Final-exam 1 Flashcards
the neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first and second order neurons.
Substance P
The sequence of events for signal transduction (stimulation of a target cell by second messenger system is:
hormone binds to membrane receptor, G-protein activated, membrane enzyme generated second messenger
The meaty, beefy flavor you experience when you eat meat is because of :
the combined stimulus of several kinds of taste buds
Where are taste buds found?
Tongue, cheeks, palate
What is the gate control theory of pain modulation?
Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second order pain neurons, are activated by collaterals of afferent fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli and are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent
A drug that competitively blocks the neurontransmitter receptors of the bipolar cells of the retina would
result in constant depolarization of ganglion cells and create a bright whiteout effect
The neural pathway for transmission of auditory action potential to the auditory cortex is
cranial nerve VIII to the thalamus to the cortex
What is the stimulus for nociceptors
pain
An injection of norepinephrine would most strongly emulate secretions from
post ganglionic nerve synapses of the sympathetic nervous system
Concerning hormone secretion over a 24 hour period, the general pattern that we observe is that
secretion occurs in pulses and total secretions varies by time of day
Blood vessels in most regions of the body except for the lungs
have alpha receptors that are more responsive to norepinephrine than epinephrine
Pre-ganglionic neurons of the ANS are characterized as
being lightly myelinated
Normal elimination of hormones from circulation is most often accomplished by
metabolism in the liver
The process in which a sensory reception converts a stimulus into a graded potentioal is called
Signal transduction
When the ciliary muscles are relaxed the lens is relatively _______, allowing the ey to focus on objects that are ________
flat : distant
Nicotinic receptors in the ANS
respond only to acetylcholine, are found in pre-ganaglinonic synapses of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and adrenal medulla, and are fast acting excitatory receptors
One attribute of the photopigments in the rods and cones is that there is a genereal sensitivity to green light. what pigment is the exception and not green sensitive
blue opsin
which of the following is correct concerning peptide based (non steroidal) hormones?
They include all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
High frequency sounds are detected in the inner ear where
proximal end of organ of corti
An inherited defect in the structure of rhodopsin in the receptors of the retina would result in
impairment of low light vision
the receptors that make up the tissue called the olfactory epithelium
are regenerated from epithelial stem cells
What does lateral inhibition do?
increases contrast between sensory pathways within the nervous system, enhances sensory localization, inhibits neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields
Damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level would cause
impaired touch sensation of the right leg
How can epidural administration of opiates block pain?
by binding to opioid receptors in the somatosensory cortex and inhibiting the perception of pain
