Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PS101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

4 goals of the study of psychology

A

description, explanation, prediction, and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 levels of analysis

A

brain, person, group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Wundt argued that consciousness was a structure built of a variety of elements (i.e., every point of view).
Wundt’s method was “introspection,” a systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience.
The concern of Wundt’s work includes that all experiences are different depending on the individual

A

Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

William James goal was to change psychology from a description of what happened to an understanding of why things happened
James wanted to focus on the real work rather than internal individual experiences
He disagreed with Wundt’s notion that consciousness can be measured by static elements instead he thought it was fluid.

A

functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If negatively (right) skewed, where is the mean and vice versa?

A

Mean to the left/mean to the right (mean follows direction of skew)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

They serve a variety of functions such as holding the neurons together (like glue), making sure the neurons are well-fed with nutrients, and creating a coating (called myelin sheath) to improve efficiency in the neurons

A

glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What state is a neuron in when there is more negative charges inside the cell

A

Resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in action potential

A

At this point, the cell membrane becomes permeable. The positive ions that were previously on the outside of the membrane flow into the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When the voltage of a certain transmission increases the possibility the PSP will fire

A

excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dysregulation of this could mean Parkinson’s

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dysregulation of this could mean depression

A

Seritonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dysregulation of this could mean movement problems

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dysregulation of this could mean anxiety

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dysregulation of this could mean pain

A

Endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

flows from the body to the CNS

A

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flows form CNS out

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

responsible for Voluntary movement

A

Somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

responsible for involuntary movement of the muscles, glands, blood vessels

A

Autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is mobilizes us for emergencies. This is what you think of when hear “fight or flight”.

A

sympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

it calms our bodies down post-emergency, conserving our body’s resources to get us back to where we were before the emergency

A

Parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Autonomic is comprised of…

A

sympathetic and para

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Somatic is comprised of…

A

afferent and efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does MRI do?

A

The MRI and fMRI track blood flow/oxygen to mark activity and provides us with a 3D view of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does PET do?

A

uses a dye to help us map functioning, so that metabolic activity can be assessed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

x-rays that help us see structure in the brain

A

CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Whats in the hindbrain?

A

Cereballum, medualla, pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Whats in the forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Damage = lack of coordination.Note that alcohol is a form of damage, and as such, roadside tests that test your balance are actually testing your BLANK function.

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Damage = death. Indeed, given the BLANK is the primary region that affects breathing, if you have destroyed the BLANK, you may not survive without intervention.

A

MEDULLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

This connects brainstem to cerebellum, and damage can be a range of things depending on where it is damaged, given it is part of the brain stem. Damage could impact a range of functions including reduction in arousal or potentially even lead to death

A

PONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

This is responsible for alertness and consciousness; as such, Damage = sleep/wake disturbances potentially coma.

A

Midbrain/ reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

part of the Limbic system. The blank is like a traffic cop relaying sensory information to different parts of the cortex.

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

part of the limbic system It is responsible for the ‘Four F’s’: fighting, fleeing, feeding and…mating. It sends information to the ANS and glands in emergency situations

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The third part of the limbic system which processes emotion and tells us whether a threat is valid or not.

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which hemisphere is verbal?

A

The left

36
Q

This “biological clock” boils down to a chain of events where the light hits receptors in your eyes (retinal receptors) which is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, in turn to the pineal gland, which in turn tells melatonin () to be secreted

A

Circadian rhythem

37
Q

Heart rate, breathing slows. This is where you have that, ‘feel like you’re falling’ feeling due to jerking muscles, theta waves

A

Stage 1

38
Q

Sleeps spindles and mixed EEG activity

A

stage 2

39
Q

Progressively more delta waves, This is where sleep walking can occur as the paralysis hormone has not yet been released

A

stage 3 and 4

40
Q

what happens in the brain when partial sleep deprivation occurs?

A

The amygdala is about fear/emotion, while the pre-frontal cortex houses your ability to reason and self-regulate. So, without sleep your emotionality increases and your ability to control it declines

41
Q

Activation-synthesis model…

A

states that neurons in various parts of the brain are activated during REM sleep (recall how inconsistent our EEG waves are during REM), and then synthesized by the brain. The brain tries to make a story of this activation of information and memories

42
Q

Brain waves from most awake to most asleep

A

Beta - Alpha - Theta - Delta

43
Q

When you condition a NS into a CS then add a NS and it becomes the CS

A

Higher order conditioning

44
Q

What is Law of Effect?

