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Bee Keeping > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

American Foul Brood - Biology & How is it transmitted?

A

Rod Shaped - Spore forming

Infective stage is the spore, transported by ingestion of contaminated food.

Nurse bees move out the infected dead bees, these are the same bees that feed the next brood and transmit the virus.

Attacks young larvae (<2 days of age). Kills in late pupal stage.

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2
Q

Recognizing AFB

A

Form a scale that is hard to remove.

Scan frames for perforated cappings when inspecting

Open cells

Smells and is gross looking

Decay in cells

Color - tan to dark brown
position : bottom wall of cell flattened
Consistency: ropey

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3
Q

AFB Treatment

A

If your bees die of this in the winter, you burn the whole colony - pour gasoline and light it on fire.

Treat with antibiotic with new frames and shake the bees onto the new frames

Feed it to the bees
Keep AFB resistant bees - hygienic bees

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4
Q

EFB

A

Spore

Infects larvae after ingestion
Older larvae typically twist in cell and do not settle in cell bottom like AFB killed larvae.

Larvae turn yellowish then brown the white cross-pattern

Scales are easily detached

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5
Q

EFB Treatment

A

Light infection: Eliminate stress with nectar substitutes

Moderate: may want to requeen and eliminate stress

Heavy: treat with terramycin (vet fee) and requeen

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6
Q

Sacbrood

A

(viral)
Common

Older larvae more susceptible, die after cells are sealed

Turn yellow-gray and blackish, head goes gray first

Die with head raised and different color

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7
Q

Chalkbrood

A

(fungal)
Treatment: reduce stress and increase sunlight and apiary

Can be exasperated by chilling of the larvae

The larva is transformed into a white chalk-like mummy

No effective treatment available, re-queen may help

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8
Q

Nosema

A

fungal (microsporidian)

Microsporidian

Very common condition
50 - 90% colonies have nosema

Serious issues with the digestive system and development. Absorbs all their nutrients.

Lifespan of worker bees might be reduced 78%

Not a lot of good symptoms, you could crush the bees and look for the spores.

If you bees poop everywhere, could be a sign

Heavy infections are similar to dysentery

Use antibiotic fumagillin which is fed in the fall as a preventative

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9
Q

Deformed Wing Virus

A

Very common RNA virus, can affect all life stages and castes

•Major transmission by varroamites, but can also be transmitted horizontally and vertically

Primary symptom –wing deformity; however no deformity if infected post-emergence

Can reduce lifespan of infected workers, may increase winter losses

No treatment other than treating colonies to reduce varroa.

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10
Q

Tracheal Mite

A

Internal parasite of the respiratory system of adult honey bees.

Mites populations are highest in late winter and this is time when the mites have their most destructive effect

use grease patties or formic acid

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11
Q

Varroa Mite

A

External parasite of both adult and immature honey bees

Adult Honey Bees: Shaking/washing methodEther roll method, powdered sugar roll

Brood Examination: Collection and examination of pupae, especially drone pupae

Hive Debris Inspection: Screen and white paper on the bottom board -sticky board

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12
Q

Controlling Varroa

A

Synthetic chemical miticides(Apistan, CheckMite)

Fumigants -organic acids (formic acid, oxalic acid),

essential oils (thymol)

Colony dusting -inert dusts (powdered sugar)

Biopesticides-sucrose octanoate(Sucrocide)

Biological control -fungus Metarhiziumanisopliae

Cultural techniques -screened bottom boards, dronebrood trapping

Resistant stock (Russian, VSH, Hygienic)

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13
Q

Wax Moths

A

Wax moths do not kill colonies, primarily a pest of stored equipment and weak colonies

Control: stored comb must be protected

Fumigation◦Exposure to CO2 fumigation

Non-chemical control

Exposure to freezing temperatures

Storing equipment in lighted areas

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14
Q

Small Hive Beetles

A

Larvae tunnel through comb with stored honey or pollen, damaging or destroying cappings and comb

Larvae defecate in honey and the honey becomes discolored from the feces

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15
Q

Summer Management (3)

A

Honey production
Disease / parasite prevention and control
Queen management

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16
Q

SuperingColonies

A
  1. Bees need space for nectar storage
  2. Provide place for bees to congregate
  3. Empty space stimulates nectar gathering
  4. Potential problem -bees may use supers for brood: avoid by use of queen excluder
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17
Q

Comb Honey Production

A

Can be produced as cut comb or section comb honey

Use non-wired foundation, thin surplus foundation for section comb honey

Requires strong colonies and special management

Supers should be filled rapidly and removed to avoid travel staining of comb

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18
Q

In-hive signs of a nectar flow

A
  • whitening of the comb

* nectar shaking out

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19
Q

Rules for Supering Colonies

A

Top super if adding supers with drawn comb,

bottom super if supers contain frames with foundation

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20
Q

Summer management: Queen Evaluation

A

Physical appearance is of little importance

Performance of the queen
◦brood pattern
◦solid pattern, few missed cells, brood of similar age, lack of disease
◦condition of the brood nest
◦compact brood nest
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21
Q

Summer management: Queen Evaluation:

Performance of the colony

A 
–is it a good honey producer
–what is its tendency toward swarming
–do the bees winter well
–how well does the colony adjust brood rearing to nectar flows
–are the bees gentle
22
Q

Importance of Queen Age

A

Young queens (1 -2 yrs of age) are more productive.

