bone

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19
Q

Which method of storing color information in an image relies on primary colors?

A

RBG

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20
Q

A Gaussian blur is a type of

A

smoothing

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21
Q

The wavelength of photons from X rays differ from visible light in that they are

A

shorter

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22
Q

A ramp edge is defined as

A

a smother transition from one set of pixel values to the next

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23
Q

The first person credited with discovering X-rays was

A

roentgen

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24
Q

Penetration of Xray determines

A

depth of tissue that can be imaged

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25
Q

A complete CAT scan of abdomen with current technology requires

A

less than 30 seconds

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26
Q

An image with high contrast will have

A

large differences in pixel values

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27
Q

X rays rely on photons that are

A

absorbed and transmitted

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28
Q

When imaging with x rays which one of the following tissue types is not well differentiated?

A

cartilage

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29
Q

A bony disease that is not well imaged in X rays is

A

osteoporosis

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30
Q

X rays are not good for identifying

A

injuries to knee growth plate

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31
Q

Ionization is the

A

untransmitted photons transferring energy to cells

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32
Q

A CT image is different from plain X ray in that CT

A

allows 3D reconstruction of tissue and has better contrast resolution

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33
Q

In CT, what part of the equipment rotates?

A

x ray beam

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34
Q

In imaging, a kernel is a

A

filter for CT scans

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35
Q

Multiplanar reconstruction means that

A

images are reconstructed in a different axial orientation than they were captured

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36
Q

Anaphlylactic reactions are infrequently noted during

A

CT with contrast dye

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37
Q

A hemorrhagic stroke in a CT scan appears

A

white

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38
Q

Which typically causes less radiation to be absorbed by the body?

A

CT scan

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39
Q

In an Xray, bone cancer will appear

A

less dense than surrounding tissue

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40
Q

Differences in pixel values that are not related to the anatomy or physiology are referred to as

A

noise

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41
Q

Medical imaging techniques that provide structural information include

A

ultrasound, X rays, CT

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42
Q

High spatial resolution can be lost by

A

movement of the patient

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43
Q

Ionization can damage cells predominantly by

A

damaging DNA

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44
Q

Images captured from the same location but a different time must be registered in order to make a proper comparison. That registration is called

A

intramodal registration

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45
Q

When images are sent to a distant site for interpretation, privacy regulations are followed that coincide with

A

the facility that captured the image

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46
Q

Grayscale level is determined by

A

numerical pixel value

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47
Q

Tomosynthesis is best used to image

A

breast

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48
Q

A sagittal plane cuts the body from

A

right to left

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49
Q

The organization responsible for the regulations about image storage and patient privacy is the

A

Medical Imaging and Technology Alliance

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50
Q

If ionizing radiation from an Xray is insufficient

A

background noise will be too great

51
Q

Tc-99m is excellent at differentiating

A

necrotic from healthy tissue

52
Q

Which of the following has the lowest risk level to the patient?

A

US

53
Q

A thin transducer head will transmit a

A

high frequency sound wave

54
Q

One method to observe drug activity is by

A

PET

55
Q

The time it takes for a radionucleotide to reach a value of 0.5 is called the

A

half-life

56
Q

Edge detection processing would be most important when analyzing the

A

size of a prostate tumor

57
Q

In a typical US image, a mass of dense material will appear

A

black

58
Q

The best method used to determine the function of the kidneys by monitoring the clearance of a substance through the kidney is

A

PET

59
Q

Water found in the body, such as in the bladder is best imaged using

A

T2 MRI

60
Q

The intensity of an MRI is measured in

A

Teslas

61
Q

Which instrument can erase information on a patients credit card?

A

MRI

62
Q

Superconducting MRI instruments are different because their magnets

A

are bathed in liquid helium to keep them cool

63
Q

Aneurysms are best imaged with

A

MRI

64
Q

Radionucleotides are often produced at a large hospital because

A

they have a short duration

65
Q

Steady-state noise can be minimized in most US images by

A

digital filtering

66
Q

Which imaging technique is contraindicated for people with cochlear implants?

A

MRI

67
Q

TC-99m labels

A

RBC

68
Q

Noise associated with signal-to-noise ratio in US is related to

A

scatter

69
Q

The imaging technique that is based on magnets is

A

MRI

70
Q

Nuclear medicine was first developed for diagnosis of disease in which organ?

A

thyroid

71
Q

The most common technique to diagnose cancer is

A

PET

72
Q

In order to obtain an image, sonography uses

A

soundwaves

73
Q

What does a PET scan best reveal?

