Final Exam Flashcards
what descriptors comprise the teaching process
- formal
- informal
- skill/art
- requires practice
- dynamic
What is our “Internal Map”
- our realities of how things ARE
2. our perception of how things SHOULD BE
define pedagogy
the act of teaching
define andragogy
focuses on adult learning
- flexibility
- practicality
- mutual respect
what are the preferred learning styles?
- accommodating
- diverging
- converging
- assimilating
what are the common learning theories
- behaviorism
- cognitive learning theory
- experimental/problem solving
- social-cultural
what is the behaviorism learning theory
the process of learning involves rewarding correct behavior until the behavioral change is consistently demonstrated
when does behaviorism work well
when teaching a skill with a measurable action
application of behaviorism
where the pt can practice the behavior and receive feedback on performance until mastery is achieved
what is the cognitive learning theory
learners construct meaningful knowledge by connecting new concept or knowledge to what they already know
- moving from simple and concrete to complex and abstract
application of cognitive learning
knowledge that is connected to a clinical context improves retention
what is the experiential/problem solving learning theory
must learn not only what but also how to apply what they know
- creating learning experiences in which there is a structure that facilitates reflection on the learning
application of experiential/problem solving learning
learning opportunities whereby learners are engages in active learning
- well suited to clinical or community settings
what is the social-cultural learning theory
learning occurs in the social or practice setting
- learner then able to venture out into different experiences and learn additional knowledge
application of social-cultural learning theory
role models and mentors can have a powerful effect on the learners
- needs to build self-efficacy in learners to allow them to have incremental success and enhanced participation
what is the David Kolb’s learning styles
describes a cyclic progress through problem solving
question-hypothesis-experiment-question
diverging
feeling and watching - CE/RO
able to look at things from different perspectives
- sensitive
- prefer to watch than do
- asks WHY? WHY NOT?
what are the in-betweens of the preferred learning styles
CE - concrete experience
AC - Abstract conceptualization
AE- Abstract experimentation
RO - Reflective Observation
Assimilating
watching and thinking - AC/RO
concise, logical approach. ideas and concept are more important than people
- require good clear explanation rather than practical opportunity
- asks WHAT?
Converging
doing and thinking - AC/AE
solve problems and use their learning to find solutions to practical issues
- prefer technical tasks
- best at finding practical uses for ideas and theories
- asks HOW DOES IT WORK?
Accommodating
doing and feeling - CE/AE
hands-on and relies on intuition rather than logic
- prefers a practical, experimental approach
- asks SO WHAT NOW?
define culture
Refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups
define competence
Having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities
asian/pacific islander
- Oldest male is the decision maker/spokesperson
- Interests/honors of family are more important than those of individual family members
- Strong emphasis on avoiding conflict and direct confrontation
- Mental illness may produce guilt or shame
hispanic
- Older person should be addressed by their last name.
- Avoid gesturing, some may have adverse connotations.
- the valuing of family considerations over individual or community needs, is strong
- tends to be patriarchal and follow a rigid hierarchical structure
- Family involvement in health care is common
- reluctant to share their beliefs with healthcare providers
african american
- Can be either patriarchal or matriarchal, but tends to be matriarchal
- Higher percentage of Single moms
- Religion/faith play a large part in their culture
- Strong family ties
- Medical healthcare team distrust
Caucasian
- Many elderly Americans would rather live alone and be self-reliant
- Roles and duties in the family are becoming less dictated by a person’s gender
- Strong religious beliefs depending on region
_____________ were more involved in activities with their church networks and significantly more likely to give and receive assistance from church members
african americans
_______ elders were more likely than Whites to live with other relatives and less likely to be with a spouse
minority
Minorities such as _________ and _________ had more fictive kin
african americans
hispanics
silent generation
born 1925-1942
- Value hard work and thriftiness
- Work values of conformity, consistency and uniformity
- Value the system over the individual enterprise
- Emphasize traditions
baby boomers
born 1943-1960
- Have the buy now, pay later mentality
- Equate work with self worth
- Driven and dedicated
generation x
born 1961- 1981
- Do not belong to any group
- Know how to win
- Manage on their own and participate in discussions
- Balance job and leisure time
- Try to attain several goals all at once
millennials
born after 1982-1996
- Optimistic, assertive, positive
- Accept authority – are rule followers
- Accustomed to structure
- Think of themselves as global
- Prefer to multitask
- Have difficulty honing skills of critical analysis necessary to read between the lines
generation z
1997 and on ward
- Search for the truth
- Don’t abide by labels, appreciate individualism
- Solve conflicts and improve the world
baby boomer learning style
detailed handouts, note taking
gen x learning style
programmed instruction done independently
millennial learning style
creative, innovative interactive exercises
gen z learning style
apps
define conscious reflection
facilitates deeper learning beyond rote memorization
What is Reflection-in-action
continuously questioning, observing, assessing, and adjusting our thoughts and actions throughout the treatment session (Active Reflection)
- Function at two levels simultaneously
- Am I getting the results I want?