Colonies with young queens have more brood and produce more honey

Colonies headed by young queens are less likely to swarm

Young queens produce greater quantities of pheromones

23
Q

When to requeening Colonies

A

On a regular basis; annually if possible

◦Prefer late summer to early autumn
◦Spring not recommended as it delays build-up

Whenever a poor queen is found

24
Q

Basic Rules for Requeening

A

The new queen should be in a condition similar to the old queen

Weaker colonies accept queens more easily than do strong colonies

Requeening is easier during nectar flows

Queens should be introduced slowly

25
Q

Techniques to introduce a new queen

A

̈use a queen cage

use wire screen cage + queen cage

introduce queen into a weak colony and combine the hives with newspaper after the new queen is laying eggs

26
Q

Basic Techniques for Removing Bees from Honey Supers

A
  1. Shaking and Brushing
  2. Use of Bee Repellent
  3. Use of Bee Escape
  4. Use of Bee Blower
27
Q

Remove only Ripe Honey

A

moisture content < 18.6%

frames should be at least 65 -75% capped

28
Q

Honey Extraction:

Shaking and Brushing

A

Good technique for 1 or 2 hives

Bees are shaken and brushed form individual frames, then placed into a clean, empty super with a cover

Disadvantages:
•time consuming
•anger bees
•cannot use with comb honey

29
Q

Honey Extraction:

Bee Repellents

A

Good technique for any size operation, dates back to 1930’s

Start bees moving with puff smoke, place fume board on top of super, offset slightly

Requires ~ 10 mins for bee to move out of the super(s)

everything smells like the repellent!

30
Q

Removal of Honey Supers:

Use of a Bee Escape

A

One way exit so bees can leave honey supers but not return

Escape board (bee escape + inner cover) is placed between honey supers and brood chambers

Disadvantages:•works best if nights are cool•requires two trips to the bee yard•possibility of robbing if supers are not sealed

31
Q

Removal of Honey Supers:

Use of a Bee Blower

A

Technique that uses forced air to blow bees out of supers

Disadvantage: cost >$500 for a bee blower

32
Q

Handling Honey After Removal From the Hive

A
  1. Production of cut comb or section comb honey

2. Production of extracted honey

33
Q

Storage of Cut Comb and Section Comb Honey

A

Comb honey should be stored in a freezer
Freezing temperatures kill pests (wax moth)
Freezing prevents crystallization

34
Q

Extraction of Honey from the Comb

A
  1. Cutting wax cappings off of cells
  2. Spin out honey by centrifugal force
  3. Clean honey by straining and settling
  4. Bottle honey
35
Q

Physical Factors Important in the Honey Extraction Process

A

Temperature, Moisture

36
Q

Methods for removing cappings

A

•electric knife or uncapping plane•uncapping machine (for a large operation)

37
Q

Handling cappings

A
  • collect and drain, or spin to remove honey•melt and separate wax from honey
  • let bees ‘rob out’ cappings
38
Q

Tangential (Reversible) Extractors

A
  • frames sit on a tangent to circular tanks
  • spin honey out of one side, then reverse frame position
  • more efficient at low speed
39
Q

Radial Extractors

A
  • frames sit on a radial axis of the circular tank

* operate at higher speeds (150-300 rpm) and spin honey out of both sides at one time

40
Q

Composition of honey

A

sugars, water, acids, protein

41
Q

Colony Strength for Wintering

A

Colonies should have > 30,000 bees for wintering
Stronger colonies utilize food more efficiently
Weaker colonies should be combined
Recommended colony size -2 full depth hive bodies

42
Q

Wintering Small Colonies

A

Small hives and nucs can be wintered successfully
Require more care
•Need to consider both fall and winter feeding
•Early spring feeding with pollen substitutes

Selection of a good wintering site is important
•Sun exposure and wind protection important

43
Q

Colony Preparations for Winter

A
  1. Every colony must have a good queen
  2. Colonies must be protected from climatic extremes•selection of a good overwintering site•protection of individual hives3. Every colony must have adequate honey (40 -60 lbs) and pollen stores4. Every colony must be maintained in a disease and parasite free condition
44
Q

WM:

Other “Nest Site” Factors to Consider

A

Good colony locations promote cleansing flights

Upper entrances increase air circulation, allow escape, and help get rid of moisture.

Absorbent material on top of hive can help reduce moisture.

45
Q

WM:

Storage of Food

A

Storage of honey in excess of summer needs is a key factor in wintering success§

Colony requires 40-60 pounds of honey§

Feed 2:1 sugar solution in October if short

Colonies also require pollen stores for successful wintering§
Minimum of 3 -5 frames of pollen are required§
Pollen provides protein for winter brood rearing§
Feeding pollen supplements in Jan/Feb is beneficial

46
Q

Major Disease Concerns for Wintering

A

Parasitic mites -treat in late summer
•Tracheal mites (not required)
•Varroamites (sample, only treat if necessary)

Nosema(microsporidian disease of adult bees)
•Old recommendation: Treat with Fumagilin-B in October
•Now –not recommending treatment since N. ceranaedoes not appear to be a problem

47
Q

Sacbrood treatment

A

Treatment: reduce stress on colony and reduce stress from varillomites

48
Q

Conditions for Successful Pollination

A

viable pollen
receptive stigma
compatible

49
Q

Benefits of Good Pollination

A
  1. Larger better developed fruit; better shaped
  2. Maximize crop
  3. May be able to set blossoms before frost damage
  4. Earlier set can be an aid in insect control programs
  5. Good pollination results in more synchronous fruit development
50
Q

Factors to Consider for Good Pollination

A
  1. Strength of the hives
  2. Number of colonies per unit area
  3. When and how to move bees
  4. Distribution of the hives (location)
  5. Effects of weather
  6. Problems with competitive flora
  7. Problems with pesticide use

Bee Keeping (2 decks)

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