A

cellular activity

74
Q

Which imaging technique has resolution up to 1 mm in 3D?

A

MRI

75
Q

The rate at which an excited nucleus returns to a more stable state is called the

A

decay

76
Q

A method of measuring brain function without contrast or radiation is

A

fMRI

77
Q

A limitation of fMRI is the

A

loss of resolution

78
Q

The tracer FDG is used with which of the following techniques?

A

PET

79
Q

Tissues and organs have a signature pattern of US

A

scatter

80
Q

One of the most important aspects of obtaining a clear image for US is to

A

match the type of transducer with the type of imaging that needs to be done

81
Q

Acoustic impedence is the

A

resistance for a sound wave to penetrate tissue

82
Q

The specific type of US imaging that uses reflected sound waves is called

A

pulse echo imaging

83
Q

Low frequency US beams are superior to high frequency beams in

A

tissue penetration

84
Q

The following technique vies metabolically active cells

A

PET

85
Q

Which physician is qualified to interpret PET?

A

radiologist

86
Q

Resolution of US image and the attenuation of the US beam energy depends on the

A

wavelength and frequency of the sound wave

87
Q

When a proton returns to its resting state it is called

A

relaxation

88
Q

Dense tissue such as a tumor will be bright using

A

T2 MRI

89
Q

An imaging technique that utilizes protons is called

A

MRI

90
Q

The most expensive imaging instrument is

A

MRI

91
Q

Adipose tissue is best visualized as bright tissue when using

A

T1 MRI

92
Q

The basic unit of measure for the activity of a quantity of radioactive material is a

A

Curie

93
Q

Duplex scanning is done with which mode of imaging?

A

US doppler

94
Q

High frequency wavelengths are superior to low frequency for

A

image resolution

95
Q

Spin-Spin relaxation time is associated with

A

T2 MRI

96
Q

Which technique uses radioactive compounds for imaging?

A

Nuclear imaging

97
Q

Which system must move to collect a picture for each projection angle?

A

SPECT

98
Q

A technique to measure brain activity based on changes in blood flow is

A

fMRI

99
Q

A possible noise artifact of US that is not found in other imaging techniques like CT scans is

A

shadows

100
Q

A limitation in obtaining good US images of the abdomen is

A

obesity

101
Q

Positive contrast media

A

has increased absorption of xrays and shows up white on film

102
Q

Negative contrast media

A

less absorption of xrays and shows up black on film

103
Q

Positive contrast media examples

A

anything iodinated

104
Q

Negative contrast media examples

A

gas like air or CO2

105
Q

Procedure for oral contrast test

A

fasting for several hours and drink chalky substance (barium sulfate) or have air/gas through a nasogastric tube or drink effervescent tablets

106
Q

Typical components used for oral contrast media

A

barium sulfate
gastrografin (iodine)
sodium bicarbonate

107
Q

VFSS from patients point of view

A

patient placed next to xray machine and eat/drink barium filled food or drink. Position head and neck in different swallowing variance.

108
Q

Common fixatives and stains

A

formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde
mercurial
picrates
oxidizing agents or alcohols

109
Q

Most common stain

A

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H &E)

110
Q

Massons Trichrome staining

A

stains collagen and other fibrous molecules a deep blue, stains cells red

111
Q

Weigert’s elastic stain

A

stains elastic fibers in extracellular matrix

112
Q

Silver stains

A

stains neurons

113
Q

Wrights stain

A

stains RBCs red or pink

stains nuclei purple

114
Q

Periodic acid-schiff stain

A

stains glycogen and used for basement membranes (blue)

115
Q

Schmorl’s method

A

stain melanin in skin

used for skin cancers

116
Q

Antibody staining

A

specifically binds to a protein

tagged with fluorescent or non-fluorscent probe

117
Q

Bone tissue in T1 appears.. T2? CT?

A

dark
dark
white

118
Q

Air appears… in T1, T2? CT?

A

dark
dark
dark

119
Q

Fat appears … in T1, T2, CT?

A

bright
dark
dark

120
Q

Water appears… in T1, T2, CT?

A

dark
bright
dark

121
Q

Gray brain matter appears … in T1, T2, CT? White matter?

A

gray=gray
intermediate
intermediate
white=white (T1)

122
Q

Infarct appears .. in T1, T2, CT?

A

dark
bright
dark

123
Q

Tumor appears.. in T1, T2, CT?

A

dark
bright
dark

124
Q

MS plaque appears … in T1, T2, CT?

A

dark
bright
dark

Medical Imaging (2 decks)

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