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Delusions and disorders > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is ASD?

A

A developmental disorder characterised by behavioural inflexibility and poor social communication

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2
Q

What are the social communication deficits for ASD outlined by the DSM-V

A
  1. deficits in social emotional reciprocity
  2. deficits in non-verbal
    communication
  3. Deficits in maintaining relationships
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3
Q

What are the behavioural deficits for ASD outlined in the DMS-V?

A
  1. Abnormally restricted interests
  2. inflexible routines
  3. motor mannerisms
  4. preoccupation with parts of objects
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4
Q

How many deficits need to be present to diagnose autism?

A

All 3 social comm impairments and atleast 2 behaviour impairments

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5
Q

What are the cognitive models for describing ASD?

A

Theory of mind

Joint attention

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6
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

The ability to infer mental states that differ from ones own

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7
Q

What is joint attention?

A

The ability to direct your attention to another person’s object of attention

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8
Q

How do we test for theory of mind?

A

False contents tasks

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9
Q

What causes theory of mind deficits?

A

Deficits in executive functions which help overcome the salience of reality

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10
Q

Where in the brain can we find deficits in executive function?

A

Right inferior frontal gyrus

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11
Q

What are disorders of the self?

A

Disorders where there is a disruption in either our sense of angency or body autonomy

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12
Q

What do we mean by agency?

A

That our intentions map onto the causal nature of the world

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13
Q

What do we mean by body autonomy?

A

That we are in control of our own body and that body exists in space

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14
Q

Agency can be disrupted in states of:

A

Flow
Ritual
Hypnosis

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15
Q

Anarchic Hand syndrome

A

Agency disorder - hand having a mind of its own

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16
Q

What causes AHS?

A

damage to supplementary motor area

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17
Q

Delusions of control

A

Agency disorder - actions/thoughts caused by external entity

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18
Q

Other examples of agency disorders

A

OCD
Depression
Addiction

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19
Q

Comparator model of agency?

A

Does sensory info match the predicted sensory info? If not, delusion may arise

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20
Q

Apparent mental causation

A

Do events match thoughts?

Are our thoughts prior, exclusive and consistent?

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21
Q

Causes of body autonomy disorders

A

Stroke
amputation
developmental changes (anorexia)

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22
Q

How can we study body autonomy

A

By disrupting it w/ illusions i.e. rubber hand illusion

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23
Q

Examples of body autonomy disorders

A

Phantom limbs
Anorexia
Somaptoparaphrenia

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24
Q

Case studies of disorders of the self

A

Rubber hand illusion

25
Q

What are delusions?

A

A false belief that is resistant to evidence

26
Q

Mirrored self misidetification

A

The person you see in the mirror is not you but someone who looks like you

27
Q

Capgras delusion

A

Someone close to you has been replaced by an imposter

28
Q

Fregoli delusion

A

Belief that you are dead

29
Q

Somatoparaphrenia

A

A part of your body belongs to someone else

30
Q

Alien control delusion

A

Other people make you move parts of your body

31
Q

What do all 6 delusions have in common?

A

monothematic
have insight
encapsulated (may not act on their belief)
Not rare

32
Q

Model for delusions

A

Two factor theory

33
Q

Describe the two factor theory of delusions

A

evaluating:

  1. what suggested the idea of the belief
  2. what prevented the belief from being rejected.
34
Q

What is neurologically common amongst delusions?

A

Damage to right hemisphere (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

35
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

being leant into suggestions

36
Q

what are different types of hypnotic suggestions?

A

ideomotor - thoughts becoming actions
Challenge- suggesting someone do the opposite of what they percieve
Delucory - hallucinations
Post-hypnotic amnesia

37
Q

how many people are hypnotisable?

A

10-15%

38
Q

Why use hypnosis?

A

It shares many features with delusions and allows us to test delusions in a safe manner

39
Q

Examples of hypnosis as a study of delusions

A

Hypnosis to forget - functional amnesia
Hypnosis to experience paralysis - Conversion paralysis
Hypnosis and delusions

40
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia encompasses a wide range of delusions/hallucinations

41
Q

Types of delusions in schizophrenia

A
  1. Persecutory
  2. Of reference - difficulty properly ascribing meaning
  3. Grandiose
  4. Somatic
  5. Loss of boundaries
42
Q

Types of hallucinations in schizophrenia

A
  1. Auditory
  2. Visual
  3. Verbal
  4. Somatic
43
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  1. Speech impairments
  2. Disorganised behaviour
  3. Negative symptoms (absence of normal qualia)
  4. Drops in social functioning
44
Q

How do we diagnose schizophrenia

A

At least 2 symptoms persisting for 6 months or more

45
Q

How do we categorie symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  1. reality distortion
  2. disorganisation
  3. Negative symptoms
46
Q

Why is ToM relevant to schizophrenia

A

because of the drop in normal social functioning

Because of innapropriate social inferring.

47
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

An unusual mixing of the senses.

48
Q

Grapheme colour synaesthesia

A

symbols elicit colour

49
Q

Auditory-visual synaesthesia

A

every sound has a colour

50
Q

touch colour synaesthesia

A

different touches have clours

51
Q

time space synaesthesia

A

words/concepts exist in space

52
Q

mirror touch synaesthesia

A

feel the touch of others

53
Q

olfactory visual synaesthesia

A

can smell colours

54
Q

What causes synaesthesia?

A
  1. possible genetic predisposition
  2. overactive linking of concepts to experiences
  3. extra connection between brain areas
55
Q

How do you measure synaesthesia?

A
  1. Ask people
  2. Look at the effecg it has on some tasks
  3. Synaesthetic congruency task - to what degree is it voluntary?
  4. Synaesthetic priming
56
Q

2 key elements of hypnosis

A
  1. As procedure (hypnotist)

2. As product (subject)

57
Q

Stages of Hypnosis

A

Introduction
Induction
Hypnotic suggestion
Deinduction

58
Q

Subjects of hypnosis may experience

A
  1. Altered reality
  2. hallucinations
    3 age regression
  3. amnesia
  4. posthypnotic suggestion
59
Q

What features do hypnosis and delusion share?

A

Believed with conviction
resistant to counterargument
resistant to counter-evidence

Delusions and disorders (1 decks)

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