what is reflection-on-action?
what worked, what did not work, why?
Why did it happen?
what is reflection-for-action?
What might you do if..?
What might I do differently next time?
what is content reflection
analysis of the problem/situation from the perspectives of all those involved
- What else might be going on?
- What might the pt be feeling?
what is process reflection
determine how we might approach the situation or what strategies we might choose in addressing the problem
- explore other strategies
- how else can i get the information I need?
what is premise reflection
requires us to analyze and question our own assumptions or assumptions underlying the problems we face
enables us to recognize these assumptions and question them before we make judgements or decisions
- why do you think you need to know this?
- what assumptions do you hold in this situation?
what is the most difficult level of reflection
premise reflection
what elements are essential to the process of reflection
awareness of feelings and thoughts (trigger event)
critical analysis of feelings, thoughts, and knowledge
new perspective
what are bloom’s 3 domains of learning
- cognitive
- psychomotor
- affective
what is the cognitive domain?
- development of knowledge
- language based information
- concepts to be learned
what are the levels of the cognitive domain
- Knowledge
- comprehension
- application
- analysis
- synthesis
- evaluation
what is the psychomotor domain
development of motor skills to be mastered
what are the levels of the psychomotor domain
- perception
- set
- guided response
- mechanism
- complex overt response
- adaptation
- origination
what is the affective domain
development of attitudes, feelings, beliefs, and values
what are the levels of the affective domain
- receiving
- responding
- valuing
- organization
- internalization
what is the perceptual domain
involves use of the senses in how patients receive and use information
what is the spiritual domain
various beliefs related to spirituality
what is the rule of 7s
Working memory has limited capacity and can only process 7 items or “chunks” of information +/- 2 at a time
what is a content booster
refers to any techniques, materials, activities that are used to reinforce learning and allow for processing
when is reposition effective
more effective with skill or procedural memory versus semantic memory
when is elaboration more effective
when manipulating semantic info while in working memory
- creating a memory
- mnemonic
- group discuss/debrief
active learning strategies =
content booster
what is the biopsychosocial perspective
biology + environment
- physical
- social
- psychological
behavioral change requires…
belief that one has the ability to change
what are the key concepts to the health belief model
perceived. .
- threat
- severity
- benefits
- barriers
- self efficacy
What is the transtheoretical model of change
Moves from precontemplation to maintenance
what is the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change
patient as no intention of making a behavioral change
- provide info about potential risk of continuing and benefits of change
what is the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change
pt is beginning to think about making a positive change within next 6 months. still not entirely committed
- clarify possible risks involved in resisting change and highlight benefits of change
what is the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model of change
pt is making plans to change
- assist in developing and supporting plan of change. realistic and attainable goals, pt must be involved
what is the action stage of the transtheoretical model of change
actively participating in their treatment programs
- promote self-confidence and outline steps to reach goals
what is the maintenance stage of the transtheoretical model of change
behavior change has persisted for more than 6 months. prevention of relapse!
what is the 5As behavioral intervention protocol
- address the issue
- assess the issue
- advise the patient
- assist the pt
- arrange for follow up
what is motivational interviewing
directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence
- encourages the desire to change from the pt
what are the 5Rs of motivational interview
- relevance
- risks
- rewards
- roadblocks
- repetition
what is the primary learning activity in the classroom
acquisition of knowledge
what is the primary learning activity in the lab
acquisition of skill
what is the primary learning activity in the clinic
use of knowledge and skill for clinical decision making and patient management
what are the Lave and Wenger 4 components of social interactions necessary for learning
learning by..
- experience
- engaging in practice
- belonging
- becoming
personal meaning making
- engagement
- dialogue
- reflexion
- observation
what is the learning triad
- learner
- instructor
- clinical community
what is the traditional role of a mentor
an older, wiser, more experienced person influencing and guiding a younger, less experienced individual or protege through life’s transitions
- provide vision
what is communication
a reciprocal interactional process which occurs in an environment where people share meaning verbally and non-verbally
assertiveness
conflict resolution
focuses on the task or own goals
avoid domineer
cooperativeness
conflict resolution
focus on the relationship or others
avoid accommodate
what is the “combo” of conflict resolution
compromise and collaborate/integrate
what is motor learning
acquisition of skilled movement
what is the cognitive stage of motor learning
- basic understanding of movement or skill
- frequent errors
- still thinking of and learning the movements
what is the associative stage of motor learning
- automatically has technique
- can recognize and feel the errors themselves
- errors no longer major
what is the autonomous stage of motor learning
- movements are automatic
- doesn’t have to think about technique
- difficult to correct improper form learned at this stage
what are the types of movement
- open v closed
- discrete v continuous
- stability v mobility
what is open movement
Occur under variable conditions requiring instantaneous adaptations
Example: walking in a busy corridor
what is closed movement
Tasks or skills occur in a constant environment and can be produced with minimal variations each time
Example: Teaching a patient to walk in the parallel bars where the surface, length, and height of the bars remain constant
what is discrete movement
Has an inherent beginning and end point
Ex: Setting the brakes on a wheelchair
what is continuous movement
Has no inherent beginning or end
Performer arbitrarily decides when to begin or end the task
Example: Driving a car or propelling a wheelchair
what are stability tasks
Require a stable base of support
Example: Lying down, sitting, standing
what are mobility tasks
Task demands associated with a mobile base of support
Example: Running, jumping
what is massed practice
Session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
May lead to fatigue
Enhances short term recall
what is distributed practice
Session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial
Enhances overall performance or retention
what is constant practice
Uniformed practice
Repeats skill in the same way each time
Maximizes skill performance under certain conditions
Tasks that require minimal variation and will be performed in constant conditions
what is variable practice
Conditions and types of practice vary between practice attempts
Varying the practice requires more active learning and problem solving
Enhances retention and generalizability of the skill to novel tasks
May be most essential when learning tasks that are likely to be performed in variable conditions
what is random practice
Practice a number of skills in an unpredictable order
- Practice a series of skills in differing sequences
Varying the order and starting position in which you practice scooting, rolling, sitting up
Enhances retention and generalizability
what is blocked practice
Practice each set of skills in a “blocked” fashion
Practice each set of skills until some degree of success is achieved before moving on to another skill
Practicing scooting, rolling and assuming sit from supine in the same order and in the same way each time
Enhances early performance
massed practice key point
improves performance in short term
distributed practice key point
enhances accuracy and retention in long term
variable practice key point
important to ensure learning
blocked practice key point
may result in better early skill acquisition
random practice key point
better than blocked in promoting learning
- will improve the transfer of tasks to novel conditions
guided practice key point
improves early performance and assist the individual in understanding the task demands
discovery practice key point
critical to the later retention and transfer of skill
what is intrinsic feedback
Feedback about the movement and movement result that is inherent to the task itself
Does not rely on an external source
what is extrinsic feedback (augmented)
Knowledge of Performance: feedback about some aspect of the performance of the movement
Knowledge of Results: Feedback regarding the outcome of the movement in relation to the goal of the movement
intrinsic feedback key points
critical to error detection and learning or relearning motor movements
extrinsic feedback key points
helpful in motivating patients/clients and reinforcing movements
what is structure building
- degree in which we can identify key points from new material and integration into prior knowledge to create meaningful structures = high structure
Low structure: difficulty sorting through high important vs. low important info.. Have to have strategies to keep focus on key concepts
what are example learners
- tend to focus on nuances of each problem or example without identifying principles that link different examples together
Helpful to compare and contrast when learning
