Final exam

Question 1

What is ASD?

Answer 1

A developmental disorder characterised by behavioural inflexibility and poor social communication

Question 2

What are the social communication deficits for ASD outlined by the DSM-V

Answer 2

1. deficits in social emotional reciprocity
2. deficits in non-verbal
   communication
3. Deficits in maintaining relationships

Question 3

What are the behavioural deficits for ASD outlined in the DMS-V?

Answer 3

1. Abnormally restricted interests
2. inflexible routines
3. motor mannerisms
4. preoccupation with parts of objects

Question 4

How many deficits need to be present to diagnose autism?

Answer 4

All 3 social comm impairments and atleast 2 behaviour impairments

Question 5

What are the cognitive models for describing ASD?

Answer 5

Theory of mind

Joint attention

Question 6

What is theory of mind?

Answer 6

The ability to infer mental states that differ from ones own

Question 7

What is joint attention?

Answer 7

The ability to direct your attention to another person’s object of attention

Question 8

How do we test for theory of mind?

Answer 8

False contents tasks

Question 9

What causes theory of mind deficits?

Answer 9

Deficits in executive functions which help overcome the salience of reality

Question 10

Where in the brain can we find deficits in executive function?

Answer 10

Right inferior frontal gyrus

Question 11

What are disorders of the self?

Answer 11

Disorders where there is a disruption in either our sense of angency or body autonomy

Question 12

What do we mean by agency?

Answer 12

That our intentions map onto the causal nature of the world

Question 13

What do we mean by body autonomy?

Answer 13

That we are in control of our own body and that body exists in space

Question 14

Agency can be disrupted in states of:

Answer 14

Flow
Ritual
Hypnosis

Question 15

Anarchic Hand syndrome

Answer 15

Agency disorder - hand having a mind of its own

Question 16

What causes AHS?

Answer 16

damage to supplementary motor area

Question 17

Delusions of control

Answer 17

Agency disorder - actions/thoughts caused by external entity

Question 18

Other examples of agency disorders

Answer 18

OCD
Depression
Addiction

Question 19

Comparator model of agency?

Answer 19

Does sensory info match the predicted sensory info? If not, delusion may arise

Question 20

Apparent mental causation

Answer 20

Do events match thoughts?

Are our thoughts prior, exclusive and consistent?

Question 21

Causes of body autonomy disorders

Answer 21

Stroke
amputation
developmental changes (anorexia)

Question 22

How can we study body autonomy

Answer 22

By disrupting it w/ illusions i.e. rubber hand illusion

Question 23

Examples of body autonomy disorders

Answer 23

Phantom limbs
Anorexia
Somaptoparaphrenia

Question 24

Case studies of disorders of the self

Answer 24

Rubber hand illusion

Question 25

What are delusions?

Answer 25

A false belief that is resistant to evidence

Question 26

Mirrored self misidetification

Answer 26

The person you see in the mirror is not you but someone who looks like you

Question 27

Capgras delusion

Answer 27

Someone close to you has been replaced by an imposter

Question 28

Fregoli delusion

Answer 28

Belief that you are dead

Question 29

Somatoparaphrenia

Answer 29

A part of your body belongs to someone else

Question 30

Alien control delusion

Answer 30

Other people make you move parts of your body

Question 31

What do all 6 delusions have in common?

Answer 31

monothematic have insight encapsulated (may not act on their belief) Not rare

Question 32

Model for delusions

Answer 32

Two factor theory

Question 33

Describe the two factor theory of delusions

Answer 33

evaluating: 1. what suggested the idea of the belief 2. what prevented the belief from being rejected.

Question 34

What is neurologically common amongst delusions?

Answer 34

Damage to right hemisphere (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

Question 35

What is hypnosis?

Answer 35

being leant into suggestions

Question 36

what are different types of hypnotic suggestions?

Answer 36

ideomotor - thoughts becoming actions Challenge- suggesting someone do the opposite of what they percieve Delucory - hallucinations Post-hypnotic amnesia

Question 37

how many people are hypnotisable?

Answer 37

10-15%

Question 38

Why use hypnosis?

Answer 38

It shares many features with delusions and allows us to test delusions in a safe manner

Question 39

Examples of hypnosis as a study of delusions

Answer 39

Hypnosis to forget - functional amnesia Hypnosis to experience paralysis - Conversion paralysis Hypnosis and delusions

Question 40

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 40

Schizophrenia encompasses a wide range of delusions/hallucinations

Question 41

Types of delusions in schizophrenia

Answer 41

1. Persecutory 2. Of reference - difficulty properly ascribing meaning 3. Grandiose 4. Somatic 5. Loss of boundaries

Question 42

Types of hallucinations in schizophrenia

Answer 42

1. Auditory 2. Visual 3. Verbal 4. Somatic

Question 43

Symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 43

1. Speech impairments 2. Disorganised behaviour 3. Negative symptoms (absence of normal qualia) 4. Drops in social functioning

Question 44

How do we diagnose schizophrenia

Answer 44

At least 2 symptoms persisting for 6 months or more

Question 45

How do we categorie symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 45

1. reality distortion 2. disorganisation 3. Negative symptoms

Question 46

Why is ToM relevant to schizophrenia

Answer 46

because of the drop in normal social functioning Because of innapropriate social inferring.

Question 47

What is synaesthesia?

Answer 47

An unusual mixing of the senses.

Question 48

Grapheme colour synaesthesia

Answer 48

symbols elicit colour

Question 49

Auditory-visual synaesthesia

Answer 49

every sound has a colour

Question 50

touch colour synaesthesia

Answer 50

different touches have clours

Question 51

time space synaesthesia

Answer 51

words/concepts exist in space

Question 52

mirror touch synaesthesia

Answer 52

feel the touch of others

Question 53

olfactory visual synaesthesia

Answer 53

can smell colours

Question 54

What causes synaesthesia?

Answer 54

1. possible genetic predisposition 2. overactive linking of concepts to experiences 3. extra connection between brain areas

Question 55

How do you measure synaesthesia?

Answer 55

1. Ask people 2. Look at the effecg it has on some tasks 3. Synaesthetic congruency task - to what degree is it voluntary? 4. Synaesthetic priming

Question 56

2 key elements of hypnosis

Answer 56

1. As procedure (hypnotist) | 2. As product (subject)

Question 57

Stages of Hypnosis

Answer 57

Introduction Induction Hypnotic suggestion Deinduction

Question 58

Subjects of hypnosis may experience

Answer 58

1. Altered reality 2. hallucinations 3 age regression 4. amnesia 5. posthypnotic suggestion

Question 59

What features do hypnosis and delusion share?

Answer 59

Believed with conviction resistant to counterargument resistant to counter-evidence