A

Positive consequences increase the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated, and negative consequences decrease the likelihood the behaviour will occur again

45
Q

Reinforcement is after a fixed number

A

Fixed Ratio

46
Q

Reinforcement is after a variable number of responses

A

Variable Ratio

47
Q

Reinforcement after a fixed time interval

A

Fixed Interval

48
Q

Reinforcement after a variable time interval

A

Variable Interval

49
Q

Answering high scores on items like being nervous, tense, worrying a lot, would likely categorize someone as…

A

neurotic

50
Q

…is a trait categorized by high scores on items such as being imaginative, curious, original, a deep thinker versus being conventional and narrow in one’s interests

A

Openness

51
Q

…is characterized as being high on items such as being good-natured, warm, cooperative, trusting versus irritable, argumentative, and suspicious

A

Agreeablness

52
Q

…is characterized as being high on items such as being responsible, self-disciplined, organized and achieving versus irresponsible, careless, impulsive and lazy

A

Conscientiousness

53
Q

Not part of current thoughts but easily brought to mind.

A

Preconscious

54
Q

Primitive, instinctual motives (sex, aggression, death)

A

Unconscious

55
Q

Partially conscious and unconscious, attempts to provide gratification in ‘appropriate’ ways. wants to find solutions that don’t violate the superego’s moral imperative. For example, this would be the voice in your head saying, “the hook-up is ok AS LONG AS YOU HAVE A CONDOM”

A

The Ego

56
Q

Moral imperatives

A

superego

57
Q

Describe Frued’s “Id”

A

This is the element of personality that is driven to seek pleasure and avoid discomfort. Notice it lies as deep as the unconscious. But this pleasure is impulsive, irrational, and immature.

58
Q

Repression

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feeling buried

59
Q

Projection

A

attributing ones own thoughts or motives to another person

60
Q

Displacement

A

Diverting anger from original source to substitute target

61
Q

Reaction formation

A

Reacting in the opposite way you feel

62
Q

Regression

A

A reversion to immature behaviours

63
Q

Identification

A

boosting self-esteem by forming imaginary allience with person or group

64
Q

Sublimation

A

when unconcious impulses are channeled into socially acceptable behaviours (ig, young mans sexual longing channeled into creativity)

65
Q

4 criteria for abnormalities

A

Deviance, destress, dysfunction (maladaptive), potential harm

66
Q

those characterized by excessive worry and apprehension

A

Anxiety disorder

67
Q

worry, muscle tension, dizzy, sweating. Uncontrollable for 6 months steady

A

GAD (no apparent external threat)

68
Q

Persistent unwanted thoughts, repetitive behaviours

A

OCD (no apparent external threat) Checkers, cleaners, hoarders, symmetry.

69
Q

recurrent, unexpected, overwhelming anxiety marked by nightmares, flash backs, alienation of others, depression, anxiety, anger, increased arousal

A

PTS (Perceived external threat along with Phobias, and panic attacks)

70
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

whereby a traumatic event leads to losing important personal information associated with that event

71
Q

emotional disturbances that affect our perceptual, social and cognitive functioning. They can be episodic, or chronic

A

Mood disorders

72
Q

Chronic but low level depression.

A

Dysthymia (unipolar)

73
Q

Physical symptoms (e.g., changes is sleep and eating behaviour); no longer enjoying things you used to; suicide. Mostly episodic but can be long-term episodes. Incidence: 8% of adults will experience at some time in their lives. Women experience more than men.

A

major depression (unipolar)

74
Q

Depression spikes occur in low light. Vitamin D3 and light therapy has been helpful

A

Seasonal affective disorder

75
Q

chronic, but low-level bipolar disorder.

A

Cyclothymia

76
Q

This is marked by, not mere happiness, but euphoria, optimism, hyperactivity and imp

A

Bipolar disorder

77
Q

What do SSRI’s do?

A

reduce the reuptake of serotonin

78
Q

What parts of the brain are altered in depression?

A

The amygdala which helps process emotions and the hippocampus which has a role in memory

79
Q

Psychoanalysis theory of insight therapy

A

assumes that the reason disorders occur is because of unconscious conflict causing anxiety. As such, the goal of psychoanalysis is to uncover these unconscious conflicts

80
Q

Client centred therapy

A

Rogers believed that the cause of anxiety was the incongruence between one’s self-concept and reality, and that occurred because of a lack of unconditional love. Tools = genuineness, positive regard, empathy, active listening, clarification.

81
Q

Social skills training

A

It utilizes observational learning, whereby the client is taught to observe the skill in others, or, it is modelled by the therapist

82
Q

Therapists like Ellis, and Beck focus on identifying the negative thought, and then challenging the logic of that thought, to encourage the client to realize, such thoughts are not logical, second they ask what is the best and worst that can happen

A

cognative-behavioral therapy

83
Q

prescribed to slow us down

A

Anti-anxiety (tranquilizers)

84
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

act to decrease dopamine, do so because the presumed cause of certain disorders, like schizophrenia or other disorders where delusions or hallucinations are present, is too much dopamine

85
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

occurs by holding magnets over the head to increase or decrease activity in certain brain areas

PS101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions