Final-exam 1

Question 1

the neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first and second order neurons.

Answer 1

Substance P

Question 2

The sequence of events for signal transduction (stimulation of a target cell by second messenger system is:

Answer 2

hormone binds to membrane receptor, G-protein activated, membrane enzyme generated second messenger

Question 3

The meaty, beefy flavor you experience when you eat meat is because of :

Answer 3

the combined stimulus of several kinds of taste buds

Question 4

Where are taste buds found?

Answer 4

Tongue, cheeks, palate

Question 5

What is the gate control theory of pain modulation?

Answer 5

Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second order pain neurons, are activated by collaterals of afferent fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli and are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent

Question 6

A drug that competitively blocks the neurontransmitter receptors of the bipolar cells of the retina would

Answer 6

result in constant depolarization of ganglion cells and create a bright whiteout effect

Question 7

The neural pathway for transmission of auditory action potential to the auditory cortex is

Answer 7

cranial nerve VIII to the thalamus to the cortex

Question 8

What is the stimulus for nociceptors

Answer 8

pain

Question 9

An injection of norepinephrine would most strongly emulate secretions from

Answer 9

post ganglionic nerve synapses of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 10

Concerning hormone secretion over a 24 hour period, the general pattern that we observe is that

Answer 10

secretion occurs in pulses and total secretions varies by time of day

Question 11

Blood vessels in most regions of the body except for the lungs

Answer 11

have alpha receptors that are more responsive to norepinephrine than epinephrine

Question 12

Pre-ganglionic neurons of the ANS are characterized as

Answer 12

being lightly myelinated

Question 13

Normal elimination of hormones from circulation is most often accomplished by

Answer 13

metabolism in the liver

Question 14

The process in which a sensory reception converts a stimulus into a graded potentioal is called

Answer 14

Signal transduction

Question 15

When the ciliary muscles are relaxed the lens is relatively _______, allowing the ey to focus on objects that are ________

Answer 15

flat : distant

Question 16

Nicotinic receptors in the ANS

Answer 16

respond only to acetylcholine, are found in pre-ganaglinonic synapses of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and adrenal medulla, and are fast acting excitatory receptors

Question 17

One attribute of the photopigments in the rods and cones is that there is a genereal sensitivity to green light. what pigment is the exception and not green sensitive

Answer 17

blue opsin

Question 18

which of the following is correct concerning peptide based (non steroidal) hormones?

Answer 18

They include all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Question 19

High frequency sounds are detected in the inner ear where

Answer 19

proximal end of organ of corti

Question 20

An inherited defect in the structure of rhodopsin in the receptors of the retina would result in

Answer 20

impairment of low light vision

Question 21

the receptors that make up the tissue called the olfactory epithelium

Answer 21

are regenerated from epithelial stem cells

Question 22

What does lateral inhibition do?

Answer 22

increases contrast between sensory pathways within the nervous system, enhances sensory localization, inhibits neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields

Question 23

Damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level would cause

Answer 23

impaired touch sensation of the right leg

Question 24

How can epidural administration of opiates block pain?

Answer 24

by binding to opioid receptors in the somatosensory cortex and inhibiting the perception of pain

Question 25

cones of the eye

Answer 25

synapse mostly one cone to each bipolar cell of their natural pathway

Question 26

Damping of vibration of the ossicles in the middle ear to reduce sensitivity to sound is caused by

Answer 26

contractions of the tensor tympani

Question 27

Rods and cones of the eye

Answer 27

periodically replace their outer segments

Question 28

the ability of the organ of corti to differentiate different wavelengths of sound is possible because

Answer 28

the perilymph absorbs sounds differently and the basilar membran has variable resistance to vibration with different wavelengths

Question 29

physical protection of the eye is provided for by

Answer 29

the bony prominences of the frontal and maxillary bones

Question 30

reduction of pupil diameter is an autonomic reflex that

Answer 30

is mediated by parasympathetic excitation from the superior colliculi

Question 31

Direct acting hormones have what properties?

Answer 31

they are steroids or eiconsanoids and receptors for the hormones are found within the cell

Question 32

The structures of the ear that are most sensitive to changes in direction or speed are

Answer 32

the semicircular canals

Question 33

What organs or tissues don not receive dual innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS are

Answer 33

blood vessels

Question 34

Hair cells are able to transmit information about changes in position or speed because

Answer 34

bending of the cilia in opposite directions will increase then decrease the frequency of action potentials

Question 35

Concerning the distribution of the rods and cones in the retina

Answer 35

virtually all cones are confined to the macular region of the retina

Question 36

Amplification of sound by the pinna is the result of

Answer 36

the ratio of diameter of the ear to the ear canal

Question 37

permissive hormones are those that

Answer 37

are necessary to permit other hormones to function properly

Question 38

Taste and olfactory senses differ in that

Answer 38

taste receptors are epithelial and olfactory receptors are neural cells

Question 39

oxygen and nutrients are supplied to the inner tissues of the eye

Answer 39

by blood vessels entering through the optic disk

Question 40

Somatic sensations include?

Answer 40

touch, proprioception, and pain

Question 41

another name for an afferent sensory neuron is

Answer 41

first order neuron

Question 42

action potentials generated by the taste buds are conducted to the cerebral cortex

Answer 42

by the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and must pass through the thalamus like all other sensory stimuli

Question 43

Tears are protective of the eye why?

Answer 43

because the contain antibodies

Question 44

the sympathetic trunk of the ANS is supplied by nerves from

Answer 44

the thoracic spinal nerves and the lumbar spinal nerves

Question 45

What secretes the aqueous humor

Answer 45

the ciliary body